(23 nov 2018)
16 may 2018 6:38 pm edt
creation
7:32 pm edt
add
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n04SEzuvXo&t=2m32s
7:34 pm edt
add
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt#/media/File:Planet_axis_comparison.png
10:9 am edt
add
what causes earth's wobble/precession ?
10:23 am edt
reorder column 'planet-axial-tilt'
20 may 2018 7:22 pm edt
1. add
earth's moon orbit : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_precession#/media/File:Lunar_standstill.GIF
2. add
length-of-1-season surface-material core-material length-of-1-night surface-temp
8:59 pm edt
realign values for column 'moon-mass'
22 may 2018 6:40 pm edt
break table to many smaller tables
7:11 pm edt
add
from 'in depth' in
7:21 pm edt
reword
880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius)
to
reach a scalding 880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius)
7:57 pm edt
add
with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius.[1][2] It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements. The temperature at the inner core's surface is approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.[3]
1:46 pm edt
remove gas from 'neptune gas-ammonia, gas-methane' in
table 'surface-material, core-material, atmosphere-material ---------------------'
2:4pm edt
add
13. 'About two tons of Saturn’s mass came from Earth'
2:7 pm edt
1. reword
13. 'About two tons of Saturn’s mass came from Earth'
to
13. 'About two tons of Saturn’s mass came from Earth—the
2. add
(maybe from cassini mission's debris)
2:26 pm edt
add
14. 'similar to Jupiter's core but considerably smaller'
2:36 pm edt
1. reword
14. 'similar to Jupiter's core but considerably smaller'
to
14. 'At Saturn's center is a dense core of metals like iron and nickel
2. in table 'surface-material, core-material, atmosphere-material ---------------------' :
for saturn's core-material :
reword
like earth's
to
unknown
2:46 pm edt
reword
raging
to
ongoing
3:7 pm edt
add
15. '2,439.7 kilometers' contradicts '2,440 kilometers'
3:14 pm edt
realign '85% mercury's radius' to 'core-material' column
3:17 pm edt
reword
solid:metallic
to
partly-molten:metallic
3:40 pm edt
add
16. difficult to understand that this distance is average :
3:45 pm edt
add
'The temperature on Pluto can be as cold as
4:30 pm edt
create table 'core material --------------'
4:35 pm edt
1. reword
temp: 5700k/5430 c
to
temp: 5700 k/5430 c
2. reword
6230 +- 500k
to
6230 +- 500 k
4:52 pm edt
add
17. 9800 degrees fahrenheit = 5426.667 degrees celsius
5:27 pm edt
1. reword
core material --------------
to
core material (maybe, just a guess, no evidence)--------------
2. add
from google (how to determine earth core material) result 1
2:23 pm edt
add
jupiter contradiction note :
2:30 pm edt
1. add
1.2 'Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid.
2. reword
jupiter contradiction note :
to
jupiter's contradiction note :
2:36 pm edt
add
'cryogenic' means cold
2:42 pm edt
fix typo
storm with size of 2 eajurths
to
storm with size of 2 earths
2:46 pm edt
add
find 'jupiter's contradiction note :'
25 may 2018 10:1 am edt
add
star's duration ---------------------
18. 'At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days.
10:5 pm edt
add
'Going back to take another look at the decay data from the Brookhaven lab,
10:50 pm edt
add
'Unlike Earth and the Moon, Io's main source of internal heat comes
26 may 2018 11:9 pm edt
change
from 'tidal locking' in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n04SEzuvXo&t=2m32s
to
from 'tidal locking' in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axcy1zuDaU8&t=3m23s
28 may 2018 2:42 pm edt
add
how much gravity pull from other planets, being felt on earth--------
2:45 pm edt
reword
gravity-force-felt-on earth
to
gravity-force-felt-on earth-without-g-constant
4:4 pm edt
add
i suggest physics teacher abandon G constant
4:7 pm edt
add
'Cavendish experiment'
22 june 2018 3:57 pm edt
add
if cavendish's G constant is wrong then
mass for earth is wrong as well
4 pm edt
reorder
surface-material, atmosphere-material ---------------------
planet's duration ---------------------
according to distance to sun.
4:8 pm edt
reword
source :
for
if cavendish's G constant is wrong then
4:11 pm edt
add
google (how to measure planet mass) result 1
23 nov 2018 9:26 pm est:add 11.862615 years
21 apr 2019 6:53 pm edt:#add# moon 1079.6/1738.1 .source:(1)'1079.6miles' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/by-the-numbers/ (2)'1738.1' in https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html from ref[4] in ' 1737.1 km (0.2727 of Earth's)[1][4][5]' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#21_apr_2019_6_45_pm_edt #little-contradict# '1737.5km' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/by-the-numbers/
21 apr 2019 7:19 pm edt:#add# (1)year-3-bible-rule: 'Every year you are to give ten percent of your harvest to the Lord. But every third year, this ten percent must be given to the poor who live in your town, including Levites, foreigners, orphans, and widows. That way, they will have enough to eat.' in https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?qs_version=CEV&quicksearch=third+year&begin=5&end=5
(2)year-7-bible-rule:(2.1)'2 If you buy a Hebrew slave, he must remain your slave for six years. But in the seventh year you must set him free, without cost to him. ' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+21:2&version=CEV (2.2)'11 but let the land rest during the seventh year. The poor are to eat what they want from your fields, vineyards, and olive trees during that year, and when they have all they want from your fields, leave the rest for wild animals.' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+23:11&version=CEV (2.3)'After you enter the land that I am giving you, it must be allowed to rest one year out of every seven. 3 You may raise grain and grapes for six years, 4 but the seventh year you must let your fields and vineyards rest in honor of me, your Lord. 5 This is to be a time of complete rest for your fields and vineyards, so don’t harvest anything they produce. 6-7 However, you and your slaves and your hired workers, as well as any domestic or wild animals, may eat whatever grows on its own.' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2025:2-7&version=CEV (2.4)'20 Don’t ever worry about what you will eat during the seventh year when you are forbidden to plant or harvest. 21 I will see to it that you harvest enough in the sixth year to last for three years. 22 In the eighth year you will live on what you harvested in the sixth year, but in the ninth year you will eat what you plant and harvest in the eighth year.' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+25%3A18-22&version=CEV (2.5)'15 1-2 Every seven years you must announce, “The Lord says loans do not need to be paid back.” Then if you have loaned money to another Israelite, you can no longer ask for payment.[a] 3 This law applies only to loans you have made to other Israelites. Foreigners will still have to pay back what you have loaned them.' in https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+15&version=CEV
(3)year-50-bible-rule:(3.1)'The Year of Celebration The Lord said to his people:8 Once every 49 years [9] on day 10 of month 7,[a] which is also the Great Day of Forgiveness,[b] trumpets are to be blown everywhere in the land.10 This year 50[c] is sacred—it is a time of freedom and of celebration when everyone will receive back their original property, and slaves will return home to their families. 11 year 50 is a year of complete celebration, so don’t plant any seed or harvest what your fields or vineyards produce. 12 In this time of sacred celebration you may eat only what grows on its own.13 During this year, all property must go back to its original owner. 14-15 So when you buy or sell farmland, the price is to be determined by the number of crops it can produce before the next Year of Celebration. Don’t try to cheat. 16 If it is a long time before the next Year of Celebration, the price will be higher,because what is really being sold are the crops that the land can produce. 17 I am the Lord your God, so obey me and don’t cheat anyone.' in https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+25&version=CEV#21_apr_2019_6_27_pm_edt
