10 jam = ?? detik
1 menit = 60 detik
1 jam = 60 menit
10 jam = 600 menit = 600 x 60 detik = 36k detik
1 meter = 39.37 inches dari google (1 meter to inch)
1 meter = 3 foot 3.37 inches dari google (1 meter to inch)
1 meter = 3 foot 3.37 inches dari google (1 meter to inch)
1 meter = 3.28084 foot dari
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/meter-to-feet.html
dari
google (1 meter to inch)
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/cm-to-inch.html#8_feb_2019_2_4_pm_est from 'cm to inches conversion' in https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/cm-to-inch.html#8_feb_2019_2_4_pm_est from google (1 meter to inch)
1 cm = ? inch
1 inch = 2.54 cm
?inch = 20 cm
80 inch ( tinggi 1 pintu ) = 203.2 cm
2.54 cm ?inch = 20 cm inch
?inch=20 cm inch/2.54 cm
?inch=20/2.54 cm
1 cm=0.3937007874 inch
1 imperial-gallon = 4.54609 litres
1 gallon = 3.785411784 liters
3.785 liter
source :
1. '1 US gal in ... ... is equal to ...
SI-compatible units ≈ 3.785412 L'
2. 'the imperial gallon defined as 4.54609 litres'
in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallon
3. 'The US gallon is defined as 231 cubic inches (3.785 liters)'
in https://www.unitconverters.net/volume/gallons-to-liters.htm
from google (gallon to liter) result 1
4. 'The US gallon is used in the United States and is equal to exactly
231 cubic inches or 3.785411784 liters.' in http://www.gallonstoliters.com/ from google (gallon to liter) result 2
1240000
1680000
1 km = 0.621 mile
1000 meter = 0.621 mile
1 meter = 0.621 x 10^-3 mile
1 millimeter = 0.00328084 foot
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/km-to-mile.html dari google (1 km to mile)
1 mile = 5280 ft/foot[source:https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/how-many-feet-in-mile.html dari google(foot to mile)hasil 1]
1 km = (1/1.609344) mile
1 mile = 1.609344 km
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/mile-to-km.html dari google (1 mile to km)
1 kg = 2.20462262185 lb
1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg
1 lbs = 453.59237 gram
1 gram = 0.0022046226 lbs
source :
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/kg-to-pound.html from google (kg to lbs)
84 /453.59237 lbs
0.1851883 lbs
1420 kg
1 kN = 100 kg
1 N = 0.1 kg
source :
'One kilonewton, 1 kN, is 102.0 kgf, or about 100 kg of load.
1 kN = 102 kg × 9.81 m/s2 '
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)
T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32
T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32) × 5/9
source :
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/fahrenheit-to-celsius.html
from google (celsius to fahrenheit) result 1
T(°C) = T(K) - 273.15
source :
https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/how-kelvin-to-celsius.html
from google (kelvin to celsius) result 1
miles / hour to kilometers / hour (mph to km/h) conversion
1 mph = 1.609344 kph
kilometers / hour to miles / hour (km/h to mph) conversion
1 kph = 0.62137119223733 mph
kilometers / hour to meters / second (km/h to m/s) conversion
1 kilometer / hour (km/h) is equal 0.27777777777778 meter / second (m/s) use this converter
meters / second to kilometers / hour (m/s to km/h) conversion
1 meter / second (m/s) is equal 3.6 kilometers / hour (km/h) use this converter
mach to speed of light conversion
1 mach (at std. atm.) (M) is equal 1.1441248465297E-6 speed of light use this converter
speed of light to mach conversion
1 speed of light is equal 874030.48979591 mach (M) use this converter
speed of light to speed of sound (at std. atm.) conversion
1 speed of light is equal 874030.48979591 speed of sound (at std. atm.) use this converter
speed of sound (at std. atm.) to speed of light conversion
1 speed of sound (at std. atm.) is equal 1.1441248465297E-6 speed of light use this converter
speed of sound (at std. atm.) to mach conversion
1 speed of sound (at std. atm.) is equal 1 mach (at std. atm.) (M) use this converter
mach to speed of sound (at std. atm.) conversion
1 mach (at std. atm.) (M) is equal 1 speed of sound (at std. atm.) use this converter
in
http://www.unit-conversion.info/speed.html
from google (speed conversion) result 3
1 ton = 1k kg
1 ton = 1 mega-gram
1 ton = 2204.62262185 lbs
50,000 ton = 50,000 mega-gram
= 50 giga-gram
prefix symbol value
yotta Y 10^-24
zetta Z 10^-21
exa E 10^-18
peta P 10^-15
tera T 10^-12
giga G 10^-9
mega M 10^-6 mega-gram = ton
kilo k 10^-3
hecto h 10^-2
deca da 10^-1
meter (none) 10^0
deci d 10^1
centi c 10^2
milli m 10^3
micro μ 10^6
nano n 10^9
pico p 10^12
femto f 10^15
atto a 10^18
zepto z 10^21
yocto y 10^24
source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
----------
ton -> liter
density = mass / vol
source :
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/dens.html
from google (weight volume density) result 2
from
'weight', 'volume', 'where the Greek letter ρ (rho) stands for density'
in https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight/substance/petrol
from google (fuel weight to liter) result 1
kerosene density = 810 kg/(m^3)
source :
https://physics.info/density/
from google (kerosene density) result 2
53 ton = 53 mega-gram
53 mega-gram = 53 000 kg
810 kg/(m^3) = 53 000 kg / vol
vol = 53 000 kg
-----------------
810 kg / (m^3)
vol = 53 000 kg x 810 (m^3)/kg
vol = (800 x 53 000) + (10 x 53 000) (m^3)
vol = 424 00000 + 5 30000 (m^3)
vol = 429 30000 (m^3)
vol = 42 930 000 000 (deci-meter^3)
vol = 42 930 000 000 liter
so formula :
ton -> liter = (ton-value x 1 000 000 x 810) liter
? usa-gallon = 42 930 000 000 liter
1 usa-gallon = 3.785 liter
? usa-gallon = 42 930 000 000 liter / 3.785 liter
? usa-gallon = 42 930 000 000 liter / 3.785 liter
= 11 342 140 026.5 usa-gallon
30 ton = 2 430 000 000 liter = 642 007 926.1 usa-gallon
1 ton = 810 000 000 liter
810 000 000 liter
------------------- = 214002642.007926024 usa-gallon
3.785 liter
1 usa-gallon = 3.785411784 liters
source : 'The US gallon is used in the United States and is equal to exactly 231 cubic inches or
3.785411784 liters.' in http://www.gallonstoliters.com/ from google (gallon to liter) result 2
1 liter = 1 dm^3 = 1000 cm^3
1 foot=
4.4 foot^3 = ?
1 meter = 3.28084 foot dari https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/meter-to-feet.html dari google (1 meter to inch)
? meter = 1 foot
? meter = 1 / 3.28084 foot
1/3.28084 meter = 1 foot
0.3047999 meter = 1 foot.source:'1 ft= 0.3048 meter' in https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/length/feet-to-meter.html#8_may_2019_4_22_pm_edt
30.47999 cm = 1 foot
0.028316844 meter^3 = 1 foot^3
? meter^3 = 4.4 foot^3
? = 0.028316844 x 4.4 meter^3
? = 0.124594113 meter^3
so 0.124594113 meter^3 = 4.4 foot^3
0.124594113 meter^3 = 124.594113 dm^3 = 124.594113 liter
density = mass / vol
source :
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/dens.html
from google (weight volume density) result 2
from
'weight', 'volume', 'where the Greek letter ρ (rho) stands for density'
in https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight/substance/petrol
from google (fuel weight to liter) result 1
water density 4 celcius=1 gram/cm^3
water density 20 celcius=0.998 gram/cm^3
source:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/density.html#3_feb_2019_7_14_pm_est from 'Table of densities.' in http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/dens.html#3_feb_2019_7_14_pm_est from google (weight volume density) result 2 from 'weight', 'volume', 'where the Greek letter ρ (rho) stands for density' in https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight/substance/petrol from google (fuel weight to liter) result 1
mass = density x vol
mass = 1 gram/cm^3 x 124.594113 dm^3
mass = 1 gram/cm^3 x 124594.113 cm^3
mass = 124594.113 gram
1 kg = 2.20462262185 lb
source:https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/kg-to-pound.html from google (kg to lbs)
1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg
source:https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/pound-to-kg.html from 'Pounds to Kilograms' in https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/kg-to-pound.html from google (kg to lbs)
1 lbs = 453.59237 gram
? lbs = 124594.113 gram
453.59237 ? lbs = 124594.113 gram
? lbs = 124594.113 / 453.59237 gram = 274.683000069 lbs
source :
1. 1 liter = 1 deci-meter^3 = 1000 centi-meter^3
'A litre is defined as a special name for
a cubic decimetre or
10 centimetres × 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres,
(1 L ≡ 1 dm3 ≡ 1000 cm3)'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre
from google (liter) result 1
2. '1 megagram'
'equal to 1,000 kilograms;[1][2][3][4] or one megagram (Mg);'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
from 'Tonne.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton
from 'including the tonne (metric ton), defined as 1000 kg (2,204.6 lb)'
in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton
3. 1 imperial-gallon = 4.54609 litres
1 usa-gallon = 3.785 liter
source :
1. '1 US gal in ... ... is equal to ...
SI-compatible units ≈ 3.785412 L'
2. 'the imperial gallon defined as 4.54609 litres'
in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallon
1 ton = 214002642.007926024
30 ton kerosene = 642 007 926.1 usa-gallon kerosene
642 007 9260.23778072
6 420 079 260.237780713
30 ton kerosene = 6 420 079 260.3 usa-gallon kerosene
6 420 079 260.23778072
53 ton = 11 342 140 026.420079272
53 ton kerosene= 11 342 140 026.5 usa-gallon kerosene
1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg
source :
www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/kg-to-pound.html
170 000 lbs = 77 110.7029 kg
77 110.7029
lbs -> liter = (lbs-value x 0.45359237 kg x 1 000 x 810) liter
= (lbs-value x 367409.8197) liter
= (lbs-value x 97069.965574637) usa-gallon
= 62 459 669 349 liter
= 16 501 894 147.7 usa-gallon
lbs -> usa-gallon = (kg-value x 1 000 x 810) / 3.785 liter
= 36380449141.347424042 usa-gallon
= 36 380 449 141.347424042 usa-gallon
1 lbs = 367409.8197 liter
1 lbs = 97069.965574637 usa-gallon
chicago utc-6 ( cst ) ---timeapi.io/api/Time/current/zone?timeZone=America/Chicago#8_jul_2023_4_16_am_est_not_edt
chicago utc-5 ( cdt )
-----------------------------------
baker island 12:00 pm 15-sep-2018 utc-12 (mundur 8 dari ashburn)
www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/usa/baker-island#15_sep_2018_7_55_pm_edt dari google (baker island local time)
-----------------------------------
ashburn, va, usa 8:00 pm 15-sep-2018 edt (utc-4)
ashburn,va,usa current datetime : www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/@4744870
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone from google ( wiki current time ) page 2 number 10
-----------------------------------
line islands, kiribati 2:00 pm 16-sep-2018 (utc+14) (dari ashburn, dibalik lalu + 6)
www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_KI2.aspx#15_sep_2018_7_50_pm_edt dari google (kiribati local time)
-----------------------------------
usa->va-state->ashburn-city
www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_US-VA.aspx?city=Ashburn
-------------------------------------------------------
baker island 7:33 am 8-nov-2018 utc-12
www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/usa/baker-island#8_nov_2018_2_30_pm_est
-----------------------------------
line islands, kiribati 9:35 am 9-nov-2018 utc+14
www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_KI2.aspx#8_nov_2018_2_32_pm_est
ashburn, va, usa 2:34 pm 8-nov-2018 est (utc-5)
time-zone/timezone utc source:
ashburn,va,usa current datetime : www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/@4744870
dari www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/usa/baker-island#15_sep_2018_7_55_pm_edt -> klik 'time zone'
-------------------------------------------------------------
winter-solstice 21 dec 2018 5:23 pm est (utc-5)
22 dec 2018 5:23 am est (utc+7)
full-moon 21 dec 2018 10 pm est (utc-5) mulai
22 dec 2018 10 am est (utc-5) mulai
gempa en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Sunda_Strait_tsunami 22 dec 2018 21:27 wib(utc+7)
[[Tide|spring-tide on earth]][
{{
cite web|
title=www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2018/december#23_dec_2018_11_17_pm_est from google(moon calendar)|
url=https://www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2018/december#23_dec_2018_11_17_pm_est
}}
],[[December_solstice|around dec-solstice]]
www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2018/december#23_dec_2018_11_17_pm_est
from google(moon calendar)
1 usa-gallon = 3.785 liter
1 barrel = 42 usa-gallon petroleum, producing :
1)20 usa-gallon gasoline 2)11 usa-gallon diesel
'In 2017, refineries in the United States produced an average of about 20 gallons
of motor gasoline and about 11 gallons of ultra-low sulfur distillate fuel oil
(most of which is sold as diesel fuel and in several states as heating oil)
from one 42-gallon barrel of crude oil.' in www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=327&t=9 from google (crude oil to gasoline conversion ratio) result 1
40 000 barrel = 1 680 000
31 usa-gallon
-------------- x 100% = 73.8095238 %
42 usa-gallon
73.8095238
----------- x 1 680 000 = 1 240 000
100
1680000
Light: less than 870 kg/m3 (greater than 31.1o API)
Medium: 870 to 920 kg/m3 (31.1o API to 22.3o API)
Heavy: 920 to 1000 kg/m3 (22.3o API to 10o API)
Extra-heavy: greater than 1000 kg/m3 (less than 10° API)
in www.genesisny.net/Commodity/Oil/ODefinitions.html
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi
'One atmosphere (101.325 kPa or 14.7 psi) is also the pressure caused by
the weight of a column of fresh water of approximately 10.3 m (33.8 ft).
Thus, a diver 10.3 m underwater experiences a pressure of about 2 atmospheres
(1 atm of air plus 1 atm of water). Conversely, 10.3 m is the maximum height to
which water can be raised using suction under standard atmospheric conditions.'
in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure#14_oct_2018_6_44_pm_edt
अ
pembagian baris optimal
26 barang:
9 barang | 9 barang | 8 barang
26/3 lebihin = 9 (3x9=27)
70 mph=110 kph
80 mph=125 kph
70 mile =
--------
1 hour
1 foot = 12 inch
n foot = 1000 inch
12 inch x n foot = 1000 foot inch
n foot = 1000 foot
----------------
12
n = 250 / 3
n = 83 1/3
249 + 1
--- - =
3 3
1 1/2
_83_____
3 / 250
24
-----------
10
9
============
html-vertical-bar |
1 foot = 12 inch
3.5 foot = ? inch
3.5 foot = 42 inch
5.8 foot =
12
3.5
----
60
36.