21 apr 2019 7:26 pm edt:#add# (4)7 month is duration from march-equinox to september-equinox.source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox#27_sep_2018_8_5_am_edt
21 apr 2019 7:33 pm edt:#reword# (4)7 month is duration from march-equinox to september-equinox.source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox#27_sep_2018_8_5_am_edt
#to# (4)7 month is duration from march-equinox to september-equinox/aries-month to libra-month.source:(1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox#27_sep_2018_8_5_am_edt (2)'aries:20-mar:sun enter aries(0 degree) -> rabbit-2 start at 0 degree' in http://wortel.ucoz.com/youtube_etc.htm
13 may 2019 4:58 pm edt:#add# direction seen from above north-pole ---------------------
cw=clockwise,ccw=counterclockwise,prograde=p(same direction as sun-rotation),retrograde=r(oppose sun-rotation-direction)
planet rotation-direction circling-sun-direction
0)sun ccw
1)mercury ccw ccw/p
2)venus cw cw/r maybe because of meteor-impact
3)earth ccw ccw/p
4)mars ccw ccw/p
5)jupiter ccw ccw/p
6)saturn ccw ccw/p
7)uranus cw cw/r maybe because of meteor-impact
8)neptune ccw ccw/p
9)pluto ccw ccw/p
[source:(1/2)'Every planet in our solar system except for Venus and Uranus rotates counter-clockwise as seen from above the North Pole; that is to say, from west to east. This is the same direction in which all the planets orbit the sun. Uranus was likely hit by a very large planetoid early in its history, causing it to rotate "on its side," 90 degrees away from its orbital motion. Venus rotates backwards compared to the other planets, also likely due to an early asteroid hit which disturbed its original rotation.' in http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/56-our-solar-system/planets-and-dwarf-planets/general-questions/247-what-direction-do-planets-rotate-beginner#13_may_2019_4_43_pm_edt from google(planet rotation direction)result 1 (2/2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation#/media/File:Earth-5-50.gif#13_may_2019_4_50_pm_edt from 'An animation of Earth's rotation around the planet's axis' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation from google(earth rotation direction)result 1 [3-jan-2018 3:50 pm est]]
13 may 2019 5 pm edt:#reword# cw=clockwise,ccw=counterclockwise #to# c=clockwise,cc=counterclockwise #in# c=clockwise,cc=counterclockwise,prograde=p(same direction as sun-rotation),retrograde=r(oppose sun-rotation-direction)
13 may 2019 5:2 pm edt:#insert# higher-rank means farther from sun #to# direction seen from above north-pole,higher-rank means farther from sun ---------------------
13 may 2019 5:23 pm edt:#add# moon-direction seen from above north-pole ---------------------
tidally-locked=same face see each other all the time
rotation-direction circling-planet-direction
1)earth-moon cc cc [source:'When viewed from the north celestial pole (i.e., from the approximate direction of the star Polaris) the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#13_may_2019_5_11_pm_edt from google(moon orbit direction)result 1]
2)mars-moon-fobos cc cc [source:'Mars, like all of the planets except Venus, rotates in a counter clockwise direction (astronomers call this prograde). ... Deimos is like our own Moon and takes longer than a Martian day to orbit, so Mars rotates quicker than Deimos orbits, and thus it seems to rise in the East and set in the West.' in https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/psi-vid/curiosity-catches-sight-of-marse28099-moon-passing-the-other/#13_may_2019_5_13_pm_edt from google(mars moon rotation direction)result 1
3)mars-moon-deimos cc cc [source:'Mars, like all of the planets except Venus, rotates in a counter clockwise direction (astronomers call this prograde). ... Deimos is like our own Moon and takes longer than a Martian day to orbit, so Mars rotates quicker than Deimos orbits, and thus it seems to rise in the East and set in the West.' in https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/psi-vid/curiosity-catches-sight-of-marse28099-moon-passing-the-other/#13_may_2019_5_13_pm_edt from google(mars moon rotation direction)result 1
4)jupiter-moon-big cc cc [source:'These moons all have prograde orbits, meaning they orbit in the same direction as Jupiter's rotation. The Carme group takes its name from the Moon of the same name. ... The satellites in this family all have retrograde orbits, meaning they orbit Jupiter in the opposite direction of its rotation.' in https://m.phys.org/news/2015-06-moons-jupiter.html#13_may_2019_5_15_pm_edt from google(jupiter moon rotation direction)result 1]
jupiter-moon-small ?? c [source:'These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#13_may_2019_5_17_pm_edt from google(jupiter moon rotation direction)result 5]
5)pluto-moon-charon tidally-locked cc [source:'pluto-planet and pluto-moon-charon 'gravitationally locked to one another, so each keeps the same face towards the other. This is a case of mutual tidal locking, as compared to that of the Earth and the Moon, where the Moon always shows the same face to Earth, but not vice versa.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(moon)#23_nov_2018_5_22_pm_est from 'charon' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(moon)#23_nov_2018_5_22_pm_est from 'tidal locking' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_heating#23_nov_2018_5_18_pm_est from 'tidal heating' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_heating_of_Io#23_nov_2018_5_14_pm_est from 'This tidal flexing heats the moons' interiors by friction' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#23_nov_2018_5_14_pm_est
13 may 2019 5:15 pm edt:#insert# planet #to# planet-direction seen from above north-pole,higher-rank means farther from sun ---------------------
13 may 2019 6:14 pm edt:#reword# counterclockwise #to# c=clockwise,a=anticlockwise/counterclockwise,prograde=p(same direction as sun-rotation),retrograde=r(oppose sun-rotation-direction)
13 may 2019 6:17 pm edt:#add# same earth-moon-face see earth
13 may 2019 6:20 pm edt:#reword# tidally-locked=same face see each other all the time
#to# tidally-locked=same-charon-face face same-pluto-face all the time
8 sep 2019 10:38 am edt:#add# (Cavendish Gravity Experiment Time Lapse Version 1)
2 oct 2019 4:48 pm edt:#add# (Simulation of the Moon Orbit)
2 oct 2019 6:24 pm edt:#reword# planet's duration ---------------------
#to# planet's duration sorted by distance to sun ascending-order, mercury is nearest to sun ------------source:'11.862615' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planet-compare/
2 oct 2019 6:41 pm edt:#add# rotation-speed-at-equator sorted by distance to sun, mercury is nearest to sun---------[source:http://www.grandpapencil.net/projects/plansped.htm from google(planet rotation speed)result 1]
18 oct 2019 6:48 pm edt:(1)#reword# venus does not have moon, but has 177.36 degree axial tilt (almost upside down)
#to# venus does not have moon, and something pull venus until having 177.36 degree axial tilt (almost upside down)
(2)#add# suggest moon/planet-satellite pull planet slightly
18 oct 2019 6:54 pm edt:(1)#make obsolete# venus does not have moon, and something pull venus until having 177.36 degree axial tilt (almost upside down)
(2)#add# moon/planet-satellite does not make planet-axial-tilt, moon/planet-satellite make season. venus, mercury has 0 moon so venus, mercury does not have season
18 oct 2019 6:57 pm edt:#add# having planet-axial-tilt does not mean having season
19 may 2020 4:4 pm edt:#reword# planet axial tilt, moon amount --------------------- #to# planet axial tilt, moon amount, season ------------------------
19 may 2020 4:4 pm edt:#add# length-of-1-season #to# planet axial tilt, moon amount, season ------------------------
19 may 2020 5:2 pm edt:
#add# earth-wobble/precession vs earth-tilt (earth-wobble/precession different-from earth-tilt):
(1)http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/dinosaurflr/wobble.html from google (wobble vs tilt) result 1
(2)https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/ from google (wobble vs tilt) result 2
19 may 2020 4:25 pm edt:#reword# moon causes axial tilt : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n04SEzuvXo&t=2m32s
#to# now i agree, find 'moon/planet-satellite make season',
find 'planet axial tilt, moon amount, season ------------------------'.
19 may 2020 5:6 pm edt:#add# and now i agree, find 'moon/planet-satellite make season'
27 aug 2020 5:42 pm edt:#add# failed-star [source:'failed star' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant from google ( Is Saturn a failed star ) result 1 from google ( jupiter failed star ) result related-search -> is saturn a failed star from 'jupiter failed star' in forgotten-article]
26 sep 2021 3:49 pm edt:
(1)#reword# 24k c / 43k f
#to# 24,000 c / 43,000 f
(2)#reword# 2k mile/3200 km
#to# 2,000 mile / 3,200 km
(3)#reword# 9k f(4982 c)
#to# 9,000 f ( 4,982 c )
(4)#reword# 886/1.4k/9.5
#to# 886 / 1,400 / 9.5
(5)#reword# 1.8k/2.9k/19.8
#to# 1,800 / 2,900 / 19.8
(6)#reword# 2.8k/4.5k/30
#to# 2,800 / 4,500 / 30
(7)#reword# 3.6k/5.8k/30-49.3
#to# 3,600 / 5,800 / 30-49.3
(8)#reword# 330-360 gigapascal/3300k-3600k atm
#to# 330-360 giga-pascal / 3,300,000 - 3,600,000 atm
(9)#reword# 1200 mph/2k kph
#to# 1,200 mph / 2,000 kph
(10)#increase spacing/add more blank to make text easier to read#
26 sep 2021 4:51 pm edt:
#add#
boeing.com->767 during flying-altitute 39,000 foot ( 11.8 km ) receive outdoor-temperature -70 f ( -57 c ). [source:(1/3)'airplane climbs to a cruise altitude of 39,000 feet with levels vary with season, altitude, latitude, and weather the outside conditions changing dramatically. Upon reaching systems. cruise altitude, the outside air temperature is -70°F' in https://web.archive.org/web/20110524110211/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/cabinair/ecs.pdf from ref for 'when cruising at 37,000 feet (11,000 m)' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressurization#cite_ref-7 (2/3)1 meter = 3.28084 foot [source : https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/meter-to-feet.html from google (1 meter to inch) (3/3)T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32 . T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32) × 5/9 . T(°C) = T(K) - 273.15 [source : https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/fahrenheit-to-celsius.html from google (celsius to fahrenheit) result 1 , https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/how-kelvin-to-celsius.html from google (kelvin to celsius) result 1 ]
;;
'But none of this compares to the biggest change that
we would have coming over the next millennia.
Right now, Earth tilts on its axis at
23.5º mostly due to the moon's gravity.
If the moon disappeared, Earth's axis would wobble
between anywhere from 10 to 45º.'
in video description for
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MP920xMC0Q (What Would Happen If The Moon Disappeared)
suggest moon/planet-satellite pull planet slightly and now i agree, find 'moon/planet-satellite make season',
find 'planet axial tilt, moon amount, season ------------------------'.
[obsolete]
[reason] moon/planet-satellite does not make planet-axial-tilt, moon/planet-satellite make season. venus, mercury has 0 moon so venus, mercury does not have season. having planet-axial-tilt does not mean having season [/reason]
but
venus does not have moon, and something pull venus until having 177.36 degree axial tilt (almost upside down)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt#/media/File:Planet_axis_comparison.png
from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt
from google (axial tilt) result 1
[/obsolete]
planet axial tilt, moon amount, season ------------------------
planet moon-amount planet-axial-tilt length-of-1-season
venus 0 177.36 non-existant
pluto 5 122.53 ???
uranus 27 97.77 about 20 year
neptune 14 28.32 more than 40 year
saturn 62 26.73 about 7 year
mars 2 25.19 7 month
earth 1 23.45 90-93 day
jupiter 67 3.13 3 year
mercury 0 0 non-existant
surface-material, atmosphere-material ---------------------
planet surface-material atmosphere-material
mercury solid, rocky like earths' moon, thin but dense exosphere made from meteor-impact atom-debris,
many large meteor craters, solar-wind-impact debris : oxygen, sodium, hydrogen,
grey, brown. helium, potassium which reduce surface's temperature.
sun rises 2 times in the morning. even though mercury is closer to the sun than venus
sun sets 2 times in the night venus' surface is hotter than mercury's because mercury
has dense exosphere
venus solid, a moving thin rocks because thick:mainly carbon dioxide with clouds of acidic sulfuric acid droplets,
mantle shifts and create volcanoes, moves with hurricane's speed (224 mph/360 kph), it takes 5 days for venus' cloud to circulate venus.
valley. standing on venus' ground venus atmosphere's, sky's color looks orange from a person standing on venus' ground
feels like staying 1 mile(1.6 km) because venus' atmosphere filter sunlight. venus air looks hazy.
deep underwater venus atmosphere burnt small meteor, can not burn large meteor.
only large meteors create impact-craters.
earth solid, water, volcanoes 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 1 % other
can break meteors.
earth's atmosphere moves with speed maximum 250 mph / 400 kph
mars solid, rocky, extinct volcanoes, very thin : 95 % carbon dioxide, 3 % nitrogen, 2 % argon,
rusty red iron, desert, canyons. a bit oxygen, a bit water vapor.
mars was wetter and warmer billions thicker atmosphere existed billion years ago.
years ago
jupiter find 'jupiter's contradiction note :' wind speed 335 mph / 539 kph at equator
(gas and , read that 1st.
liquid swirling gas-hydrogen and gas-helium.