-----
42.0 inch
58
12
----
116
58.
----
69.6
65 cm x 2.54 inch =
254
65
-------
1270
1524.
---------
165.10
165.1 inch
1 foot = 12 inch
1 meter = 3.28084 foot
100 cm = 3.28084 foot
65 cm = ? foot
65 x 3.28084
----------------
100
213.2546 / 100 = 2.13 foot
1 knot = 1 nautical-mile/hour = 1.852 kph = 1.15078 mph = 0.514 mps
= 1853.25 meter per hour
= 1.85325 kph [source : web.archive.org/web/20070926000328/http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app4.pdf from ref-1 in 'knot (/nɒt/) is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, exactly 1.852 km/h (approximately 1.15078 mph or 0.514 m/s).[1] ' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)]
= 1.151556162 mph [source:'1 kph = 0.62137119223733 mph' in www.unit-conversion.info/speed.html from google (speed conversion) result 3]
1 nm = 1.151556162 mile
1 yeard = 0.91 440 183 meter
1 km = (1/1.609344) mile
1 kph = 0.62137119223733 mph
165 / 19 = 8.684210526
=====================
31 oct 2021 10:47 pm edt:
#add#
50,000 ton = 50,000 mega-gram
= 50 giga-gram
===========================
11 oct 2022 10:22 am edt:#add# 1 gram = 0.0022046226 lbs
====================
15 oct 2022 12:37 am edt:
1 meter = 3.28084 foot
25 meter x 3.28084 foot = 82.021 foot
======================
5 jul 2023 3:12 pm est-not-edt :
#add# 80 inch ( tinggi 1 pintu ) = 203.2 cm
========================
5 jul 2023 3:15 pm est-not-edt :
#add# 80 inch ( tinggi 1 pintu ) = 203.2 cm
=============================
5 jul 2023 4:2 pm est-not-edt :
(1)#reword# 1 ton = 2204.6 lbs
#to# 1 ton = 2204.62262185 lbs
(2)#add# 30.47999 cm = 1 foot
(3)#add#
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone from google ( wiki current time ) page 2 number 10
-----------------------------------
(4)#add#
-----------------------------------
usa->va-state->ashburn-city
www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_US-VA.aspx?city=Ashburn
(5)#around time-zone-conversion-topic which is around 'baker island 12:00 pm 15-sep-2018 utc-12 (mundur 8 dari ashburn)'
whenever-needed-to-increase-verbosity add# -----------------------------------
(6)#reword# timezone utc source:
#to# time-zone/timezone utc source:
============================
26 aug 2023 2:58 pm est-not-edt :
#add# 1 nm = 1.151556162 mile
=====================================
1 usa-fluid-ounce = 30 ml
1 fluid-ounce = 29.57353 ml
[source : find 'fluid-ounce' in wortel.ucoz.com/loseweight_gainmuscle.htm ]
========================
19 dec 2023 5 am est :
flight-level 106 , fl-106 = 10,600 foot . [source : 'aircraft stopped its climb at flight level 106 (around 10,600 ft or 3,200 m)' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1492#Investigation ]
===============================
23 dec 2023 8:37 pm est : end 24 dec 2023 6:17 am est
gregorian-calendar-leap-year ? or non-gregorian-calendar-leap-year ? #leap-year#
for year < 400 : non-leap-year : 100 , 200 , 300 . leap-year : divisible-by 4 ; in-this-case leap-year-example : 104 .
for year > 399 : leap-year : ( divisible-by 400 ) or ( non-divisible-by 100 and divisible-by 4 ) ;
in-this-case leap-year-example : 1600 , 404 ; non-leap-year-example : 1100 .
simplified-source : 'year which is divisible by 4 is leap year , exception : year divisible by 100 ,
but those centurial year are leap-year if they are divisible by 400 .
For example : year 1700 , 1800 , 1900 are not-leap-years , but year 1600 and 2000 are leap-year .[2]
— usa-Naval-Observatory' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#4_mar_2021_3_39_pm_est
[addition 26 dec 2023 6:29 am est] end 27 dec 2023 6:58 am est
tropical-year / common-year / gregorian-calendar-year / time-duration from march-equinox to next march-equinox :
change every year , but average is 365 day , 5 hour , 48 minute , 45 second .
--timeanddate.com/astronomy/tropical-year.html from google-image ( sidereal year vs tropical year ) row 1 col 1
has ability to predict future time-durationfor 1 tropical-year / 1 common-year / 1 gregorian-calendar-year ) :
calculation-error-amount few-second
d = day-amount , h = hour-amount , m = minute-amount , s = second-amount , + = leap-year
d h m s
20 mar 2010 => 20 mar 2011 365 5 48 23 [source : astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html from ref-2 in 'UT date and time of equinoxes and solstices on Earth[1][2]' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_equinox from google ( march equinox date list ) result 1 ]
20 mar 2011 => 20 mar 2012 365 5 53 56
20 mar 2012+ => 20 mar 2013 365 5 47 22
20 mar 2013 => 20 mar 2014 365 5 55 14
20 mar 2014 => 20 mar 2015 365 5 48 2
20 mar 2015 => 20 mar 2016 365 5 44 56
20 mar 2016+ => 20 mar 2017 365 5 58 36
20 mar 2017 => 20 mar 2018 365 5 46 41
20 mar 2018 => 20 mar 2019 365 5 43 12
20 mar 2019 => 19 mar 2020 365 5 51 4
19 mar 2020+ => 20 mar 2021 365 5 47 55
20 mar 2021 => 20 mar 2022 365 5 55 54
20 mar 2022 => 20 mar 2023 365 5 50 55
20 mar 2023 => 19 mar 2024 365 5 42 8
19 mar 2024+ => 20 mar 2025 365 5 54 53
20 mar 2025 => 20 mar 2026 365 5 44 39
20 mar 2026 => 20 mar 2027 365 5 38 39
20 mar 2027 => 19 mar 2028 365 5 52 27
22 mar 2028+ => 22 mar 2029 365 5 44 57
22 mar 2029 => 22 mar 2030 365 5 49 56
nasa.gov has ability to see earth from star-other-than-sun then calculate how much time-duration needed for earth to circle sun-star 1 time :
simplified-text :
'Earth revolve in orbit around sun-star in 365 day , 6 hour , 9 minute with-reference-to/when-seen-from stars ,
at speed ranging from 29.29 to 30.29 km / s .
that 6 hour , 9 minute add to about 1 extra day every 4-th year , which is leap-year , with extra-day added as 29 feb .
earth's orbit is elliptical and reach perihelion ( closest distance to sun-star ) with distance 147,090,000 km , during about 4 jan of every year .
aphelion ( farthest distance from sun-star ) happen 6 month later with distance 152,100,000 km.'
in science.nasa.gov/learn/basics-of-space-flight/chapter2-1/ from google ( how to measure earth 1 sun revolution ) result 1 ->
ppl also ask -> What is the measure of one Earth revolution around the sun?
[/addition 26 dec 2023 6:29 am est]
[addition 1 jan 2024 1:46 am est]
--inconsistency
tropical-year-definition , side-real-year-definition , are confusing .
'tropical-year , the time it takes the Earth to complete an orbit around the Sun' in timeanddate.com/calendar/march-equinox.html#29-dec-2023-6-27-am-est
#contradict#
'tropical-year can be measured from either vernal-equinox to next vernal-equinox or autumn-equinox to next autumn-equinox ,
or from summer-solstice to next summer-solstice or winter-solstice to next winter-solstice .
on timeanddate.com , we calculate tropical-year from mar-quinox to next mar-equinox (see table below).'
in timeanddate.com/astronomy/tropical-year.html from google-image ( sidereal year vs tropical year ) row 1 col 1
#contradict#
'because orientation of earth-tilt has slight-wobble (a motion called precession) , time-duration from 1 mar-equinox to
next-mar-equinox is a fraction shorter than earth-orbital-period around sun-star .
time-duration for 1 orbital-revolution around sun is called 1 side-real year , this is approximately 365.25636 days.'
in timeanddate.com/astronomy/tropical-year.html from google-image ( sidereal year vs tropical year ) row 1 col 1
[/addition 1 jan 2024 1:46 am est]
[addition 1 jan 2024 2:48 am est]
leap-year in latin-language-word is 'bi-sextilis-annus' .
bis = twice
sextus = 6-th
dies = day [source : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bissextile#1-jan-2024-2-49-am-est ]
[/addition 1 jan 2024 2:48 am est]
1 gregorian-calendar-year is 12 gregorian-month :
nu = Number
na = Name
le = Length in days
nu na le
1 january 31
2 february 28 ( 29 in leap-year )
3 march 31
4 april 30
5 may 31
6 june 30
7 july 31
8 august 31
9 september 30
10 october 31
11 november 30
12 december 31
jun-solstice = 22 jun
dec-solstice = 22 dec
mar-equinox = 22 mar
sep-equinox = 22 sep
moses-bruine-cotsworth-calendar/international-fixed-calendar/ifc
13 month , 1 month = 28 day , day 365 is holiday-day-not-belong-to-any-month .
month-7 is sol-month .
during ifc-leap-year : jun-month contain 29 day .
year 1849 france-country auguste-comte-positivist-calendar is similar to ifc with exception :
during leap-positivist-calendar-year : day 365 , day 366 : is holiday , not belong to any month .
[source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#4_mar_2021_3_50_pm_est ]
1 moon-revolution from earth-point-of-view ( synodic-month ) : 29 day 12 hour 44 minute 2.9 second . [source :(1)'During each synodic period of 29.5 days' (2)'However, because Earth-Moon system moves at same time in its orbit around Sun, it takes slightly longer, 29.5 days,[i][65] to return to same lunar phase, completing a full cycle, as seen from Earth.' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon ]
1 moon-revolution from sun-star-point-of-view ( sidereal-month ) : 27.321661 day . [source : 'The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to fixed stars, its sidereal-period, about once every 27.3 days.' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon ]
[addition 1 jan 2024 5:45 am est]
1 ad ( from latin-language-word '(annus/anno)-domini' , both nominative-form 'annus' and ablative-form 'anno' has meaning 'year' ) ,
1 ce ( common-era ) = ... [source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini#1-jan-2024-3-58-am-est ]
1 bc ( from england-language-word 'before christ' ) , ac ( ante-christum ) , 0 ad = ... [source : find 'wiki/Anno_Domini' ]
2 bc ( from england-language-word 'before christ' ) , ac ( ante-christum ) , -1 ad = ... [source : find 'wiki/Anno_Domini' ]
[source : find '1 ad' in wortel.ucoz.com/learn_indo.htm ]
[/addition 1 jan 2024 5:45 am est]
==================================
23 dec 2023 10 pm est :
usa-day-light-saving-time-start and ending ( usa-dst-start and ending ) :
---timeanddate.com/time/change/@5870294?year=2010#23-dec-2023-10-pm-est
dst-start dst-ending ( all day is sunday )
10 mar 2024 2 am 3 nov 2024 2 am
9 mar 2025 2 am 2 nov 2025 2 am
8 mar 2026 2 am 1 nov 2026 2 am
14 mar 2027 2 am 7 nov 2027 2 am
12 mar 2028 2 am 5 nov 2028 2 am
11 mar 2029 2 am 4 nov 2029 2 am
========================================
26 dec 2023 6:29 am est : #add# [addition 26 dec 2023 6:29 am est]
==========================================
27 dec 2023 6:54 am est : #add# [addition 26 dec 2023 6:29 am est]
=============================================
29 dec 2023 6:35 am est :
#add#
[source : astropixels.com/ephemeris/soleq2001.html from ref-2 in 'UT date and time of equinoxes and solstices on Earth[1][2]' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_equinox from google ( march equinox date list ) result 1 ]
=============================================
30 dec 2023 6:32 am est :
#reword#
for year < 400 : non-leap-year : 100 , 200 , 300 . leap-year : divisible-by 4 ( example : year 104 )
for year > 399 : leap-year : (1)divisible-by 400 . ( example : year 1600 )
(2)not-divisible-by 400 but divisible-by 4 . ( example : year 1604 )
#to#
for year < 400 : non-leap-year : 100 , 200 , 300 . leap-year : divisible-by 4 ( example : year 104 ) .
for year > 399 : leap-year : divisible-by 400 and divisible-by 4 ( example : year 1600 , 404 ) .
===============================================
30 dec 2023 6:41 am est :
#add# [source : find 'fluid-ounce' in wortel.ucoz.com/loseweight_gainmuscle.htm ]
==============================================
30 dec 2023 6:44 am est :
#reword#
for year > 399 : leap-year : divisible-by 400 and divisible-by 4 ( example : year 1600 , 404 ) .
#to#
for year > 399 : leap-year : divisible-by 400 or divisible-by 4 ( example : year 1600 , 404 ) .
==============================
30 dec 2023 8:45 am est : end 9:8 am est
#reword#
for year < 400 : non-leap-year : 100 , 200 , 300 . leap-year : divisible-by 4 ( example : year 104 ) .
for year > 399 : leap-year : divisible-by 400 or divisible-by 4 ( example : year 1600 , 404 ) .
simplified-source : 'year which is divisible by 4 is leap year , exception : year divisible by 100 ,
but those centurial year are leap-year if they are divisible by 400 .
For example : year 1700 , 1800 , 1900 are not-leap-years , but year 1600 and 2000 are leap-year .[2]
— usa-Naval-Observatory' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#4_mar_2021_3_39_pm_est
#to#
for year < 400 : non-leap-year : 100 , 200 , 300 . leap-year : divisible-by 4 ; in-this-case leap-year-example : 104 .
for year > 399 : leap-year : ( divisible-by 100 and divisible-by 400 ) or ( non-divisible-by 100 and divisible-by 4 ) ;
in-this-case leap-year-example : 1600 , 404 ; non-leap-year-example : 1100 .
simplified-source : 'year which is divisible by 4 is leap year , exception : year divisible by 100 ,
but those centurial year are leap-year if they are divisible by 400 .