giant) on outer atmosphere.
swirling liquid-pressurised-hydrogen
in deep inside atmosphere which is
the largest ocean in this solar system.
extreme pressure in deep inside
atmosphere melt and vaporise spacecraft
trying to fly to jupiter.
storm with size of 2 earths
ongoing since 1 century ago.
failed-star [source:'failed star' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant from google ( Is Saturn a failed star ) result 1 from google ( jupiter failed star ) result related-search -> is saturn a failed star from 'jupiter failed star' in forgotten-article]
saturn gas-hydrogen, gas-helium, hot : hydrogen, helium
(gas and 2 ton of those came from earth
liquid (maybe from cassini mission's debris)
giant) the 1st least dense planet,
average density is less dense than
water, can float on a collosal bathtub.
failed-star [source:'failed star' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant from google ( Is Saturn a failed star ) result 1 from google ( jupiter failed star ) result related-search -> is saturn a failed star from 'jupiter failed star' in forgotten-article]
uranus swirling ice materials : mostly hydrogen sulfide and helium, small amount of methane,
(ice water, methane, ammonia. traces of water and ammonia. uranus' atmosphere's color is blue-green because
giant) the 2nd least dense planet. methane in uranus' atmosphere absorb red portion
of sunlight reflected back by cloud tops, resulting in blue-green appearance from outer space.
unknown sky's color from a person flying on uranus gas surface.
uranus' atmosphere has extreme pressure and temperature (minimum 49 k(-224.2 c)
which destroys a metal spacecraft.
wind speed 560 mph / 900 kph,
flowing against uranus' rotation's direction at equator,
flowing with uranus' rotation's direction near the poles
neptune ice materials : mostly hydrogen and helium, frozen cloud made from a little methane.
(ice water, methane, ammonia. neptun's atmosphere's color is bright blue.
giant) year 1989, a large oval-shaped storm neptun's atmosphere moves with supersonic speed 1,200 mph / 2,000 kph
in southern hemisphere dubbed 'great
dark spot' is large enough to contain
earth, that storm has disappear but
new storms appears on different area.
the windiest planet
pluto when far from the sun : blue sky, thin : mostly nitrogen, a little methane and carbon monoxide,
solid snow, ice mountains, blue tint, haze layers.
a heart-shaped glacier as big as pluto's atmosphere expands when pluto approach the sun.
texas and oklahoma. pluto's atmosphere shrinks when pluto leave the sun.
when near the sun :
solid snow changes to gas (sublimate)
then rise become thin atmosphere
glacier : a river of ice, which moves slowly
source : google (glacier) result 0
'(maybe from cassini mission's debris)' explanation :
2 us tons = 1814.369 kilograms
cassini spacecraft weight during launch : 5,712 kg
cassini spacecraft weight during collision with saturn : 2,125 kg
source :
in
https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-finale/cassini-quick-facts/
from ref [1] in
'Dry mass 2,523 kg (5,562 lb)[1]'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens
jupiter's contradiction note :
jupiter's
1. 'swirling liquid-pressurised-hydrogen'
2. 'extreme pressure in deep inside atmosphere melt and vaporise spacecraft'
being summarised from
1. 'Deep in the atmosphere, pressure and temperature increase,
compressing the hydrogen gas into a liquid'
2. 'The extreme pressures and temperatures deep inside the planet crush,
melt and vaporize spacecraft trying to fly into the planet. '
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/#surface_otp
1. 'Deep under Jupiter’s clouds is a huge ocean of liquid metallic hydrogen.
On Earth, hydrogen is usually gas. But on Jupiter, the pressure is
so great inside its atmosphere that the gas becomes liquid'
in
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-jupiter-58.html
from google (jupiter temperature) result 2
indicate :
deep inside jupiter's atmosphere has hot-pressurised-liquid-hydrogen.
but contradicts :
1. hydrogen becomes liquid during temperature -423.17 f / -252.87 c which is very cold
source :
1.1 'However, for hydrogen to be in a fully liquid state without
boiling at atmospheric pressure, it needs to be cooled to 20.28 K[3]
(−423.17 °F/−252.87 °C).[4][5]'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen
1.2 'Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid.
Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks
(350–700 bar [5,000–10,000 psi] tank pressure).
Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures
because the boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere pressure
is −252.8°C. Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of
solids (by adsorption) or within solids (by absorption).'
in
https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage
from google (pressurised hydrogen) result 5
'cryogenic' means cold
source :
1. 'cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at
very low temperatures.
It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale
refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but scientists[1] assume
a gas to be cryogenic if it can be liquefied at or
below −150 °C (123 K; −238 °F)'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics
from google (cryogenic) result 1
2. 'Cryogenics is the branch of physics that deals with
the production and effects of very low temperatures.'
in
https://home.cern/about/engineering/cryogenics-low-temperatures-high-performance
from google (cryogenic) result 9
2. pressurised-hydrogen / compressed-hydrogen has gas form
source :
'Compressed hydrogen (CH2, CGH2 or CGH2) is the gaseous state of
the element hydrogen kept under pressure. Compressed hydrogen in
hydrogen tanks at 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) is
used for mobile hydrogen storage in hydrogen vehicles.[1] It is used as a fuel gas.'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen
from google (compressed hydrogen) result 1
temperature-------------
planet surface-temp
venus 880 f - 900 f/ 470 c - 465 c
pluto -375 f to -400 f (-226 c to -240 c)
uranus atmosphere's temperature (minimum 49 k(-224.2 c) which destroys a metal spacecraft.
boeing.com->767 during flying-altitute 39,000 foot ( 11.8 km ) receive outdoor-temperature -70 f ( -57 c ). [source:(1/3)'airplane climbs to a cruise altitude of 39,000 feet with levels vary with season, altitude, latitude, and weather the outside conditions changing dramatically. Upon reaching systems. cruise altitude, the outside air temperature is -70°F' in https://web.archive.org/web/20110524110211/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/cabinair/ecs.pdf from ref for 'when cruising at 37,000 feet (11,000 m)' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressurization#cite_ref-7 (2/3)1 meter = 3.28084 foot [source : https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/meter-to-feet.html from google (1 meter to inch) (3/3)T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32 . T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32) × 5/9 . T(°C) = T(K) - 273.15 [source : https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/fahrenheit-to-celsius.html from google (celsius to fahrenheit) result 1 , https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/how-kelvin-to-celsius.html from google (kelvin to celsius) result 1 ]
neptune sun appears 900 times dimmer
saturn
mars
earth
jupiter in the cloud : -145 c / -234 f, near the core : maybe 24,000 c / 43,000 f
mercury day : 430 c / 800 f
night : -180 c / -290 f
sun appear 3 times bigger
sunlight 11 times brighter
core material (maybe, just a guess, no evidence)--------------
planet core-material
venus solid-iron, radius : 2,000 mile / 3,200 km
pluto unknown
uranus rocky-core, temperature near the core: 9,000 f ( 4,982 c )
neptune rocky-core same mass as earth
saturn unknown
mars dense-core made from iron, nickel, sulfur
surrounded by rocky mantle thickness 770 mile-1170 mile / 1,240 km-1,880 km
surrounded by crust made from iron, magnesium, aluminum,
calcium, potassium with thickness 6 mile-30 mile (10 km-50 km)
jupiter unknown
mercury partly-molten:metallic
radius : 1,289 mile / 2,074 km / 85 % mercury's radius
earth maybe solid : iron-nickel alloy, other
temp: 5,700 k / 5,430 c
pressure: 330-360 giga-pascal / 3,300,000 - 3,600,000 atm
radius: 1,220 km / 760 miles
that pressurised-iron's melting point: 6,230 +- 500 k
source :
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150814-what-is-at-the-centre-of-earth
from google (how to determine earth core material) result 1
planet's duration sorted by distance to sun ascending-order, mercury is nearest to sun ------------source:'11.862615' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planet-compare/
planet 1-day-duration/ 1-year-duration 1-season-duration 1-night-duration
1-rotation-duration
mercury 59 day 88 day non-existant
venus 243 day 225 day non-existant 2 month
earth 24 hour 365 day 90-93 day 12 hour
mars 24 hour 687 day / 7 month
37 minute 2 year
22 second
jupiter 10 hour 4,333 day / 3 year
11.862615 year/
almost 12 year
saturn 10.7 hour 10,756 day about 7 year
29.4571 year
uranus 17 hour 3,0687 day 21 year sunlight (summer),
84 year or 42 year sunlight (summer)
21 year darkness (winter),
or 42 year darkness (winter)
find 'contradicts'
neptune 16 hour 60,190 day more than 40 year
165 year
pluto 153 hours/6 days 248 years unknown
(1)year-3-bible-rule: 'Every year you are to give ten percent of your harvest to the Lord. But every third year, this ten percent must be given to the poor who live in your town, including Levites, foreigners, orphans, and widows. That way, they will have enough to eat.' in https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?qs_version=CEV&quicksearch=third+year&begin=5&end=5
(2)year-7-bible-rule:(2.1)'2 If you buy a Hebrew slave, he must remain your slave for six years. But in the seventh year you must set him free, without cost to him. ' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+21:2&version=CEV (2.2)'11 but let the land rest during the seventh year. The poor are to eat what they want from your fields, vineyards, and olive trees during that year, and when they have all they want from your fields, leave the rest for wild animals.' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+23:11&version=CEV (2.3)'After you enter the land that I am giving you, it must be allowed to rest one year out of every seven. 3 You may raise grain and grapes for six years, 4 but the seventh year you must let your fields and vineyards rest in honor of me, your Lord. 5 This is to be a time of complete rest for your fields and vineyards, so don’t harvest anything they produce. 6-7 However, you and your slaves and your hired workers, as well as any domestic or wild animals, may eat whatever grows on its own.' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2025:2-7&version=CEV (2.4)'20 Don’t ever worry about what you will eat during the seventh year when you are forbidden to plant or harvest. 21 I will see to it that you harvest enough in the sixth year to last for three years. 22 In the eighth year you will live on what you harvested in the sixth year, but in the ninth year you will eat what you plant and harvest in the eighth year.' in http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+25%3A18-22&version=CEV (2.5)'15 1-2 Every seven years you must announce, “The Lord says loans do not need to be paid back.” Then if you have loaned money to another Israelite, you can no longer ask for payment.[a] 3 This law applies only to loans you have made to other Israelites. Foreigners will still have to pay back what you have loaned them.' in https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+15&version=CEV
(3)year-50-bible-rule:(3.1)'The Year of Celebration The Lord said to his people:8 Once every 49 years [9] on day 10 of month 7,[a] which is also the Great Day of Forgiveness,[b] trumpets are to be blown everywhere in the land.10 This year 50[c] is sacred—it is a time of freedom and of celebration when everyone will receive back their original property, and slaves will return home to their families. 11 year 50 is a year of complete celebration, so don’t plant any seed or harvest what your fields or vineyards produce. 12 In this time of sacred celebration you may eat only what grows on its own.13 During this year, all property must go back to its original owner. 14-15 So when you buy or sell farmland, the price is to be determined by the number of crops it can produce before the next Year of Celebration. Don’t try to cheat. 16 If it is a long time before the next Year of Celebration, the price will be higher,because what is really being sold are the crops that the land can produce. 17 I am the Lord your God, so obey me and don’t cheat anyone.' in https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+25&version=CEV#21_apr_2019_6_27_pm_edt
(4)7 month is duration from march-equinox to september-equinox/aries-month to libra-month.source:(1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox#27_sep_2018_8_5_am_edt (2)'aries:20-mar:sun enter aries(0 degree) -> rabbit-2 start at 0 degree' in http://wortel.ucoz.com/youtube_etc.htm
star's duration ---------------------
star 1-day-duration/1-rotation-duration
sun 24.47 days in sun'sequator
distance, duration for sunlight to reach that planet ---------------------
planet average-distance-to-sun sunlight-arrival-duration
(million miles/
million km/
astronomical unit)
1. mercury 36 / 58 / 0.39 3.2 minute