For example : year 1700 , 1800 , 1900 are not-leap-years , but year 1600 and 2000 are leap-year .[2]
— usa-Naval-Observatory' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#4_mar_2021_3_39_pm_est
===============================
1 jan 2024 1:15 am est :
#reword# for year > 399 : leap-year : ( divisible-by 100 and divisible-by 400 ) or ( non-divisible-by 100 and divisible-by 4 ) ;
#to# for year > 399 : leap-year : ( divisible-by 400 ) or ( non-divisible-by 400 and divisible-by 4 ) ;
===============================
1 jan 2023 1:18 am est :
#reword# for year > 399 : leap-year : ( divisible-by 400 ) or ( non-divisible-by 400 and divisible-by 4 ) ;
#to# for year > 399 : leap-year : ( divisible-by 400 ) or ( non-divisible-by 100 and divisible-by 4 ) ;
================================
1 jan 2024 2:8 am est : #add# [addition 1 jan 2024 1:46 am est]
================================
1 jan 2024 3:17 am est : #add# [addition 1 jan 2024 2:48 am est]
================================
1 jan 2024 5:45 am est : #add# [addition 1 jan 2024 5:45 am est]
===================================
4 may 2024 8:27 am est :
1 metric-ton = 1 mega-gram = 1,000 kg = 1.102 short-ton (tn) (usa) = 0.984 long-ton (imperial)
[source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne#1_oct_2022_12_13_pm_edt ]
1 short-ton = 2,000 lbs
1 long-ton = 2,240 lbs
[source : www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2023/01/30/appc-23-HB44.pdf
from ref-1 in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton#4-may-2024-8-33-am-est ]
===========================================
4 may 2024 3:14 pm est :
#reword# 1 metric-ton = 1,000 kg = 1.102 short-ton (tn) (usa) = 0.984 long-ton (imperial)
#to# 1 metric-ton = 1 mega-gram = 1,000 kg = 1.102 short-ton (tn) (usa) = 0.984 long-ton (imperial)
=============================================
6 aug 2024 6:54 pm est :
1 lbs = 16 oz [source : www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/how-many-ounces-in-pound.html from google ( lbs to ounce ) ]
=============================================
8 aug 2024 2:37 pm est :
indonesian-country-education-minister-year-1992 fuad-hassan must have been saying this like my teacher-of-which-primary-school-grade-i-forgot :
1 pon = 5 ons
1 lbs = 5 hecto-gram [source : www.liputan6.com/hot/read/4905623/1-ons-berapa-gram-ketahui-konversi-dan-cara-menghitungnya dari google ( 1 pon = 5 ons bhs inggris ) hasil 6 ]
if 1 lbs = 0.5 kg then that is correct .
but now i realise : find '1 lbs = 0.45359237 kg' which is same as usa-official
1 avoirdupois pound = 0.45359237 [source : find 'avoirdupois pound' in www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2023/01/30/appc-23-HB44.pdf from ref-1 in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton#4-may-2024-8-33-am-est ]
so usa-official will say indonesia-country-education-minister is wrong for saying '1 pon = 5 ons' or '1 lbs = 5 hecto-gram' .
but maybe current indonesia-country-education-minister is not saying '1 pon = 5 ons' anymore , not saying '1 lbs = 5 hecto-gram' anymore .
[source indonesia-country-education-minister-list : id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Menteri_Pendidikan,_Kebudayaan,_Riset,_dan_Teknologi_Indonesia ]
#remove most# http
==============================================
19 aug 2024 1:39 pm est :
celcius to fahrenheit :
[addition 11 mar 2025 10:7 am est]
-301 c = -509 f
-300 c = -508 f
-299 c = -506 f
-298 c = -504 f
-297 c = -502 f
-296 c = -500 f
-295 c = -499 f
-294 c = -497 f
-293 c = -495 f
-292 c = -493 f
-291 c = -491 f
-290 c = -490 f
-289 c = -488 f
-288 c = -486 f
-287 c = -484 f
-286 c = -482 f
-285 c = -481 f
-284 c = -479 f
-283 c = -477 f
-282 c = -475 f
-281 c = -473 f
-280 c = -472 f
-279 c = -470 f
-278 c = -468 f
-277 c = -466 f
-276 c = -464 f
-275 c = -463 f
-274 c = -461 f
-273 c = -459 f
-272 c = -457 f
-271 c = -455 f
-270 c = -454 f
-269 c = -452 f
-268 c = -450 f
-267 c = -448 f
-266 c = -446 f
-265 c = -445 f
-264 c = -443 f
-263 c = -441 f
-262 c = -439 f
-261 c = -437 f
-260 c = -436 f
-259 c = -434 f
-258 c = -432 f
-257 c = -430 f
-256 c = -428 f
-255 c = -427 f
-254 c = -425 f
-253 c = -423 f
-252 c = -421 f
-251 c = -419 f
-250 c = -418 f
-249 c = -416 f
-248 c = -414 f
-247 c = -412 f
-246 c = -410 f
-245 c = -409 f
-244 c = -407 f
-243 c = -405 f
-242 c = -403 f
-241 c = -401 f
-240 c = -400 f
-239 c = -398 f
-238 c = -396 f
-237 c = -394 f
-236 c = -392 f
-235 c = -391 f
-234 c = -389 f
-233 c = -387 f
-232 c = -385 f
-231 c = -383 f
-230 c = -382 f
-229 c = -380 f
-228 c = -378 f
-227 c = -376 f
-226 c = -374 f
-225 c = -373 f
-224 c = -371 f
-223 c = -369 f
-222 c = -367 f
-221 c = -365 f
-220 c = -364 f
-219 c = -362 f
-218 c = -360 f
-217 c = -358 f
-216 c = -356 f
-215 c = -355 f
-214 c = -353 f
-213 c = -351 f
-212 c = -349 f
-211 c = -347 f
-210 c = -346 f
-209 c = -344 f
-208 c = -342 f
-207 c = -340 f
-206 c = -338 f
-205 c = -337 f
-204 c = -335 f
-203 c = -333 f
-202 c = -331 f
-201 c = -329 f
-200 c = -328 f
-199 c = -326 f
-198 c = -324 f
-197 c = -322 f
-196 c = -320 f
-195 c = -319 f
-194 c = -317 f
-193 c = -315 f
-192 c = -313 f
-191 c = -311 f
-190 c = -310 f
-189 c = -308 f
-188 c = -306 f
-187 c = -304 f
-186 c = -302 f
-185 c = -301 f
-184 c = -299 f
-183 c = -297 f
-182 c = -295 f
-181 c = -293 f
-180 c = -292 f
-179 c = -290 f
-178 c = -288 f
-177 c = -286 f
-176 c = -284 f
-175 c = -283 f
-174 c = -281 f
-173 c = -279 f
-172 c = -277 f
-171 c = -275 f
-170 c = -274 f
-169 c = -272 f
-168 c = -270 f
-167 c = -268 f
-166 c = -266 f
-165 c = -265 f
-164 c = -263 f
-163 c = -261 f
-162 c = -259 f
-161 c = -257 f
-160 c = -256 f
-159 c = -254 f
-158 c = -252 f
-157 c = -250 f
-156 c = -248 f
-155 c = -247 f
-154 c = -245 f
-153 c = -243 f
-152 c = -241 f
-151 c = -239 f
-150 c = -238 f
-149 c = -236 f
-148 c = -234 f
-147 c = -232 f
-146 c = -230 f
-145 c = -229 f
-144 c = -227 f
-143 c = -225 f
-142 c = -223 f
-141 c = -221 f
-140 c = -220 f
-139 c = -218 f
-138 c = -216 f
-137 c = -214 f
-136 c = -212 f
-135 c = -211 f
-134 c = -209 f
-133 c = -207 f
-132 c = -205 f
-131 c = -203 f
-130 c = -202 f
-129 c = -200 f
-128 c = -198 f
-127 c = -196 f
-126 c = -194 f
-125 c = -193 f
-124 c = -191 f
-123 c = -189 f
-122 c = -187 f
-121 c = -185 f
-120 c = -184 f
-119 c = -182 f
-118 c = -180 f
-117 c = -178 f
-116 c = -176 f
-115 c = -175 f
-114 c = -173 f
-113 c = -171 f
-112 c = -169 f
-111 c = -167 f
-110 c = -166 f
-109 c = -164 f
-108 c = -162 f
-107 c = -160 f
-106 c = -158 f
-105 c = -157 f
-104 c = -155 f
-103 c = -153 f
-102 c = -151 f
-101 c = -149 f
-100 c = -148 f
-99 c = -146 f
-98 c = -144 f
-97 c = -142 f
-96 c = -140 f
-95 c = -139 f
-94 c = -137 f
-93 c = -135 f
-92 c = -133 f
-91 c = -131 f
-90 c = -130 f
-89 c = -128 f
-88 c = -126 f
-87 c = -124 f
-86 c = -122 f
-85 c = -121 f
-84 c = -119 f
-83 c = -117 f
-82 c = -115 f
-81 c = -113 f
-80 c = -112 f
-79 c = -110 f
-78 c = -108 f
-77 c = -106 f
-76 c = -104 f
-75 c = -103 f
-74 c = -101 f
-73 c = -99 f
-72 c = -97 f
-71 c = -95 f
-70 c = -94 f
-69 c = -92 f
-68 c = -90 f
-67 c = -88 f
-66 c = -86 f
-65 c = -85 f
-64 c = -83 f
-63 c = -81 f
-62 c = -79 f
-61 c = -77 f
-60 c = -76 f
-59 c = -74 f
-58 c = -72 f
-57 c = -70 f
-56 c = -68 f
-55 c = -67 f
-54 c = -65 f
-53 c = -63 f
-52 c = -61 f
-51 c = -59 f
-50 c = -58 f
-49 c = -56 f
-48 c = -54 f
-47 c = -52 f
-46 c = -50 f
-45 c = -49 f
-44 c = -47 f
-43 c = -45 f
-42 c = -43 f
-41 c = -41 f
-40 c = -40 f
-39 c = -38 f
-38 c = -36 f
-37 c = -34 f
-36 c = -32 f
-35 c = -31 f
-34 c = -29 f
-33 c = -27 f
-32 c = -25 f
-31 c = -23 f
-30 c = -22 f
-29 c = -20 f
-28 c = -18 f
-27 c = -16 f
-26 c = -14 f
-25 c = -13 f
-24 c = -11 f
-23 c = -9 f
-22 c = -7 f
-21 c = -5 f
-20 c = -4 f
-19 c = -2 f
-18 c = 0 f
-17 c = 2 f
-16 c = 4 f
-15 c = 5 f
-14 c = 7 f
-13 c = 9 f
-12 c = 11 f
-11 c = 13 f
-10 c = 14 f
-9 c = 16 f
-8 c = 18 f
-7 c = 20 f
-6 c = 22 f
-5 c = 23 f
-4 c = 25 f
-3 c = 27 f
-2 c = 29 f
-1 c = 31 f
[/addition 11 mar 2025 10:7 am est]
0 c = 32 f
1 c = 33 f
2 c = 35 f
3 c = 37 f
4 c = 39 f
5 c = 41 f
6 c = 42 f
7 c = 44 f
8 c = 46 f
9 c = 48 f
10 c = 50 f
11 c = 51 f
12 c = 53 f
13 c = 55 f
14 c = 57 f
15 c = 59 f
16 c = 60 f
17 c = 62 f
18 c = 64 f
19 c = 66 f
20 c = 68 f
21 c = 69 f
22 c = 71 f
23 c = 73 f
24 c = 75 f
25 c = 77 f
26 c = 78 f
27 c = 80 f
28 c = 82 f
29 c = 84 f
30 c = 86 f
31 c = 87 f
32 c = 89 f
33 c = 91 f
34 c = 93 f
35 c = 95 f
36 c = 96 f
37 c = 98 f
38 c = 100 f
39 c = 102 f
40 c = 104 f
41 c = 105 f
42 c = 107 f
43 c = 109 f
44 c = 111 f
45 c = 113 f
46 c = 114 f
47 c = 116 f
48 c = 118 f
49 c = 120 f
50 c = 122 f
51 c = 123 f
52 c = 125 f
53 c = 127 f
54 c = 129 f
55 c = 131 f
56 c = 132 f
57 c = 134 f
58 c = 136 f
59 c = 138 f
60 c = 140 f
61 c = 141 f
62 c = 143 f
63 c = 145 f
64 c = 147 f
65 c = 149 f
66 c = 150 f
67 c = 152 f
68 c = 154 f
69 c = 156 f
70 c = 158 f
71 c = 159 f
72 c = 161 f
73 c = 163 f
74 c = 165 f
75 c = 167 f
76 c = 168 f
77 c = 170 f
78 c = 172 f
79 c = 174 f
80 c = 176 f
81 c = 177 f
82 c = 179 f
83 c = 181 f
84 c = 183 f
85 c = 185 f
86 c = 186 f
87 c = 188 f
88 c = 190 f
89 c = 192 f
90 c = 194 f
91 c = 195 f
92 c = 197 f
93 c = 199 f
94 c = 201 f
95 c = 203 f
96 c = 204 f
97 c = 206 f
98 c = 208 f
99 c = 210 f
100 c = 212 f
[addition 9 mar 2025 3:25 pm est]
101 c = 213 f
102 c = 215 f
103 c = 217 f
104 c = 219 f
105 c = 221 f
106 c = 222 f
107 c = 224 f
108 c = 226 f
109 c = 228 f
110 c = 230 f
111 c = 231 f
112 c = 233 f
113 c = 235 f
114 c = 237 f
115 c = 239 f
116 c = 240 f
117 c = 242 f
118 c = 244 f
119 c = 246 f
120 c = 248 f
121 c = 249 f
122 c = 251 f
123 c = 253 f
124 c = 255 f
125 c = 257 f
126 c = 258 f
127 c = 260 f
128 c = 262 f
129 c = 264 f
130 c = 266 f
131 c = 267 f
132 c = 269 f
133 c = 271 f
134 c = 273 f
135 c = 275 f
136 c = 276 f
137 c = 278 f
138 c = 280 f
139 c = 282 f
140 c = 284 f
141 c = 285 f
142 c = 287 f
143 c = 289 f
144 c = 291 f
145 c = 293 f
146 c = 294 f
147 c = 296 f
148 c = 298 f
149 c = 300 f
150 c = 302 f
151 c = 303 f
152 c = 305 f
153 c = 307 f
154 c = 309 f
155 c = 311 f
156 c = 312 f
157 c = 314 f
158 c = 316 f
159 c = 318 f
160 c = 320 f
161 c = 321 f
162 c = 323 f
163 c = 325 f
164 c = 327 f
165 c = 329 f
166 c = 330 f
167 c = 332 f
168 c = 334 f
169 c = 336 f
170 c = 338 f
171 c = 339 f
172 c = 341 f
173 c = 343 f
174 c = 345 f
175 c = 347 f
176 c = 348 f
177 c = 350 f
178 c = 352 f
179 c = 354 f
180 c = 356 f
181 c = 357 f
182 c = 359 f
183 c = 361 f
184 c = 363 f
185 c = 365 f
186 c = 366 f
187 c = 368 f
188 c = 370 f
189 c = 372 f
190 c = 374 f
191 c = 375 f
192 c = 377 f
193 c = 379 f
194 c = 381 f
195 c = 383 f
196 c = 384 f
197 c = 386 f
198 c = 388 f
199 c = 390 f
200 c = 392 f
201 c = 393 f
202 c = 395 f
203 c = 397 f
204 c = 399 f
205 c = 401 f
206 c = 402 f
207 c = 404 f
208 c = 406 f
209 c = 408 f
210 c = 410 f
211 c = 411 f
212 c = 413 f
213 c = 415 f
214 c = 417 f
215 c = 419 f
216 c = 420 f
217 c = 422 f
218 c = 424 f
219 c = 426 f
220 c = 428 f
221 c = 429 f
222 c = 431 f
223 c = 433 f
224 c = 435 f
225 c = 437 f
226 c = 438 f
227 c = 440 f
228 c = 442 f
229 c = 444 f
230 c = 446 f
231 c = 447 f
232 c = 449 f
233 c = 451 f
234 c = 453 f
235 c = 455 f
236 c = 456 f
237 c = 458 f
238 c = 460 f
239 c = 462 f
240 c = 464 f
241 c = 465 f
242 c = 467 f
243 c = 469 f
244 c = 471 f
245 c = 473 f
246 c = 474 f
247 c = 476 f
248 c = 478 f
249 c = 480 f
250 c = 482 f
251 c = 483 f
252 c = 485 f
253 c = 487 f
254 c = 489 f
255 c = 491 f
256 c = 492 f
257 c = 494 f
258 c = 496 f
259 c = 498 f
260 c = 500 f
261 c = 501 f
262 c = 503 f
263 c = 505 f
264 c = 507 f
265 c = 509 f
266 c = 510 f
267 c = 512 f
268 c = 514 f
269 c = 516 f
270 c = 518 f
271 c = 519 f
272 c = 521 f
273 c = 523 f
274 c = 525 f
275 c = 527 f
276 c = 528 f
277 c = 530 f
278 c = 532 f
279 c = 534 f
280 c = 536 f
281 c = 537 f
282 c = 539 f
283 c = 541 f
284 c = 543 f
285 c = 545 f
286 c = 546 f
287 c = 548 f
288 c = 550 f
289 c = 552 f
290 c = 554 f
291 c = 555 f
292 c = 557 f
293 c = 559 f
294 c = 561 f
295 c = 563 f
296 c = 564 f
297 c = 566 f
298 c = 568 f
299 c = 570 f
300 c = 572 f
[/addition 9 mar 2025 3:25 pm est]
=================================
30 aug 2024 2:6 pm est :
(1)#reword#
1 moon-revolution from sun-star-point-of-view ( synodic-month ) : 27.321661 day
[source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon ]
#to#
1 moon-revolution from sun-star-point-of-view ( sidereal-month ) : 27.321661 day . [source : 'The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to fixed stars, its sidereal-period, about once every 27.3 days.' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon ]