2. venus 67 / 108 /0.7 6 minute
3. earth 93 / 150 / 1 8 minute
4. mars 142 / 228 / 1.5 13 minute
5. jupiter 484 / 778 / 5.2 43 minute
6. saturn 886 / 1,400 / 9.5 80 minute
7. uranus 1,800 / 2,900 / 19.8 2 hour 40 minute
8. neptune 2,800 / 4,500 / 30 4 hour
every 248 years
for 20 years
neptune stays farther
from the sun than pluto
recently happened in
1979-1999
9. pluto 3,600 / 5,800 / 30-49.3 5.5 hour
1 astronomical unit = distance from earth to sun
radius (1/2 diameter) ---------------
planet radius(miles/km)
jupiter 43440.7 / 69911
saturn 36183.7 / 58232
uranus 15759.2 / 25362
neptune 15299.4 / 24622
earth 3959 / 6371
venus 3760 / 6052 almost like earth
mars 2106 / 3390 / 1/2 earth
mercury 1516 / 2439.7 / 1/3 earth's width
moon 1079.6 / 1738.1 .source:(1)'1079.6miles' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/by-the-numbers/ (2)'1738.1' in https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html from ref[4] in ' 1737.1 km (0.2727 of Earth's)[1][4][5]' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#21_apr_2019_6_45_pm_edt #little-contradict# '1737.5km' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/by-the-numbers/
pluto 715 / 1151 1/4 usa's width, 1/3 earth's moon's width
mass------------
planet mass distance-to-earth gravity-force-felt-on earth-without-g-constant
moon 73.5 x 10^21 kg 384 402 km ( 73.5 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (384 402 km)^2 = ( 73.5 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (147 764 897 604 km) = (439059.6 x 10^42)/(147 764 897 604 km) = (439059.6 x 10^42)/(147764.897604 x 10^9 m) = 2.971338979 x 10^33 newton
jupiter 1,898,600 x 10^21 kg 365 million mile (588 million km)-----601 million miles (968 million km) ( 1,898,600 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (588 million km)^2 = ( 1,898,600 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (345744×10^12 km) = ( 1898600 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (345744×10^15 m) = 11341476960 x 10^42 kg /(345744 × 10^15 m) = 32803.105650423 x 10^27 newton
saturn
uranus
neptune
earth
venus
mars
mercury
pluto
earth 5973.6 x 10^21 kg
source :
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)
from google (moon distance from earth) result 1
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation
moon<->earth gravity :
( 73.5 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (384 402 km)^2 =
( 73.5 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (147 764 897 604 km) =
(439059.6 x 10^42)/(147 764 897 604 km) =
(439059.6 x 10^42)/(147764.897604 x 10^9 m) =
2.971338979 x 10^33 newton
jupiter<->earth gravity :
( 1,898,600 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (588 million km)^2 =
( 1,898,600 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (345744×10^12 km) =
( 1898600 x 10^21 kg ) x ( 5973.6 x 10^21 kg ) / (345744×10^15 m) =
11341476960 x 10^42 kg /(345744 × 10^15 m) =
32803.105650423 x 10^27 newton
moon<->earth gravity / jupiter<->earth gravity =
2.971338979 x 10^33 newton 29.71338979 x 10^32 newton
------------------------------ = -------------------------------- = 90.5810264 = 90.6
32803.105650423 x 10^27 newton 3.2803105650423 x 10^31 newton
how much gravity pull from other planets, being felt on earth--------
planet value-from-article my-value-when-that-planet-near-earth
moon 1 90.6
jupiter 0.0000068 moon's attraction 1
venus 94.1 % jupiter's attraction
mars 41.2 % jupiter's attraction
mercury 7.4 % jupiter's attraction
saturn 3.5 % jupiter's attraction
uranus 0.05 % jupiter's attraction
neptune 0.014 % jupiter's attraction
pluto almost-none
source :
https://sciencing.com/gravitational-factors-eight-planets-8439815.html
from
google (planet's gravitational pull) result 4
contradicts
my calculation above in table 'mass------------'
begin 'cavendish G constant maybe wrong'-----
i suggest physics teacher abandon G constant
in newton's formula because this
was how G constant invented : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11sLusnVZwM&t=3m (Cavendish Gravity Experiment Time Lapse Version 1)
from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_experiment
from
'Cavendish experiment'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant#History_of_measurement
from 'gravitational constant'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation#History
if cavendish's G constant is wrong then
mass for earth is wrong as well
source :
F = G x m1 x m2 = ma
-----------
r^2
Gm
---- = g
r^2
m = g x r^2
---------
G
m = 9.8 x (6.37 x 10^6)^2
-----------------------------------
6.673 × 10^-11
m = 5.96 × 10^24 kg
in
https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/SamanthaDong2.shtml
from google (how to calculate earth mass) result 5
and
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-scientists-measure/
from
google (how to measure planet mass) result 1
end 'cavendish G constant maybe wrong'-----
formation history ------
planet formation-history
uranus Uranus took shape when the rest of the solar system formed
about 4.5 billion years ago, when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in
to become this ice giant. Like its neighbor Neptune,
Uranus likely formed closer to the Sun and
moved to the outer solar system about 4 billion years ago,
where it is the 7th planet from the Sun.
venus When the solar system settled into its current layout
about 4.5 billion years ago, Venus formed when
gravity pulled swirling gas and dust together to form
the 2nd planet from the Sun.
complete resurface by volcanic activity
300 million-500 million years ago.
neptune Neptune took shape when the rest of the solar system formed
about 4.5 billion years ago, when gravity pulled swirling gas
and dust in to become this ice giant. Like its neighbor Uranus,
Neptune likely formed closer to the Sun and moved to
the outer solar system about 4 billion years ago.
saturn Saturn took shape when the rest of the solar system formed
about 4.5 billion years ago, when gravity pulled swirling gas and
dust in to become this gas giant. About 4 billion years ago,
Saturn settled into its current position in the outer solar system,
where it is the 6th planet from the Sun.
Like Jupiter, Saturn is mostly made of hydrogen and helium,
the same 2 main components that make up the Sun.
jupiter Jupiter took shape when the rest of the solar system formed
about 4.5 billion years ago, when gravity pulled swirling gas and
dust in to become this gas giant. Jupiter took most of the mass
left over after the formation of the Sun, ending up with more
than twice the combined material of the other bodies in the solar system.
In fact, Jupiter has the same ingredients as a star,
but it did not grow massive enough to ignite.
About 4 billion years ago, Jupiter settled into its current position
in the outer solar system, where it is the fifth planet from the Sun.
mercury Mercury formed about 4.5 billion years ago when gravity pulled
swirling gas and dust together to form this small planet nearest the Sun
pluto Dwarf planet Pluto is a member of a group of objects
that orbit in a disc-like zone beyond the orbit of Neptune called
the Kuiper Belt. This distant realm is populated with
thousands of miniature icy worlds, which formed early in
the history of our solar system about 4.5 billion years ago.
These icy, rocky bodies are called Kuiper Belt objects,
transneptunian objects, or plutoids.