(2)#add# . [source :(1)'During each synodic period of 29.5 days' (2)'However, because Earth-Moon system moves at same time in its orbit around Sun, it takes slightly longer, 29.5 days,[i][65] to return to same lunar phase, completing a full cycle, as seen from Earth.' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon ]
=================================
3 oct 2024 2:24 pm est :
1 light-year = 9.4607304725808 × 10^12 km = 9,460,730,472,580.8 km = how long light can travel inside vaccuum for 1 year [source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year ]
=================================
31 oct 2024 10:15 pm est :
4 liter ocean-water = 4.1 oz ( ounce ) ocean-salt [source : youtube.com/watch?v=fs5KLkBfVOI ( Make your own SEA SALT! ) from youtube-search ( making sea salt ) result 1
4 liter ocean-water = 4 oz ( ounce ) ocean-salt
= 4/16 lbs ocean-salt
= 1/4 lbs ocean-salt
1.0566882094 usa-gallon = 1/4 lbs ocean-salt
1 usa-gallon = 1/4 lbs ocean-salt
======================================
1 nov 2024 4:17 pm est :
#reword#
4 liter ocean-water = 4.1 ounce ( oz ) ocean-salt [source : youtube.com/watch?v=fs5KLkBfVOI ( Make your own SEA SALT! ) from youtube-search ( making sea salt ) result 1
4 liter ocean-water = 4 ounce ( oz ) ocean-salt
#to#
4 liter ocean-water = 4.1 oz ( ounce ) ocean-salt [source : youtube.com/watch?v=fs5KLkBfVOI ( Make your own SEA SALT! ) from youtube-search ( making sea salt ) result 1
4 liter ocean-water = 4 oz ( ounce ) ocean-salt
======================================
23 nov 2024 11:13 pm est :
#reword#
1 kilometer = 0.621 mile
1k meter = 0.621 mile
#to#
1 km = 0.621 mile
1000 meter = 0.621 mile
==========================================
5 dec 2024 5:24 am est : end 6 dec 2024 8:17 pm est
maybe usa->american-samoa-territory->pago-pago-city->ppl is 1-st ppl on earth who see full-moon
---www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/full-moon.html -> change-location
usa->american-samoa-territory->pago-pago-city ( gmt - 11 ) :---
next full moon : 14 dec 2024 10:01 pm
previous full moon : 15 nov 2024 10:28 am
usa->district-of-columbia/dc ( gmt - 5 ) :---
next full moon : 15 dec 2024 4:01 am
previous full moon : 15 nov 2024 4:28 pm
kiribati-country->kiritimati-island ( gmt + 13 ) :---
next full moon : 15 dec 2024 11:01 pm
previous full moon : 16 nov 2024 11:28 am
but i think all vertical-line in
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/World_Time_Zones_Map.svg from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone
is suppose to be straight .
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/World_Time_Zones_Map.svg show time-zone 'gmt - 12' is same like 'gmt + 12' ,
that is confusing . so maybe ??? put pago-pago-city in time-zone 'gmt - 11' but that is also confusing because high-minus-value is suppose to mean
very late , maybe pago-pago-city is suppose to use 'gmt + 11' .
i think 'gmt + 13' , 'gmt + 14' is not suppose to exist .
kiribati-country->line-islands use 'gmt + 14' .
tonga-kingdom use 'gmt + 13' .
i think 'gmt + 11' is most forward . 'gmt - 12' is most backward . 'gmt + 12' ought to be deleted because 'gmt + 12' is same like 'gmt - 12' and
that is confusing or maybe delete 'gmt - 12' and keep 'gmt + 12' .
if 'gmt - 11' become 'gmt + 11' then 'gmt' become 'gmt + 2' according to manual-counting using
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/World_Time_Zones_Map.svg from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone
.
so 'gmt + 2' become new gmt and there is lot of country in time-zone 'gmt + 2' .
i think modifying gmt-location can become politic-problem because if there is new country becoming new gmt-location then
rolex.com->gmt-master-bracelet-clock devalue and many politician is rolex.com-bracelet-clock-owner .
if most forward clock is 'gmt + 12' and most backward clock is 'gmt - 11' ( which sounds better ) then
pago-pago-city where currently use 'gmt - 11' become 'gmt + 12' , and then 'gmt' become 'gmt + 1'
according to manual-counting using
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/World_Time_Zones_Map.svg from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone
.
and there is lot of country in time-zone 'gmt + 1' .
but my statement 'maybe usa->american-samoa-territory->pago-pago-city->ppl is 1-st ppl on earth who see full-moon'
is maybe false because timeandate.com have history/reputation showing inconsistency : find 'addition 1 jan 2024 1:46 am est' .
and maybe 1-st location on earth who see full-moon become different 1 month later , 2 month later .
============================================================================================================================================
6 dec 2024 8:35 pm est : end 8:46 pm est
hunter-biden ( usa-president joseph-robinette-biden-jr's son ) have rolex.com->batman-gmt-master ,
paris-hilton ( usa-connecticut-democrat-senator joseph-isadore-lieberman 1 time have board-director-chair in hilton.com ) have rolex.com->gmt-master-2 .
---https://www.rolexmagazine.com/2020/10/hunter-biden-rolex-collection.html#/page/1
from google-image ( hunter biden watch ) row 1 col 1
Hunter Biden
Rolex Collection
A Reader wrote in recently inquiring about what watch Joe Biden wore during most recent Presidential Debate and it turns out
Joe was wearing a Seiko Chronograph which Nick Gould identified as a watch Biden had been wearing for 10+ years.
This naturally made me curious, and I happened to notice Democrat candidate for the Presidency of the United States son,
Hunter Biden wears multiple different Rolex models. In the photo below from Popular Mechanics we see Hunter Biden rocking a Batman GMT-Master.
We see Hunter Biden again in the image wearing his Batman Rolex GMT-Master in the photo below.
In this next photo we see Hunter Biden wearing a Rolex Explorer model with the classic 3, 6, 9 dial.
In this last image we see Hunter Biden wearing a Rolex Datejust on a Jubilee Bracelet.
The image below was the first image I noticed where it looked like Hunter Biden was wearing a Rolex.
============================================================================================================================================
---https://www.watchesandculture.org/forum/en/on-time-with-paris-hilton/ from google ( paris hilton favorite watch ) result 3
publish-date : Thursday , 3 sep 2020
writer : Frank-Rousseau
On time with Paris Hilton
7 min read
Paris Hilton, who has an impressive collection of purses as well as watches, launched her own collection of timepieces in 2007.
Like her, they are “made to sparkle”.
I have this image of you boarding a Barbie-pink plane with a couple of chihuahuas under your arm, a watch on each wrist to keep track of
time zones, and bare-chested flight attendants to take care of your three dozen Vuitton trunks. Caricature or close to the truth?
(laughs). Well to start with, I don’t travel in Barbie-pink planes with a couple of chihuahuas, and the cabin crew keep their shirts on!
As for the amount of luggage I take, it depends where I’m going and how long I’ll be away. If it’s for the Cannes Film Festival,
for example, I’ll probably take a dozen suitcases. I actually don’t travel with Vuitton luggage any more. Baggage handlers aren’t
careful enough, either out of pure jealousy or because they don’t realise how much it’s worth. And I only wear one watch at a time.
My favourites are a Rolex GMT-Master-2 in pink gold with diamonds and my Rolex-Daytona in Everose gold.
It means the world to me. I’ve always loved Rolex watches. They’re well-designed, reliable and always in style.
A Rolex is always a sign of good taste.
Do you remember your first luxury watch?
Yes. I was in New York and I was 15 years old. Donald-Trump had just opened his modelling agency and he wanted me to be
the first model on the books. He asked my parents’ permission and they refused. I can still hear my father saying,
“When Paris is age 18 she can do whatever she wants with her life, but no way is she becoming a model right now!”
I didn’t listen to them. A couple of weeks later I was the face of Iceberg campaign, photographed by David-LaChappelle.
I used my first fee to buy Swarovski crystals, a Dolce & Gabbana bra and a 2-nd-hand Cartier-watch (laughs).
It was a solid silver Tank with a crimson crocodile strap!
Paris Hilton Paris Hilton
When did you really develop a passion for watches ?
From the age of twenty or so. Before watches, I was into purses. I was given my first Chanel purse for Christmas when I was age 5.
It was tiny and pink. It was one of a lot of purses, including several Birkins, that were stolen in 2007, along with most of
the other valuables I owned. The thieves were a gang of teenagers who called themselves the Bling Ring. Not to mention the watches.
They took advantage of the fact I was out of town to come back several times and help themselves. Now I only have 3,000 purses and 500 pairs of shoes…
Three thousand purses? Seriously?
Yes, seriously. I have five walk-in closets on different floors of my home and they’re all colour-coded. What I mean is,
I store all my pink bikinis, shoes, clothes and accessories in one closet, white in another, beige in another, etc.
Everything else is in the garage because I’ve run out of space!
Were you able to recover your valuables after the gang was arrested?
No. I didn’t get back anything worth recovering. Anything that had monetary or sentimental value, like the watches, necklaces and rings
I inherited from my grandmother, had been pawned or sold at Venice Beach stores, even garage sales. All the stuff that came down to me
through my family has been scattered to the winds. These were all things that meant a lot to me and I hate to think I’ll never see them again.
Paris Hilton
You have been known to wear an $18 million watch. Isn't that asking for trouble?
I like nice things, things that no-one else has, and I don’t see why I should change the way I live just because my home was burgled.
Of course, at some point you do wonder whether you should maybe keep a low profile. But I’m a woman and I like pretty, shiny things.
What really annoys me is that people think of me as a daddy’s girl. You wouldn’t believe the stories that are told about me.
Someone wrote that I’ve never done a day’s work in my life when I work full-time developing my company.
Supposedly I got my first credit card when I was age 13 , which is a complete lie. When I was age 17,
I begged my parents to let me model but they said no, not until I’d finished my studies. After that I moved to LA and
refused to accept any money from my family. I wanted to succeed by myself. I single-handedly built my empire.
My great-grandfather was a bellboy before he became a hotel magnate. He was a fighter and I get that from him.
I wanted to be known for myself, which is why I decided to create my own brand. At first I wanted to call it “Paris”,
but I knew I could achieve greater things if I added my surname. After I appeared in The Simple Life, you wouldn’t
believe the number of people who had me down as a dumb blonde. Deep down, it doesn’t bother me. I know who I am. Believe me,
you don’t build up a $300 million business without a couple of brain cells!
As well as your fragrances, hotels, cosmetics, lingerie and other "Paris Hilton" branded products, you also have your own watch collection.
That’s right. Since 2007. Like me, they’re made to sparkle! They’re original, fun to wear and affordable. The idea was that women
should be able to wear something stylish and elegant on their wrist without having to empty their bank account… or their partner’s! (laughs)
Where does your interest in watches come from?
From my grandmother. She was always very careful about how she looked and, as a little girl, I was totally in awe.
For me, my grandmother was the epitome of glamour. She had this gorgeous marquetry box, set with turquoises and filled
with treasures including some gold and platinum watches – gifts my grandfather gave her that she cherished.
True love tokens! If I have children, I’d want to give them all my love, of course, but I’d also want them to inherit
my passion for beautiful things. I’m lucky enough to have travelled extensively and to have met wonderful artists, capable of
transforming an idea into a work of art. This is one of the reasons I find watches so fascinating. A watch starts out as an idea,
then it becomes a drawing with calculations and dimensions. From there it becomes bridges, pinions, a winder and other micro-components
on a workbench which then have to be assembled within a very small space. Taken separately, none of these parts has any interest.
It’s only once they’ve been assembled by the master watchmaker, only when they’re connected to each other, that they become something.