earth When the solar system settled into its current layout about
4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled
swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun
magnetic field----------------------
planet magnetic field
venus weaker than earth because of venus' slow rotation
jupiter 16-54 times stronger than earth, can damage spacecraft
mercury weak, strength is 1% earth's magnetic field, but mixes with
magnetic field from the sun's wind, creating strong magnetic tornadoes
pluto unknown
planet-direction seen from above north-pole,higher-rank means farther from sun ---------------------
c=clockwise,a=anticlockwise/counterclockwise,prograde=p(same direction as sun-rotation),retrograde=r(oppose sun-rotation-direction)
planet rotation-direction circling-sun-direction
0)sun a
1)mercury a a/p
2)venus c c/r maybe because of meteor-impact
3)earth a a/p
4)mars a a/p
5)jupiter a a/p
6)saturn a a/p
7)uranus c c/r maybe because of meteor-impact
8)neptune a a/p
9)pluto a a/p
[source:(1/2)'Every planet in our solar system except for Venus and Uranus rotates counter-clockwise as seen from above the North Pole; that is to say, from west to east. This is the same direction in which all the planets orbit the sun. Uranus was likely hit by a very large planetoid early in its history, causing it to rotate "on its side," 90 degrees away from its orbital motion. Venus rotates backwards compared to the other planets, also likely due to an early asteroid hit which disturbed its original rotation.' in http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/56-our-solar-system/planets-and-dwarf-planets/general-questions/247-what-direction-do-planets-rotate-beginner#13_may_2019_4_43_pm_edt from google(planet rotation direction)result 1 (2/2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation#/media/File:Earth-5-50.gif#13_may_2019_4_50_pm_edt from 'An animation of Earth's rotation around the planet's axis' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation from google(earth rotation direction)result 1 [3-jan-2018 3:50 pm est]]
moon-direction seen from above north-pole ---------------------
rotation-direction circling-planet-direction
1)earth-moon a a [source:'When viewed from the north celestial pole (i.e., from the approximate direction of the star Polaris) the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon#13_may_2019_5_11_pm_edt from google(moon orbit direction)result 1]
same earth-moon-face see earth
2)mars-moon-fobos a a [source:'Mars, like all of the planets except Venus, rotates in a counter clockwise direction (astronomers call this prograde). ... Deimos is like our own Moon and takes longer than a Martian day to orbit, so Mars rotates quicker than Deimos orbits, and thus it seems to rise in the East and set in the West.' in https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/psi-vid/curiosity-catches-sight-of-marse28099-moon-passing-the-other/#13_may_2019_5_13_pm_edt from google(mars moon rotation direction)result 1
3)mars-moon-deimos a a [source:'Mars, like all of the planets except Venus, rotates in a counter clockwise direction (astronomers call this prograde). ... Deimos is like our own Moon and takes longer than a Martian day to orbit, so Mars rotates quicker than Deimos orbits, and thus it seems to rise in the East and set in the West.' in https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/psi-vid/curiosity-catches-sight-of-marse28099-moon-passing-the-other/#13_may_2019_5_13_pm_edt from google(mars moon rotation direction)result 1
4)jupiter-moon-big a a [source:'These moons all have prograde orbits, meaning they orbit in the same direction as Jupiter's rotation. The Carme group takes its name from the Moon of the same name. ... The satellites in this family all have retrograde orbits, meaning they orbit Jupiter in the opposite direction of its rotation.' in https://m.phys.org/news/2015-06-moons-jupiter.html#13_may_2019_5_15_pm_edt from google(jupiter moon rotation direction)result 1]
jupiter-moon-small ?? c [source:'These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#13_may_2019_5_17_pm_edt from google(jupiter moon rotation direction)result 5]
5)pluto-moon-charon tidally-locked a [source:'pluto-planet and pluto-moon-charon 'gravitationally locked to one another, so each keeps the same face towards the other. This is a case of mutual tidal locking, as compared to that of the Earth and the Moon, where the Moon always shows the same face to Earth, but not vice versa.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(moon)#23_nov_2018_5_22_pm_est from 'charon' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(moon)#23_nov_2018_5_22_pm_est from 'tidal locking' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_heating#23_nov_2018_5_18_pm_est from 'tidal heating' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_heating_of_Io#23_nov_2018_5_14_pm_est from 'This tidal flexing heats the moons' interiors by friction' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#23_nov_2018_5_14_pm_est
tidally-locked=same-charon-face face same-pluto-face all the time
rotation-speed-at-equator sorted by distance to sun, mercury is nearest to sun---------[source:http://www.grandpapencil.net/projects/plansped.htm from google(planet rotation speed)result 1]
kph mph
10.83 6.73 mercury
6.52 4.05 venus
1674 1040 earth
866 538 mars
45583 28325 jupiter
36840 22892 saturn
14794 9193 uranus
9719 6039 neptune
123.21 76.56 pluto
original table -----
planet moon-amount planet-axial-tilt length-of-1-season surface-material core-material length-of-1-night surface-temp moon-mass
venus 0 177.36 non-existant solid, rocky ??? 2 months 800 f
pluto 5 122.53 ??? solid
uranus 27 97.77 about 20 years gas molten-core
neptune 14 28.32 more than 40 years gas-ammonia, gas-methane, water solid-iron, other-metal, ice
saturn 62 26.73 about 7 years gas
mars 2 25.19 7 months solid fobos 10.7 x 10^15 kg + deimos 1.48 x 10^15 kg
earth 1 23.45 90-93 days solid, water 73.5 x 10^21 kg
jupiter 67 3.13 3 years gas
mercury 0 0 non-existant solid
source :
1. http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesb.htm
from google (planet axial tilt list) result 3
2. https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-many-moons-does-each-planet-have-289486
from google (planet moon amount) result 2
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
from google (moon list with mass) result 1
4. 'Uranus About 20 years'
in https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Planet_Seasons.html
from google (season in venus) result 3
and
'For nearly a quarter of each Uranian year,
the Sun shines directly over each pole, plunging the other half of
the planet into a 21-year-long, dark winter.'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/in-depth/
contradicts
'When one pole is going through “summer” on Uranus,
it will experience 42 years of continuous sunlight.
When that same pole is pointed away from the Sun (i.e. a Uranian “winter”),
it will experience 42 years of continuous darkness.'
in
https://www.universetoday.com/37481/days-of-the-planets/
from google (One day-night cycle on Mercury takes 175.97 Earth days) result 1
from 'One day-night cycle on Mercury takes 175.97 Earth days'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/overview/
from google (nasa mercury facts) result 1
from 'nasa', 'fact' in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axcy1zuDaU8&t=47s
and contradicts
'During Uranus’ winter-summer season, the winter side of the planet
never sees the sun. It doesn’t see the sun for 21 long years.
Meanwhile, the summer side of the planet has continuous daylight.'
in
http://earthsky.org/space/what-are-the-seasons-like-on-uranus
5. 'Uranus radiates very little heat in comparison with the other gas giants,
Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune). Uranus is a frozen,
gaseous planet with a molten core.'
in
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/uranus/
from google (uranus planet composition) result 2
contradicts
'above a small rocky core.'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/overview/
from
google (uranus nasa facts) result 1
'hot, dense fluid of "icy" materials'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/overview/
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/neptune/overview/
sounds contradictory
6. https://www.space.com/18920-neptune-composition.html
from google (neptune composition) result 1
7. http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/charts/the-atmospheres-of-the-solar-system.html
from google-image (planet composition chart) row 1 col 1
8. 'The core may also be completely solid, or may not even exist at all.
Taking readings on the interior of another planet is a significant challenge.'
in
https://www.space.com/18525-venus-composition.html
from
google (venus composition) result 1
contradicts
'Venus is made up of a central iron core and a rocky mantle,
similar to the composition of Earth. Its atmosphere is mainly
made up of carbon dioxide (96%) and nitrogen (3%),
with small amounts of other gases.'
in
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/47-What-is-Venus-made-of-
from google (venus composition) result 3
and contradicts
'The composition of Venus is pretty similar to Earth, with a core
of metal, a mantle of liquid rock, and an outer crust of solid rock.
Unfortunately, scientists have no direct knowledge about Venus composition.'
in
https://www.universetoday.com/36155/composition-of-venus/
from google (venus composition) result 4
9. 9.1 'Mars has a thin atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2),
argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), and a small amount of oxygen and water vapor.'
in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/overview/
9.2 'The spacecraft found nitrogen, argon and small traces of oxygen and water vapor.
To be precise, the atmosphere around Mars is 95 percent carbon dioxide,
3 percent nitrogen and 2 percent argon. '
in
http://spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsThePlanet/MarsAir.html
from google (neptune season) result 5
10. 'especially since Venus rotates so slowly that its night lasts almost two Earth months',
'at the surface, the planet roasts at more than 800 degrees Fahrenheit'
in
https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/venus-temp20110926.html
from google (season temperature on venus) result 3
contradicts
'The planet’s surface temperature is about 900 degrees Fahrenheit (465 degrees Celsius)'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/
contradicts
'The landscape is dusty, and surface temperatures
reach a scalding 880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius)'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/in-depth/
from 'in depth' in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/
'the top level of clouds zips around the planet every four Earth days'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/in-depth/
contradicts
'Super Rotating Atmosphere
While the surface rotates slowly, the winds blow at hurricane force,
sending clouds completely around the planet every five days.'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/
11. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/in-depth/
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/in-depth/
from
'in depth' in https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/overview/
12. 'with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius.[1][2] It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements. The temperature at the inner core's surface is approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.[3]',
'Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude (see the Clausius–Clapeyron relation).[15]
A report published in the journal Science [16] concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K.'
from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_core
from google (earth core) result 1
13. 'About two tons of Saturn’s mass came from Earth—the
Cassini spacecraft was intentionally vaporized in Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/
14. 'At Saturn's center is a dense core of metals like iron and nickel
surrounded by rocky material and other compounds solidified by
the intense pressure and heat. It is enveloped by
liquid metallic hydrogen inside a layer of liquid hydrogen—similar
to Jupiter's core but considerably smaller.'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/in-depth/#surface_otp
contradicts
'It is still unclear if, deeper down,
Jupiter has a central core of solid material or
if it may be a thick, super-hot and dense soup.
It could be up to 90,032 degrees Fahrenheit (50,000 degrees Celsius)
down there, made mostly of iron and silicate minerals (similar to quartz).'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/#surface_otp
15. '2,439.7 kilometers' contradicts '2,440 kilometers'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/in-depth/#surface_otp
16. difficult to understand that this distance is average :
1. 'Deep Space
Pluto orbits the Sun about 3.6 billion miles (5.8 billion km) away on average,
about 40 times as far as Earth, in a region called the Kuiper Belt.'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/
'about 40 times as far as Earth' means 40 au
contradicts
39 au in below sentence
2. 2.1. 'From an average distance of 3.7 billion miles
(5.9 billion kilometers),
Pluto is 39 astronomical units away from the sun.
One astronomical unit (abbreviated as AU), is the distance
from the sun to Earth'
2.3. 'Pluto's 248-year-long, oval-shaped orbit can take it
as far as 49.3 astronomical units (AU) from the sun,
and as close as 30 AU. (One AU is the mean distance
between Earth and the sun: about 93 million miles or
150 million kilometers.) But on average, Pluto is
3.7 billion miles (5.9 billion kilometers) away from the sun,
or 39 AU.'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/in-depth/
'The temperature on Pluto can be as cold as
-375 to -400 degrees Fahrenheit (-226 to -240 degrees Celsius).'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/in-depth/
contradicts
'Pluto’s surface is far too cold, -378 to -396 degrees F (-228 to -238 C)'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/
17. 9800 degrees fahrenheit = 5426.667 degrees celsius
source : google (9800 fahrenheit to celsius)
contradicts
'There the temperature is as high as 9,800 degrees Fahrenheit
(5,400 degrees Celsius)'
in
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/in-depth/#surface_otp
18. 'At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days.
This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused
with the synodic rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time
for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to
the same apparent position as viewed from Earth.
The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate
for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of
the Earth around the Sun'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_rotation#Sidereal_rotation
from
'Going back to take another look at the decay data from the Brookhaven lab,
the researchers found a recurring pattern of 33 days.
It was a bit of a surprise, given that most solar observations
show a pattern of about 28 days – the rotation rate of the surface of the sun.'
in
https://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/august/sun-082310.html
from
google (sun isotope decay) result 1
from
'Unlike Earth and the Moon, Io's main source of internal heat comes
from tidal dissipation rather than radioactive isotope decay'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)#Geology
from 'io' in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_heating
from 'Tidal heating produces dramatic volcanic effects on Jupiter's moon Io'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force
from
'tidal forces' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking
from 'tidal locking' in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axcy1zuDaU8&t=3m23s (Simulation of the Moon Orbit)
[obsolete]
[reason] planet-satellite/moon make season, tilt-angle doesn't make season [/reason]
so maybe moon does not cause axial tilt in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n04SEzuvXo&t=2m32s
[/obsolete]
now i think moon causes axial tilt, so now i think https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n04SEzuvXo&t=2m32s
is correct.
earth's moon orbit : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_precession#/media/File:Lunar_standstill.GIF
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_precession
from google (moon precession) result 1
earth's moon can pull earth's ocean's water, causes spring tide
during full moon, new moon; neap tide during 1/2 moon.
earth-wobble/precession vs earth-tilt (earth-wobble/precession different-from earth-tilt):
(1)http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/dinosaurflr/wobble.html from google (wobble vs tilt) result 1
(2)https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/ from google (wobble vs tilt) result 2
what causes earth's wobble/precession ?
1. 'APRIL 8, 2016
NASA Study Solves Two Mysteries About Wobbling Earth',
2. 'The researchers found the answer in Eurasia.
"The bulk of the answer is a deficit of water in Eurasia:
the Indian subcontinent and the Caspian Sea area," Adhikari said.
The finding was a surprise. This region has lost water mass due
to depletion of aquifers and drought,
but the loss is nowhere near as great as the change in the ice sheets.
So why did the smaller loss have such a strong effect?
The researchers say it's because the spin axis is very sensitive
to changes occurring around 45 degrees latitude, both north and south.
"This is well explained in the theory of rotating objects,"
Adhikari explained. "That's why changes in the Indian subcontinent,
for example, are so important."'
in
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6332
from google (nasa earth axial tilt) result 2
earth's wobble/precession : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlVgEoZDjok
wobble means precession
source :
1. 'wobble' in
'The phenomenon we call "precession" was discovered by
Greek astronomer Hipparchus when he compared his own circa 200 BC records
with older charts. What he saw was that the equinoxes in
his day (where the sun's path crosses the celestial equator) were in
a different position among the stars than the 150-year-old comparison
charts showed. This is due to a gyroscopic wobble of earth's spin axis
that takes 26000 years to complete.'
in
http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/astro/html/lec-precession.html
from google (precession wobble) result 5
2. 'These external forces on the spinning Earth creates a "wobble" in
the Earth's motion -- called precession that is much like
the motion seen in a rotating top, wherein the "pole" of
the spinning top slowly meanders in the direction that it points.'
in
http://faculty.virginia.edu/ASTR3130/lectures/coordchange/coordchange.html
from google (Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth's equatorial bulge) result 3
from 'Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth's equatorial bulge, causing Earth's axis to move with respect to inertial space'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession
from 'Axial precession'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession
from
google (earth precession) result 1
;;