Imagine giving life to inanimate pieces of metal. There’s something magical about a watch. It’s like a tiny heart beating on your wrist
with the sole purpose of giving the time, the date and maybe moon phases. Personally, I only look for basic functions in a watch.
Paris Hilton Paris Hilton
And if Paris Hilton were a watch...
It would be sparkly and definitely pink! It would always give the right time because punctuality is a sign of respect towards
the person waiting. I’m the complete opposite to Karl Lagerfeld who claimed he hated wearing a watch as an excuse for the fact he was so often late.
You talked about being original. You certainly have an original name.
I know. I hear there’s a city in Europe with the same name. Honestly, you French, you have no imagination! (laughs)
tags
Celebrities
collection , interview , lady watch , cartier , rolex
================================================
9 mar 2025 3:25 pm est : #add# addition 9 mar 2025 3:25 pm est
================================================
11 mar 2025 10:7 am est : #add# addition 11 mar 2025 10:7 am est
===================================================
5 apr 2025 7:18 pm est : #distillation# #distillation-speed# #desalination# #desalination-speed#
---https://drinking-water.extension.org/drinking-water-treatment-distillation/
it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 quart ( 1/4 gallon ) water in 1 hour.
it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 gallon water in 4 hour , total = 7 ampere x 3600 x 4 = 100,800 total-ampere
( 9 kali lipat 10,800 total-ampere ) .
====================================================
---https://mypurewater.com/shop/mini-classic-ct-distiller/
6.9 ampere produce 0.8 gallon ( 3 liter ) in 3.5 hour
6.9 ampere produce 1 gallon in 4.4 hour , total-ampere = 109,296 total-ampere ( 10 kali lipat 10,800 total-ampere )
2.9 ampere produce 1 gallon in 10.5 hour
0.8 gallon -> 3.5 hour
1 gallon -> n hour
n hour = 3.5 / 0.8 ( error ) = 4.375 hour
=======================================================
emerson.com->air-conditioner-compressor :
---https://climate.emerson.com/documents/copeland-scroll-zrk5-compressor-en-us-1571058.pdf
from https://climate.emerson.com/en-us/shop/1/climate-technologies/copeland-scroll-1-5-hp-zrk5-for-ac?
fetchFacets=true#facet:&partsFacet:&facetLimit:&productBeginIndex:0&partsBeginIndex:0&orderBy:2&partsOrderBy:
&pageView:list&minPrice:&maxPrice:&pageSize:&facetRange:& from google ( CA14NA03000G compressor emerson ) result 2
says 'pfv'-model btu/h 32,600 consume 17.1 ampere per second
'tf-5'-model btu/h 32,600 consume 12 ampere per second .
carrier-user-manual https://resource.carrierenterprise.com/is/content/Watscocom/carrier_ca14_ss
says fan-motor consume 0.75 ampere
so total-rLa = 12 + 0.75 = 12.75 == rounding-number-process ==> 12.8 ampere
air-conditioner consuming 12.8 ampere make me curious because
motion-sensor consume 15 ampere :
https://www.leviton.com/en/products/dvs15-1lz from
https://www.homedepot.com/p/Leviton-Decora-Vacancy-Motion-Sensor-In-Wall-Switch-Manual-On-15-Amp-Single-Pole-Multi-Way-or-
Multi-Sensor-White-DVS15-1LZ/322306977
from
https://www.homedepot.com/b/Electrical-Wiring-Devices-Light-Controls-Motion-Sensors/15-amp/N-5yc1vZc32rZ1z17l6n from google ( motion sensor amperage )
which means motion-sensor-ampere-consumption is more prodigal than air-conditioner-ampere-consumption .
light-sensor consume 1.25 ampere , 10 ampere ( electric-current-consumption ).
[source :
'10 amperage light-sensor :
https://www.amazon.com/Pack-Photocell-Switch-Photoswitch-Sensor/dp/B01M1O3C1V
from google ( light sensor ampere ) result 6' ,
'1.25 amperage light-sensor : https://www.homedepot.com/p/Defiant-150-Watt-Light-Control-with-Photocell-in-Black-59425SPWD/304385626
from https://www.homedepot.com/b/Electrical-Wiring-Devices-Light-Controls-Lighting-Sensors/N-5yc1vZc34g/Ntk-elasticplus/Ntt-light%2Bsensors?NCNI-5
department 'electrical' -> 'lighting-sensor'' ]
broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 voltage 120 , ampere 2.9 , watt 313 , watt 696 , rpm 985 = 696 watt-hour ( 240 voltage )
after i transfer urine from 'plastic-pitcher-brand-name=rubbermaid,capacity=1 gal(maybe gallon)' to toilet and flush 1 time or 2 time :
i need to turn-on air-king-brand-exhaust-fan for 1 hour in full-bath-room which has bath-tub , or
i need to turn-on broan-brand-exhaust-fan for 5 minute in partial-bath-room which does not have bath-tub .
---homedepot.com/p/Broan-NuTone-LoSone-Select-Series-434-CFM-Ceiling-Wall-High-Capacity-Ventilation-Fan-L400/202920644
broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 voltage 120 , ampere 2.9 , watt 313 , watt 696 , rpm 985 = 696 watt-hour ( 240 voltage )
313 watt-hour ( 348 watt-hour with 120 voltage )
which means total-ampere in 1 hour ( broan-losone stay on for 1 hour ) = 3 ampere x 3600 second = 10,800 total-ampere
---drinking-water.extension.org/drinking-water-treatment-distillation/ from google ( how much coal to produce 1 ampere )
says it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 quart ( 1/4 gallon ) water in 1 hour.
so it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 gallon water in 4 hour , total = 7 ampere x 3600 x 4 = 100,800 total-ampere
( 9 times 10,800 total-ampere , which equal-to me turning-on broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 for 9 hour to remove urine-odor ) .
---mypurewater.com/shop/mini-classic-ct-distiller/ from google ( ampere to distill water )
says 6.9 ampere distill 0.8 gallon ( 3 liter ) in 3.5 hour .
so 6.9 ampere distill 1 gallon in 4.4 hour ( from calculation 3.5 / 0.8 = 4.375 hour ) ,
so total-ampere = 109,296 total-ampere ( 10 times 10,800 total-ampere ,
which equal-to me turning-on broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 for 10 hour to remove urine-odor)
[addition 23 may 2025 10:25 pm est]
70 gallon need how long ? 70 x 4.4 = 308 hour
308 hour / 24 hour = 12.8333 = 13 = need 13 distiller distill cloudy-water concurrently for 24 hour to produce 70 gallon clear-water .
[/addition 23 may 2025 10:25 pm est]
this giant-ceiling-fan with reversible-dc-motor ( which i assume reverse-wind-direction )
must have been able to remove urine-odor faster than bath-room-exhaust-fan broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 :
---homedepot.com/p/Hampton-Bay-Wellton-60-in-LED-Espresso-Bronze-DC-Motor-Ceiling-Fan-with-Light-AM588A-EB/307266741
i think fan-cage which protect broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 , against thrown object , is blocking air-suction .
but ---homedepot.com/p/Hampton-Bay-Wellton-60-in-LED-Espresso-Bronze-DC-Motor-Ceiling-Fan-with-Light-AM588A-EB/307266741
need wind-tunnel-pipe which has much larger diameter than broan-losone-bath-room-ceiling-exhaust-fan L-700 .
shower-head-water-flow-speed = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 4 to 7 gallon per minute
[source :
(1)https://www.thewaterscrooge.com/blog/how-many-gallons-of-water-does-a-shower-use from google ( virginia fairfax shower gallon per minute ) result 2 -> ppl also ask -> How many gallons per minute for a shower?
(2)https://www.qualitybath.com/discover/post/18226/guide-water-flow-rates google ( usa bathtub faucet gallons per minute ) result 2
]
30 minute shower = 63 gallon .
21 minute shower = 44.1 gallon ( round-up to 45 gallon ) .
[addition 19 jan 2026 11:12 pm est]
42 minute shower = 88.2 gallon
88.2 gallon + 7 gallon ( 1 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 95.2 gallon
88.2 gallon + 14 gallon ( 2 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 102.2 gallon
sometimes i like long face / facial shower while i scratch my face skin to exfoliate my face skin to produce smoother face skin .
[/addition 19 jan 2026 11:12 pm est]
[addition 25 jan 2026 7:24 pm est]
with find 'shower-head-water-flow-speed = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 9 gallon per minute'
42 minute shower = 88.2 gallon
88.2 gallon + 9 gallon ( 1 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 97.2 gallon
88.2 gallon + 18 gallon ( 2 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 106.2 gallon
sometimes i like long face / facial shower while i scratch my face skin to exfoliate my face skin to produce smoother face skin .
[/addition 25 jan 2026 7:24 pm est]
[addition 10 feb 2026 7:48 pm est] end 8:15 pm est
my latest shower water expense :
with find 'shower-head-water-flow-speed = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 9 gallon per minute'
54 minute shower = 113.4 gallon ( maybe actually 42 minute , my body already clean and dry and my hair is semi dry , then i wash my pillow find 'cover-lid to cover water-bucket-containing-urine :' which i have 2 amount , the other pillow is for urine-bucket-cover-lid , because i forgot to see clock immediately after finish showering , i naked start go to shower room during 00:43 , yes my shower time is late night because i start feeling scabies itch on my face during that late night hour and i enjoy late night shower while my parents is asleep because late night shower allow me to walk around naked back and forth from my room to shower-room and to kitchen garbage container downstair with broom-and-dust-pan to discard my moustache , i always use moustache scissor to cut moustache after i shower )
113.4 gallon + 18 gallon ( 2 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 131.4 gallon = 132 gallon
what i do during shower :
(1)transfer urine from urine-bucket to bath-tub-drainage
(2)scrub urine-bucket lidl.com->aquapur->12-liter-or-3.17-galon-water-bucket to clean urine-bucket
(3)scrub small-urine-bucket amazon.com/10-Sets-86-oz-Disposable/dp/B098854NWV to clean small-urine-bucket
(4)clean find 'cover-lid to cover water-bucket-containing-urine :'
(5)clean body
(6)scratch face skin to exfoliate face skin
[/addition 10 feb 2026 7:48 pm est]
[addition 11 feb 2026 1:58 am est]
just checking ...because there is luxury public bath : baliansprings.com/memberships/ from google.com/maps search-keyword 'public bath near me'
sunset membership ( 385 usd per month + 130 usd enrollment money )
unlimited entry 5 pm => 9:30 pm daily
all-access membership ( 575 usd per month + 130 usd enrollment money or 6,250 usd per year + 130 usd enrollment money )
unlimited entry 9 am => 9:30 pm daily
with find 'shower-head-water-flow-speed = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 9 gallon per minute'
60 minute shower = 126 gallon
126 gallon + 18 gallon ( 2 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 144 gallon
1 day shower = 3,024 gallon
3,024 gallon + 18 gallon ( 2 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water ) = 3,042 gallon
[/addition 11 feb 2026 1:58 am est]
1 minute bath-tub-faucet-cold-water-ejection to produce hot-water = 7 gallon
44.1 gallon + 7 gallon = 51.1 gallon ( 52 gallon ) .
how many day doing water-distillation to produce 52 gallon water for 21 minute shower ?
find 'so it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 gallon water in 4 hour , total = 7 ampere x 3600 x 4 = 100,800 total-ampere'
7 ampere can distill 52 gallon water in 208 hour .
208 hour = 8.666 day = 7 day
maybe 14 ampere need 104 hour to distill 52 gallon water .
104 hour = 4.333 day .
14 ampere need 104 hour to distill 52 gallon water .
n ampere need 72 hour to distill 52 gallon water .
14 = 104
n = 72
72 x 100 % = 69.2307692307692307 % = 70 %
----
104
170 % ampere = 170 % x 14 ampere = 23.8 ampere .
-----
100 %
maybe 23.8 ampere need 72 hour to distill 52 gallon water .
=====================================================================================================
63 gallon + 7 gallon = 70 gallon
how many day doing water-distillation to produce 70 gallon water for 30 minute shower ?
find 'so it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 gallon water in 4 hour , total = 7 ampere x 3600 x 4 = 100,800 total-ampere'
7 ampere can distill 70 gallon water in 280 hour .
maybe 14 ampere need 140 hour to distill 70 gallon water .
140 hour = 5.8333 day .
n ampere need 72 hour to distill 70 gallon water .
n = 14 x 72 / 140
n = 9.692307692307692307 ampere
10 ampere can distill 52 gallon water in 3 day , so 10 ampere allow 1 21-minute-shower every 3 day .
14 ampere = 140 hour
n ampere = 72 hour
72 x 100 % = 51.428571428571428571 % = 52 %
---
140
152 % from 14 ampere =
152 x 14 ampere = 21.28 ampere = 23 ampere
---
100
maybe 23 ampere need 72 hour to distill 70 gallon water .
==================================================================================================
---https://cheselectric.com/blog/how-many-watts-can-an-outlet-handle/ from google ( maximum ampere current from 1 outlet ) result 1
...
common household electricity-outlet , known as a duplex receptacle, is typically designed to handle 15 or 20 amps of current at 120 volts,
yielding a maximum capacity of 1800 or 2400 watts, respectively. This capacity is suitable for most everyday appliances and
devices such as lamps, chargers, computers, and TVs. However, appliances with higher power demands, such as air conditioners and
space heaters, require specialized outlets.
...
maximum ampere from 1 common house ampere-outlet = 20 amp
find 'so it takes about 800 watts ( 7 ampere ) electricity to distill 1 gallon water in 4 hour , total = 7 ampere x 3600 x 4 = 100,800 total-ampere'
7 ampere = 4 hour
14 ampere = 2 hour
20 ampere = n hour
20 ampere x 100 % = 285.714285714285714285 % = 286 %
------------
7 ampere
20 ampere x 100 % = 142.857142857142857142 % = 143 %
------------
14 ampere
100 - 43 % = 57 %
57 % x 2 hour = 1.14 hour
-----
100 %
maybe 20 ampere ( maximum ampere from 1 common house ampere-outlet ) , distill 1 gallon water in 1.14 hour .
20 ampere distill 63.157894736842105263 gallon water ( 63 gallon water ) in 72 hour .
so maybe can only use 63 gallon water ( 238.455 liter ) for 1 shower every 3 day .
63 gallon - 7 gallon = 56 gallon .
shower-head in 1 minute eject 2.1 gallon .
shower-head in 26.666 minute ( 26 minute) eject 56 gallon .
so maybe can only shower for 26 minute every 3 day .
find '-[17-mar-2019]kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/ksa announce qatrah/a-plan to decrease #water-ration#-per-person-per-day
previously 263 liter then year 2020 200 liter.
[source:(1/2)'The announcement came at the Saudi Water Forum 2019, held this week in Riyadh, and with World Water Day set for Friday, March 22.',
'Through the Qatrah program, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture aims to reduce daily per capita consumption
from 263 liters to 200 liters by 2020 and to 150 liters by 2030.' in https://www.argaam.com/en/article/articledetail/id/600187
from google (qatrah 200 liter restriction) result 1 from 'n March, the Kingdom launched the Qatrah programme to demand citizens
drastically cut their water use. Its aim is to ration water to 200 litres per person per day by 2020 and 150 litres by 2030.'
in https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/aug/06/oil-built-saudi-arabia-will-a-lack-of-water-destroy-it
from google (saudi arabia water restriction per person) result 1 (2/2)'ksa' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia]'
in wortel.ucoz.com/history_time_line.htm
have meaning ksa-water-quota per person per day :
year 2019 = 263 liter ( 69.484808454425363276 gallon = 69 gallon ) ,
year 2020 = 200 liter ( 52.840158520475561426 gallon = 52 gallon ) .
does that means if i use 0 gallon for 1 day because i go to adjacent country then i get in year 2020 104 gallon available for me for subsequent-day ?
this means ksa-person not using shower-head to bathe/shower , maybe ksa-person use water-bucket-scoop to bathe .
if using shower-head then that ksa-water-quota is not possible .
=========================================================================
---https://www.fairfaxwater.org/about-us
...
Fairfax Water provides water that is treated at 4 different locations. Fairfax Water owns and operates 2 largest water treatment facilities
in Virginia with an average daily water production of 167 million gallons and a combined maximum capacity of 375 million gallons per day.
The James J. Corbalis Jr. treatment plant is at north tip of Fairfax County and Frederick P. Griffith Jr. treatment plant is on south border of
Fairfax County.
Fairfax Water also purchase water from McMillan and Dalecarlia treatment plants in Washington DC.
They are part of Washington Aqueduct, owned and operated by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Fairfax Water draws raw water from 2 primary sources : Potomac River and Occoquan Reservoir , which is fed by Occoquan River.
The treatment facilities feed an interconnected distribution system that includes over 4,000 mile water-main-pipe and over 30,000 fire-hydrant .
....
====================================================================
23 may 2025 10:30 pm est : #add# [addition 23 may 2025 10:25 pm est]
---https://www.epa.gov/watersense/understanding-your-water-bill
from google ( average American uses around 82 gallons per day per person ) result 1 from
'average American uses around 82 gallons per day per person in the household.'
in https://www.reddit.com/r/nova/comments/15rbd6c/quarterly_water_bill_of_350_dollars_is_it/
from google ( fairfax water gallon per person per day ration ) result 7
...
simplified-text :
average American use around 82 gallon per day per person in household. That means a family of 4 would use around 10,000 gallon in 30-day period .
But usage varies a great deal across usa , mostly because of differences in weather patterns . For example , water use tends to be higher
in drier areas of usa that rely more on irrigation for outdoor watering than in wetter parts of usa that can rely on more rainfall .
...
======================================================================
31 may 2025 7:30 pm est : end 7:52 pm est
---https://www.amazon.com/Generac-6864-Starting-Portable-Generator/dp/B010T243GU/ from amazon.com->search ( diesel generator )
portable diesel generator ( portable-ampere-generator ) : generac 6864 xd-5000-e , weight 252 lbs
fuel-tank-capacity 12 gallon , provide 2500 watt for 32.4 hour .
computer plus monitor , need 800 watt
2500 watt | 32.4 hour
decrease 68 % | increase 68 %
800 watt | 54.432 hour
computer plus monitor , need 800 watt , can last 54.432 hour , with 12 gallon kerosene .
shower-head-water-ejection which last 30 minute for 30-minute-showering , need 70 gallon clear-water .
========================================================================
14 jun 2025 9:25 pm est :
1 mili-second = 0.001 second
1 second = 1,000 mili-second [source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond ]
====================================================================
17 jun 2025 6:33 pm est :
---https://www.fiskinc.net/what-is-lp-gas/ from google ( lp propane tank ) result 1 -> ppl also ask -> What does LP mean for propane?
LPG vs. Propane
Is liquified petroleum gas the same as propane? Liquified petroleum gas — or LP gas — is a flammable hydrocarbon gas made from propane,
butane and small amounts of other hydrocarbons like propylene and butylene. Propane and butane are flammable hydrocarbons with different
chemical formulas. LP gas comes from refined crude oil and it’s extracted from natural gas streams as it emerges from the ground.
==============================================================
---https://contact-emea.weber.com/hc/en-us/articles/1500011469662-How-long-will-a-1lb-LP-tank-last from google ( 1 lbs propane cooking time duration ) result 1
How long will 1 lbs LP tank last?
That answer really depends on what you’re grilling, how often, and sometimes even weather conditions. We’ve designed the Traveler to be fuel efficient.
Internal tests lead us to believe that you’ll get over an impressive 2 hour grill time with a 1 lbs disposable LP tank.
=================================================================
---https://www.reddit.com/r/CampingGear/comments/otjapl/1lb_propane_burn_time/ from reddit.com->search ( propane weight cooking time duration )
r/CampingGear icon
Go to CampingGear
r/CampingGear
•
4 yr. ago
CopperRed3
1lb Propane burn time
Awaiting Flair
Looking for feedback on burn time for 1 lbs propane bottles OR # of bottles used per X day trip. Be using a 2 burner Coleman ,
10,000 BTU burners for breakfast, dinner, washing, hot drinks. Did do some searching but nothing obvious on this topic.
Thanks in advance! EDIT. Be car camping, so bringing extra is no problem.
u/eclecticeccentric42 avatar
eclecticeccentric42
•
4 yr. ago
1 lbs propane is roughly 20,000 btu so a 10,000 btu burner will only run for approximately 2 hrs on high on 1 lbs tank.
Shafe59
•
4 yr. ago
I ran one out in just under 2 hours on high in a 2- burner grill recently.
============================================
---https://www.reddit.com/r/foodtrucks/comments/ipn36s/gas_consumption/ from reddit.com->search ( propane weight cooking time duration )
Go to foodtrucks
r/foodtrucks
•
5 yr. ago
[deleted]
Gas consumption
Question
Hey guys, I’m in the early stages of considering opening a food truck! One thing I’m struggling to work out is how much gas we could potentially
get through (I’m talking gas for the cooking not for the driving). Could anyone tell me what equipment you use, how long you run it for and
how much gas you get through?
joeuser0123
•
5 yr. ago
• Edited 5 yr. ago
Gas as in propane or gas as in gasoline?
Propane:
Anything with a gas burner (stove, oven,etc) is measured in BTU/hours. When you see 40,000 BTU it means
"This burner/oven/stove burns 40,000 BTUs of propane in ONE hour". Find out the BTU ratings of your gas appliances.
1 lbs propane has 21,500 BTU of potential energy. 1 gallon propane provides 91,500 BTU energy. So that 40,000 BTU example can burn
for 2.28 hours on 1 gallon propane. Or 0.5 hour on 1 lbs propane.
Typically food trucks have 1 or 2 100 gallon propane tanks (EDIT: It just occurred to me they are 100 lbs typically and not gallons),
so assuming two you have 4,300,000 BTU of potential heat energy stored on the truck when you are full. (21500 BTU per lb x 200 LBS = 4300000 BTU)
Math:
Add up all of your BTU ratings of your gas burners/appliances. This is your burn rate. This is how many BTUs (if everything is running)
you will burn in 1 hour.
Figure out how many lbs propane you will store onboard. Multiply that by 21,500. This is the number of BTUs of stored energy your propane has.
Divide the stored BTUs into your burn rate. This is how many hours of cooking time you have.
COST: Google "national price of propane" for the weekly breakdown of the price per gallon of propane near you. It's typically more expensive
in the winter. Here in California it is about $3/gallon in the cold months.
Gasoline/diesel for your generator/electric items.
This is tougher. You need to know your generator model, and its consumption at 1/4, 1/2, and full load (usually rated in hours on a full tank of
gas or gallons). Once you have that, you then need to add up all of your wattage and then divide your generator's capabilities (i.e. 7000 watts)
by your added up wattage. This will give you your operating load. From there you can see where it stands on the scale between your generator's
runtime specifications.
COST: This is the same price per gallon of gasoline or diesel you would put in a regular car or truck (or in your food truck)
I hope this helps.
================================
---https://www.reddit.com/r/CampingGear/comments/dn0d7t/how_many_uses_out_of_the_coleman_1lb_propane_tank/
from reddit.com->search ( propane weight cooking time duration )
Go to CampingGear
r/CampingGear
•
6 yr. ago
xer0420
How many uses out of the coleman 1lb propane tank?
Awaiting Flair
Hello,
I am going camping tomorrow at a place that currently has burn ban in affect and can't use the grill at the camp like I usually do,
so I bought the two burner coleman stove and a 4 pack of the 1lb propane cylinders i have never used this before so I looking for how many uses
you get out of the tanks. I will be at the campsite from saturday afternoon thru tuesday morning and wanted to make sure this is enough
to last through the trip.
Thanks for the help.
TboneXXIV
•
6 yr. ago
Depends on how long you use the stove at once and how many times per day, etc.
One of those cylinders with a pound of propane in it has about 21,500 btus of energy.
So, assuming that the burners on your stove are 10,000 btus each, on one cylinder you should be able to burn both of them wide open for an hour.
Four cylinders gives you four hours of full burn.
Back of the napkin math but it should give you a rough idea.
Also, boiling 2 cups of water typically takes anywhere from 3-6 minutes on a stove like yours, depending on a lot of things like altitude, pot size,
starting water temperature, etc.
Hope this helps.
==================================
---https://www.reddit.com/r/camping/comments/11sssh7/how_long_do_these_propane_bottles_last/
from reddit.com->search ( propane weight cooking time duration )
Go to camping
r/camping
•
2 yr. ago
KentuckyWhiteRabbit
How long do these propane bottles last?
Let's say 5 days with a Coleman stove cooking twice a day and a Coleman lantern running 3-4 hours a night as well.
Are these 2 bottles enough or should I grab an additional? Thanks!
u/IlexIbis avatar
IlexIbis
•
2 yr. ago
There are about 22,000 BTUH in a pound of propane. Divide 22,000 by the rated input of your lantern and that will give you the approximate run time.
The Coleman Website shows the run times for their lanterns.
https://www.coleman.com/camp-sports/lighting/lanterns/gas-lanterns/
=====================================================
---https://tvwbb.com/threads/one-big-grill-vs-two-small.89842/ from google ( 2 burner grill vs 1 burner grill ) result 2
Bruce
TVWBB 2-Star Olympian
Jan 10, 2022
#7
I vote for 2 grill system. 1 larger and 1 smaller. I do most of my cooking on a Q-200, but I have a SS Genesis Platinum C and
a Genesis 1000 for larger cooks or cooking for several people. Having 2 grills allows more versatility as well.
I can do steaks or whatever on 1 grill and then cook my Asparagus on my Q200 so everything comes out at the same time.
You can cook 2 different foods on a single Genesis, but it is easier on 2 different grills with varying temps.
================================================================
---https://www.reddit.com/r/blackstonegriddle/comments/l04rby/2_burner_or_4_burner/
from google ( 2 burner grill vs 1 burner grill ) result 2 -> ppl also ask -> Are more burners on a grill better?
r/blackstonegriddle icon
Go to blackstonegriddle
r/blackstonegriddle
•
4 yr. ago
[deleted]
2 Burner or 4 burner??
I’m really interested in getting the air fryer combo exclusive to Walmart. Any reason (other than size) to get a 4 burner over the 2 ?
Do I lose anything from a temperature control perspective?
With propane grills the additional zones are really helpful to have, not sure if the same holds true with griddle cooking though.
Thanks!
Minkeeboye
•
4 yr. ago
Four zones is definitely nice to have. It gives you a heck of a lot of flexibility. For example, for breakfast, you can be cooking meats
on high on 2 zones, do pancakes or eggs on one zone on low, and hold stuff warm in the last zone with the burner off...
======================================================
---https://www.reddit.com/r/camping/comments/11sssh7/how_long_do_these_propane_bottles_last/
r/camping icon
Go to camping
r/camping
•
2 yr. ago
KentuckyWhiteRabbit
How long do these propane bottles last?
Let's say 5 days with a Coleman stove cooking twice a day and a Coleman lantern running 3-4 hours a night as well. Are these 2 bottles enough or
should I grab an additional? Thanks!
net weight 16 oz / 453 gram / 1 lbs
Mavis8220
•
2 yr. ago
Stop buying those. They’re bad for the environment, have to be disposed of as hazardous waste, and a huge waste of your money.
Get a 5 lbs propane tank and a hose adapter. From then on, you will only be paying for the propane you use.
=======================================================
---https://www.coleman.com/camp-sports/lighting/lanterns/gas-lanterns/deluxe-propane-lantern-with-case/SAP_2000026520.html
Deluxe Propane Lantern with Case , 65 usd .
1000 lumen on high produce light up to 23 meter .
high illumination will last 7.5 hour , low illumination will last 13 hour , with 1 16.4 oz / 1 lbs propane cylinder (sold separately)
================================================================
4 nov 2025 12:28 am est :
1 measuring-cup = 8 fluid-ounce = 236.6 ml [source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_(unit) from 'unit' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_cup from 'measuring cup' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup#Cuisine ]
================================================================
6 jan 2026 11:21 am est :
--- https://www.amazon.com/Stroke-Diesel-Engine-Water-Pump/dp/B0FRRBBFWP from search ( water pump diesel ) row 2 col 3
7.5 horse-power diesel water pump 110 gallon per minute .
0.95 gallon kerosene = 5 hour .
1 gallon kerosene = 5 hour = pump 60 x 5 x 110 gallon = 300 x 110 = pump 33,000 gallon .
1 cleansing shower event need '70 gallon' .
==================================================================
19 jan 2026 11:14 pm est : #add# [addition 19 jan 2026 11:12 pm est]
==================================================================
22 jan 2026 6:58 pm est :
i think it is more important to :
(1)decrease faucet-opening-and-closing frequency
(2)decrease toilet flushing frequency
rather than decrease water expense .
because :
(1)frequent faucet-opening-and-closing trigger closed faucet to leak water eventually
(2)frequenct toilet flushing eventually trigger that toilet to leak water to feces-drop-area and : automatically refill toilet-water-tank and make hissing noise randomly and repeatedly .
(3)some city in usa , discard around 4 mega-gallon yearly during march / april month .
[addition 29 jan 2026 8:13 pm est]
it is easier to just focus on (1)fixing leaking / dripping faucet rather than focus on
(1)fixing leaking / dripping faucet
(2)fixing leaking toilet water tank which cause eternal automatic small-water-amount-dripping-flush
so [obsolete]
[reason] water from water-bucket will drop to toilet-bowl then eject dirty-toilet-feces-water-splash to toilet floor [/reason]
(1)use water-bucket to flush toilet : youtube.com/watch?v=5xJCTPYqy0A&t=20s ( Flush a Toilet with a Bucket of Water | Basic Life Skills )
[/obsolete]
(2)male : urinate on sink / hand-washing-basin / lavabo :
--- reddit.com/r/Sinkpissers/comments/1qm05iz/at_13_i_saw_my_father_sink_pissing_and_now_im_28/ from reddit.com/r/Sinkpissers/comments/ay25xj/1_gallon_per_flush_should_i_use_the_sink/ from reddit.com->search ( minimum gallon water toilet flush ) result 15
Go to r/Sinkpissers , 5 days ago , Pres7on : At ~13 I saw my father sink pissing and now I'm 28 and I've never stopped ever since .
or urinate on small-water-bucket amazon.com/10-Sets-86-oz-Disposable/dp/B098854NWV then
transfer urine from small-water-bucket to large-water-bucket like 12-liter-or-3.17-galon-water-bucket to accumulate urine on large-water-bucket then
transfer urine from large-water-bucket to hand-washing-basin while hand-washing-basin-faucet eject water .
cover-lid to cover water-bucket-containing-urine :
(1)find 'dollartree.com/moroccan-tile-looking-placemats-1125x17125-in/301725 from google ( one dollar shop ) from physical one dollar grocery-shop in usa->virginia-state->springfield-city' in wortel.ucoz.com/loseweight_gainmuscle.htm
(2)find 'dollartree.com/gray-lattice-pattern-vinyl-placemats/261347 from google ( one dollar shop ) from physical one dollar grocery-shop in usa->virginia-state->springfield-city' in wortel.ucoz.com/loseweight_gainmuscle.htm
but sometimes no cover-lid is good because without cover-lid : urine in water-bucket evaporate creating rain .
[/addition 29 jan 2026 8:13 pm est]
================================================================================================
--- https://www.cedarburglightandwater.org/hydrant-flushing from google ( spring fire hydrant flush total gallon ) result 1
Hydrant Flushing
There are many benefits received from flushing hydrants:
Enhances water quality by removing sediments from mainline pipes,
Helps to find any weaknesses in the water system,
Confirms that fire hydrants and valves are operating correctly,
Aids in identifying closed valves and weak flows in the water main, AND
Makes sure there is ample water flow for fighting fires.
The City of Cedarburg has about 625 hydrants, and CL&W is required by Department of Natural Resources to “flush” 625 hydrant annually.
In Cedarburg, every hydrant is flushed in spring. The entire process takes about 2 weeks, allowing for 5 to 7 minute per hydrant.
During flushing, CL&W personnel grease hydrant’s valve and analyse water pressure.
About 7,000 gallon are flushed through each hydrant , at a cost of about 22.40 usd per hydrant.
so 625 hydrant will discard 4,375,000 gallon , total price 14,000 usd .
Your water bill includes a “Fire Flow Capacity Charge," which helps cover
the cost of maintaining fire hydrants in Cedarburg.
During hydrant flushing, some customers may experience temporary discoloration of water. If this happens to you, you can turn on an outside spigot
or a cold water tap in the lowest level of your home, and let the water flow until it clears. The discoloration is caused by harmless mineral deposits
which settle in the water main and are stirred during the flushing activity.
If your home or business is at the highest elevation in Cedarburg (west of Harrison and north of Bridge), you may experience a temporary reduction
in water pressure during flushing. Because of the elevation, gravity does not force the water through the pipes quite like it does elsewhere
in Cedarburg. Booster pumps are routinely operated to maintain adequate pressure, but during flushing, the pressure may temporarily decline
if too many customers are trying to use the water at the same time. The pressure will quickly return to normal for household use once the flushing
is complete.
When you see Cedarburg Light & Water personnel flushing hydrants, you can feel good knowing we are performing important preventive maintenance
to insure the integrity of the water system so we can deliver the highest quality of water to our customers.
Cedarburg Light & Water Utility
N30W5926 Lincoln Blvd
Cedarburg, WI 53012
(262) 375-7650
Hours: 8:30 am-4:30 pm, Mon-Fri
generalmail@clwuc.gov
=====================================================
--- https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/fire-hydrant-flushing-twin-cities-minnesota/
publish-date : 15 apr 2025 / 10:30 PM CDT / CBS Minnesota
scriber : jeff Wagner
Here's why fire hydrants around Minnesota are flushed
A sure sign of spring might be flowing outside your home starting Wednesday. Streets will be soaked, but it won't be thanks to Mother Nature —
fire hydrants are getting flushed.
1 by 1, along just about every twist and turn in Columbia Heights, a few foremen are cranking away at a seasonal task that's a bit of
a rush once it gets going.
"The guys have a good feel for what area and what pressure they're expecting to see," said Ben Lund, the city's utility superintendent.
There are a few reasons why fire hydrants are flushed. The first is water quality.
"Over time, sediment and minerals build up in the lines and high-speed flushing like this can help push those minerals and any sediment
that's gathered out," Lund said.
A hydrant's pressure is significantly stronger than an at-home faucet, creating an intense blast of clearing power homeowners can't replicate.
"Running that much water in the main really gets everything moving in a direction, which will take everything with it," Lund said.
He adds fire safety plays a huge role in the annual task.
"We make sure we open and close the hydrant fully, do a full inspection on it, make sure everything is operational if there were an emergency," Lund said.
The hydrants are flushed for about three to five minutes or until the water runs clear. Crews are mainly looking for discoloration and pressure changes
to determine if there's an issue with the hydrant or piping below.
The amount of water flowing out varies from hydrant to hydrant, but the range stretches from under 500 gallon per minute to as high as
1,500 gallon per minute, according to the National Fire Protection Association.
Is flushing hydrants wasteful?
Lund said he understands concerns about flushing hydrants being wasteful, but argues it is worth it.
"The value that it brings from a safety perspective and from a water quality perspective, it's well worth the time and effort and
money that it costs to do it," he said.
Homeowners may notice a fluctuation in water pressure, either up or down, when a nearby fire hydrant is being flushed.
They might also experience discoloration in the water due to the sediment getting moved around.
"That's normal, we expect that," he said, adding that the water is safe to use and drink.
However, it's not ideal if you're doing laundry. Discolored water can stain clothes.
"If they do see discoloration of the water, running cold water in their house until that runs clear is what we recommend," he added.
Avoid running hot water and try to use the lowest level faucet in the house, such as a laundry sink in the basement.
The potential impact for homeowners is why Lund suggests people stay on top of their city's flushing schedule.
Information can be found on a city's website and sometimes on its social media handles.
Flushing schedules vary from city to city and can take several weeks to complete. The task often wraps up by late May.
Jeff Wagner
Jeff Wagner joined the WCCO-TV team in November 2016 as a general assignment reporter, and now anchors WCCO's Saturday evening newscasts. Although he's new to Minnesota,
he's called the Midwest home his entire life.
2025 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved.
=======================================================================================================
--- https://www.fairfaxwater.org/current/free_chlorine.htm from google ( fairfaxwater water tank cleaning ) result 1
publish date : 3 apr 2025
Water Main Flushing Program
hydrant
Each spring, Fairfax Water flushes its water mains by opening fire hydrants and allowing them to flow freely for a short period of time.
We do this to maintain the high water quality in our distribution system. You will likely notice Fairfax Water personnel in your neighborhood operating hydrants
from late March through June.
During this time, our treatment process switches from using combined chlorine to free chlorine. This will begin March 24, 2025, and last through May 5, 2025,
for all customers in the blue and green areas in the map below.
Service Areas
You will be able to recognize our employees by a number of identifiers:
Our employees will be driving vehicles identified with the Fairfax Water logo
Our employees will be displaying a sign that identifies the employee as part of the Fairfax Water flushing program
Our employees will be wearing uniforms with the same Fairfax Water logo
Flushing may result in temporary discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water. These conditions are not harmful and should be of very short duration.
If you have questions about this program or the work being conducted in your area, you may call our dispatch operator any time of the day or night at 703.698.5613, TTY 711.
truck.jpg
Temporary Change to Free Chlorine
During this flushing period, a slight change is made in the water treatment process to facilitate an effective flushing program. Throughout the year, chloramines, also known as
combined chlorine, is added to the water as the primary disinfectant. During the spring flushing program, chlorine is added in an uncombined state, commonly referred to as
free chlorine. Free chlorine is quicker acting than combined, which allows it to react with sediments suspended during flushing.
Depending on your usage patterns and location within the distribution system, it could take up to a week for your drinking water to transition from combined to free chlorine at
the beginning of the flushing program, or from free chlorine to combined chlorine at the conclusion of the flushing program.
You may notice a chlorine taste and odor in your drinking water while free chlorine is utilized. If you are especially sensitive to the taste and odor of chlorine,
try keeping an open container of drinking water in your refrigerator. This will enable the chlorine to dissipate, thus reducing the chlorine taste.
Remember – drinking water has a shelf life! Change out the water in your refrigerated container weekly.
Please note: If you have an aquarium or pond, always test the water you add to your aquatic environment to be sure it is free of chlorine before adding fish or other animals.
Chemical additives with directions for removing either free chlorine or chloramines from water for use in fish tanks or ponds are available at pet/fish supply stores.
See our Water Quality page for additional information.
==========================================================================================================================================================
--- https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/on-tap-fairfax-water-annual-flush from google ( fairfax water annual flush ) result 2
On Tap: Fairfax Water’s Annual Flush
Published on 17 feb 2023
Environment and Energy
fire hydrant releasing water
Quick Summary
Flushing may result in temporary discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water, which is not harmful.
Process begins Feb. 20 and runs through May 15 for residents in McLean, Falls Church and Dunn Loring areas.
Majority of the county will be treated March 20 through June 12.
Each spring, Fairfax Water flushes its water mains by opening fire hydrants and allowing them to flow freely for a short period of time.
During this time, the treatment process switches from using combined chlorine to free chlorine.
From Feb. 20 through May 15, for customers who receive water from Washington Aqueduct (areas in green and red on the map).
From March 20 through June 12, the remainder of the system will be treated (areas in blue on the map below).
water service areas in fairfax county
Water is Safe to Drink
You may notice a chlorine taste and odor in your drinking water while free chlorine is washing its way through.
Flushing also may result in temporary discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water. These conditions are
not harmful and should be of very short duration. If you are especially sensitive to the taste and odor of chlorine,
try keeping an open container of drinking water in your refrigerator, but remember – drinking water has a shelf life!
Change out the water in your refrigerated container weekly.
How to Recognize a Fairfax Water Employee in Your Neighborhood
You will be able to recognize Fairfax Water employees by a number of identifiers. Employees will be:
Driving vehicles identified with the Fairfax Water logo.
Displaying a sign that identifies the employee as part of the Fairfax Water flushing program.
Wearing uniforms with the same Fairfax Water logo.
If you have questions about this program or the work being conducted in your area, call Fairfax Water (which is a separate authority
from Fairfax County Government) any time of the day or night at 703-698-5613, TTY 711.
=================================
--- https://www.viennava.gov/residents/town-services/water-and-sewer-services/annual-flushing-program from google ( fairfax water annual flush ) result 9
Water Main Flushing Program
Fire Hydrant Nutley Property Yard - heroTo help maintain a high water-quality standards and ensure proper and efficient fire hydrant operation,
the Town of Vienna flushes water mains in its distribution system each spring.
In year 2025, flushing will take place March 24 - May 5 from 9 pm - 5 am .
Temporary change to treatment with free chlorine
The Town's flushing program happens at same time that Fairfax Water Authority switches from chloramines to free chlorine
for water treatment during a brief period each year. This allows Vienna and others in the Fairfax Water service area to perform annual
fire hydrant flushing.
During most of the year, chloramine, also known as combined chlorine, is added to the water as the primary disinfectant.
During flushing program period, chlorine is added in an uncombined state, commonly referred to as free chlorine.
Free chlorine is somewhat more volatile than combined chlorine, which allows it to react with sediments suspended during flushing.
Water mains are flushed by opening fire hydrants and allowing the water to flow freely for a short period of time.
This also enables the Town to test and perform routine maintenance on the more than 900 fire hydrants within its service area.
The use of free chlorine for this short period of time also helps control biological film, known as biofilm, which is found in all water pipes and
can lead to water quality problems if not controlled. By switching to free chlorine, the biofilm is “shocked” and weakened.
What customers can expect
Depending on your usage patterns and location within the distribution system, it may take up to a week for your drinking water to transition
from combined to free chlorine or from free chlorine back to combined chlorine at the conclusion of the disinfection chemistry change period.
During the time that free chlorine is used, you may notice a chlorine taste and odor in your drinking water.
If you are especially sensitive to the taste and odor of chlorine then try keeping an open container of drinking water in your refrigerator.
This allows the chlorine to dissipate, thus reducing the chlorine taste.
Note: If you have an aquarium or pond, always test the water you add to your aquatic environment throughout the year to ensure
that it is free of chlorine before adding fish or other animals. Chemical additives that remove either free chlorine or chloramines
from water for use in fish tanks or ponds are available at pet/fish supply stores.
Flushing may result in some discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water. These conditions are not harmful and should be of
short duration. If you encounter discolored water in your home, run the cold-water faucet until the water is clear.
Report illegal use of fire hydrants
Any use of a fire hydrant can cause discoloration or sediment in the water lines.
If you suspect someone is using a fire hydrant illegally, please notify the police immediately at 703-255-6366.
==================================================================================================================================================================
22 jan 2026 7:10 pm est :
maybe some city in usa , have non-drinkable faucet water .
==================================================================================================================================================================
--- usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2021/05/21/infrastructure-neglect-water-towers-add-millions-illnesses/6769259002/
from google ( epa water tower cleaning frequency ) result 4
publish-date : 21 may 2021 | Updated : 1 jun 2021 3:45 am et
scriber : Kyle Bagenstose
Dead snakes and mice, toxic sludge: How pathogens go unnoticed in America's water towers
Many water towers have been left to fester, sometimes making people sick. The federal EPA has been looking into uniform regulations for years.
In March 2020 , residents in small coastal community of Delray-Beach--city , Florida-state , noticed something strange about water coming
from their taps . It was discolored . Smelly . Flecked with bits of dirt .
“You looked at it , and it wasn’t clean” resident Reeve-Bright said .
“You started seeing ice coming out of ice-maker , and you’re going , ‘What the heck is going on ? There is stuff in that frozen water.’”
Complaints to delray-beach--city prompted discovery of sediment that had accumulated inside 1 of delray-beach--city’s massive water-storage-tanks.
That sediment had traveled along with water to cups , cookware , ice trays , bath-tubs .
It wasn’t a freak occurrence or result of some unavoidable problem . An investigation found no records that
that water-storage-tank had ever been cleaned since it was built in 1972 .
Water storage tanks , especially those sitting atop towers emblazoned with logos , serve as the most visible symbol of an amenity
most Americans take for granted – clean water for drinking, cooking and bathing.
In the absence of central oversight , water storage tanks are one of the most visible, yet most vulnerable parts of a water supply system
most Americans take for granted — even though experts estimate tens of millions of people get sick every year from their drinking water.
Shared by Karen Morton
They’re also 1 of the most vulnerable points in a public water supply. An opening as small as a few millimeters could prove
difference between drinking a glass of clean water and one contaminated by insects or animal feces that can cause diarrhea or respiratory infections.
Inspectors have found bloated snakes, mice and raccoons floating in water storage tanks after passing through small openings and drowning.
Pigeon droppings and other animal excrement have sickened entire communities after literally slipping through cracks.
Contaminated tap water causes tens of millions of illnesses each year, experts estimate, contributing to as many as 1,000 American deaths.
No one tracks how many are related to water tower contamination.
An investigation by USA TODAY and Indiana University’s Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism found gaps in water tank oversight
that expose an unsuspecting public to multiple risks. In the absence of federal regulations governing water tank maintenance,
each state determines on its own how frequently to inspect and clean this critical infrastructure.
How water towers work - and what can happen when they're not maintained
Some state appear to have no rules at all . Reporters called agencies responsible for water systems oversight in every state –
typically department of environmental quality or department of health – and found that some state do not require routine
water storage tank inspections.
Officials in other states said tanks are inspected during sanitary surveys required under federal-law every 3 to 5 year .
That surveys examine entire water supply system : source , treatment plant , distribution , sampling program and general management .
Water storage tanks are included , but it’s not clear how effectively .
The brown water residents of Delray Beach, Fla., found coming from their taps last year was attributed to sediment that had built up
inside a water tower that had no records of being cleaned since 1972. Bob Shanley, The Palm Beach Post
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators asked its members last year about their water tank regulations.
Of 41 states that responded to that survey , 37 state require visual inspections of the outside of water tanks and towers ,
but only 9 – 22 % – require interior-inspections needed to check for sediment-buildup or if animal carcasses have contaminated water-supply .
ASDWA declined to share that state-by-state results of that survey.
Even when states require routine inspections and maintenance , enforcement of these rules can be lax .
Florida Department of Environmental Protection , for example , says water storage tanks must be inspected and cleaned inside every 5 year ,
but it took a flurry of customer complaints and a city investigation to catch that potentially 50-year maintenance gap in Delray-Beach--city .
George-Gretsas, Delray-beach--city-manager at that time of incident, said he determined during internal-investigation that there were no records
that that tank or several others belonging to city had ever been cleaned.
Incredulous, he asked staff if anyone even recalled any maintenance.
“Nobody could remember a time when those tanks were cleaned,” he said.
During its last scheduled visit in December 2019 , Palm-Beach-County Department of Health , which inspect water-utilities on behalf of
DEP in the county , appeared to miss that problem .
The department recorded that that north-tank had last been cleaned in year 2015 , which was not true .
The department told USA TODAY it relies on utilities to tell the truth and “was told” that that tank had been cleaned.
Only after sediment reached drinking water did that department find out that no records of cleaning existed ; the department fined Delray $2,000 .
george-Gretsas , who was fired in November 2021 for what he said was an effort to reveal corrupt practices in city ,
said someone at the water department misled the agency at that time.
“It’s widespread corruption within the utilities department,” george-gretsas said . “They regularly lie to cover themselves up.”
George-Gretsas, former Delray-beach--city’s manager
It’s widespread corruption within the utilities department. They regularly lie to cover themselves up.
Delray provided documents to USA TODAY in which inspections from 2013 and 2015 note only light sedimentation inside the tanks.
The documents did not demonstrate compliance with state law.
Asked how water consumers can be confident in Florida’s tank cleaning and inspection laws given the oversight, the state’s DEP said
only that it was reviewing what happened in Delray and that it “remains confident” of its regulations.
EPA has known for years
EPA has known for at least 2 decade that many of usa's water-storage-tanks are deteriorating but has yet to create any specific regulations
for their upkeep.
In a report in 2002 that was part of a failed effort to regulate storage tanks, EPA found that as many as 1 of every 4 tanks
“have serious sanitary defects" and as many as 9 of 10 had “minor flaws that could lead to sanitary problems.”
In year 2015, researchers sampled sediment in 18 water-tanks across usa and found the deadly bacterium legionella in 2/3 .
EPA estimates that water-utilities nationwide need about $47 billion over 20 years to fully upgrade their storage tanks and ensure safe drinking water.
Erik Olson, senior strategic director at the Natural Resources Defense Council
EPA basically lets states pretty much do whatever they want to do, without any meaningful oversight or auditing. It’s a real problem.
The agency told USA TODAY in an email that it is gathering information to determine whether to regulate storage tank maintenance.
The agency held a virtual public meeting in October but may not arrive at a decision until 2024. Even if it does adopt rules,
they probably wouldn’t take effect until 3 year after that.
“EPA basically lets the states pretty much do whatever they want to do, without any meaningful oversight or auditing,” said Erik-Olson,
senior strategic director at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It’s a real problem.”
When water tank maintenance is neglected, the results can be deadly.
In 1993, 650 people got sick from a salmonella outbreak in Gideon, Missouri, after bird droppings got into a water tank through
a poorly protected vent. Seven died, all residents of a nursing home.
In Alamosa, Colo., about 1,300 people got sick and one died after a salmonella outbreak started in a municipal water storage tank in 2008.
Samuel Wasson, USA TODAY
In Alamosa, Colorado, about 1,300 people got sick and 1 died after salmonella-outbreak started in a municipal water storage tank in year 2008.
That 1 fatality had other health conditions, officials said.
In Peoria, Arizona, 2 5-year-old boys died in year 2002 after bathing in tap-water contaminated by Naegleria-fowleri, a microscopic organism
that infects the brain, destroying tissue and causing deadly inflammation. An investigation turned up the “brain-eating amoeba” in
a chlorinated water storage tank, among other sources.
More common than the identified outbreaks are the millions of cases of gastrointestinal or respiratory illness that no one suspected came
from their drinking water.
“It’s an endemic level of illness that we just sort of live with. We have to decide, is it an acceptable risk?” said Kelly-Reynolds,
a professor of environmental health at the University of Arizona who studies how often Americans fall ill from drinking water.
Kelly Reynolds, professor of environmental health at the University of Arizona
It’s an endemic level of illness that we just sort of live with. We have to decide, is it an acceptable risk?
She estimated that contaminated drinking water causes as many as 21 million illnesses and 1,000 deaths annually,
though it’s hard to pinpoint exactly how much is attributed to problems in the tanks. Her estimates line up with research from others,
including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and EPA, which cite studies with estimates of up to 32 million illnesses a year.
Kristina Mena, a water safety expert and dean of the University of Texas Health School of Public Health in El Paso, said the country’s
growing elderly population, children and those with health issues are particularly at risk.
“The segment of the United States population who are in that immunocompromised category is greater than ever,” Mena said. “When there have been
waterborne outbreaks, those are the people that are going to have the more severe illness that may require hospitalization.”
Though the EPA has neglected to regulate water tank maintenance, it has made efforts to prevent contaminated drinking water. In 1989, the agency
began requiring all water systems that draw from rivers, creeks or lakes to add disinfectant, such as chlorine, before distributing to customers.
Experts estimate that contaminated drinking water in America causes as many as 21 million illnesses and 1,000 deaths annually. The country’s
growing elderly population, children and those with health issues are particularly at risk from waterborne outbreaks.
Albert Cesare, Montgomery Advertiser/ USA TODAY Network
Since then, an increasing number of states have required disinfection for systems that use groundwater.
EPA reported that about 2/3 of water systems, serving 90 % of Americans, disinfect.
The increase in disinfection helped prevent worst-case scenario outbreaks, experts said, but it’s not a cure-all :
Decaying animals or outside bacteria can overwhelm water treatment under certain conditions.
Industry professionals differ on how often such threats occur.
Christine-Gunsaullus, a water tower expert based in Reading, Pennsylvania, said that in her 26-year career as an inspector and
project manager, she’s encountered about 3,500 water-tanks and towers. Only 5 had a serious issue such as a dead animal or
other obvious public health risk.
"It's just a gut feel, based on my experience, that it really isn't a big, big problem,” Gunsaullus said.
Utilities that regularly inspect their tanks aren’t the problem, said Chip Stein, the managing principal at Tank Industry Consultants,
an engineering company that conducts water tank inspections in 48 states.
It’s the ones that delay maintenance or conduct infrequent inspections that worry him; the ones that call only when there’s a problem –
such as tanks where holes have corroded through a steel-plate roof, allowing animals and insects to get inside.
“That doesn’t happen overnight,” Stein said. “That is just neglect of inspection. For a hole to have corroded through that plate?
You know that tank probably hadn’t been looked at for 20 to 40 years.”
Snakes, mice in water supply
Water-tanks are far more than billboards for civic pride or simple storage for up to millions of gallons.
Stored water helps utilities meet peak demand periods, particularly mornings when customers are showering, brushing teeth and making coffee.
They create pressure throughout the system and are essential for fire safety.
For all their benefits, water tanks can prove dangerous if not maintained correctly. Tiny holes in the roof, walls or screens risk
the intrusion of birds, vermin, insects and their feces.
That’s why regular inspections of tanks are essential, said Mark LeChevallier, a water researcher and former chief environmental officer at
public utility company American Water.
“If you don’t do that, it’s not just that the problem is inside the tank,” he said. “That poor water can then go out into the water system.”
Inspections are complex, and the smallest of details potentially carry big risk. 1 example are the mesh screens built into tanks to allow air
to flow in when water flows out. Without them, the tank walls would crumple like a juice box being drained of its last drop.
Most experts call for the mesh in the screens to be 10 times smaller than a typical window screen. If not, tiny insects can pass through and
contaminate the water.
Inside the tank, if water is left too long, especially in hotter conditions, it can stagnate.
Disinfectants such as chlorine degrade, bacteria multiply and pathogens proliferate, particularly in the sediment that can accumulate at
the bottom of a tank.
A diver inspecting a water tank last year in Magna, Utah, discovered a dead raccoon in 1 of magna-city’s 500,000-gallon tanks.
Luckily, that animal was found before it could begin to decompose, so the only consequence to residents in the town west of Salt-Lake-City
was a boil-water notice while the tank was drained, cleaned, disinfected and tested.
In another instance documented in an EPA presentation, a federal inspector visited a water tank after levels of fecal bacteria had been elevated
for 6 months in drinking water. A single knothole in a wooden-board on water-tank’s exterior was missing.
Inside, 7 dead snakes and 3 bloated mice floated in water.
That presentation urged inspectors not to edit from inspection videos dead animal carcasses found within storage tanks.
The threat of waterborne illness or worse is a source of frustration for experts such as Reynolds, especially given the ease with
which they can be avoided through regular and consistent inspections and upkeep.
“Storage tanks are a finite source of contamination. And it should be very easy to control,” Reynolds said.
“These are things that just shouldn’t be happening.”
Risk vs. regulation
13 year after the outbreak in Alamosa, Colorado, Louise Malouff still won’t drink the city’s tap water.
She knows the city started adding chlorine after the incident, but she also knows that’s no guarantee against another outbreak
if the system isn’t properly maintained and inspected.
Everyone in Louise Malouff’s family got sick in 2008 during a salmonella outbreak in Alamosa, Colo., but no one was worse off than
her son Abel, now 19. “I just remember him lying on the floor in the emergency room, asking me if he was going to die,” recalls Malouff,
who still won’t drink the city’s tap water.
Everyone in Louise Malouff’s family got sick in 2008 during a salmonella outbreak in Alamosa, Colo., but no one was worse off than
her son Abel, now 19. “I just remember him lying on the floor in the emergency room, asking me if he was going to die,” recalls Malouff,
who still won’t drink the city’s tap water. Samuel Wasson, USA TODAY
Though Malouff’s entire family was sickened during the outbreak, her then-6-year-old son, Abel, suffered the worst effects, including diarrhea
and vomiting. His physician recommended she give him Gatorade to keep him hydrated. When Abel started vomiting and passing blood,
Malouff rushed him to a hospital.
“I just remember him lying on the floor in the emergency room, asking me if he was going to die,” Malouff said. “I felt helpless,
especially when we didn't know what was causing it. … It was something that scared the hell out of me, and I never want to go through that again.”
At a water treatment plant, EPA has limits on the amount of toxic chemicals and heavy metals that can go into the water supply.
At the other end, if pipes leading to homes corrode and release lead, the EPA can make a water system replace them.
But there’s little on the books for water storage tanks – at least from the EPA.
American Water Works Association recommends a set of best practices and standards that include inspecting water tanks every 3 year.
Because there is no federal regulation or enforcement, there’s no guarantee that happens.
Only federally required sanitary survey exists. But these are inconsistent at best, Bob Clement, an EPA microbiologist,
wrote in a compilation of water storage tank training materials posted to the agency’s website.
EPA removed the slideshow after a reporter inquired about it, citing outdated guidance it contained.
Clement wrote in the training materials that inspections are only as good as the people doing them, and there’s a gulf in
educational and professional experiences of this profession. He said the surveys require inspection of so many different parts of
a water system that details can be missed.
“Surveyors are not given enough time or taking enough time to thoroughly inspect storage tanks,” Clement wrote. “So much has been piled
onto the survey that tanks have taken a back seat.”
Bob Clement, EPA microbiologist
Surveyors are not given enough time or taking enough time to thoroughly inspect storage tanks.
So much has been piled onto the survey that tanks have taken a back seat.
Alan Roberson, executive director of the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, said “most” water systems perform at least
a visual inspection on a regular basis. He conceded the condition of the nation’s water tanks “probably needs some improvement,”
as water authorities don’t always prioritize maintenance in the absence of federal regulation.
“As systems struggle with their finances, it’s an easy thing to say, ‘We’ll push off that inspection for another year,’” Roberson said.
New rules coming?
Though EPA is considering regulations for water tanks, any new rules wouldn’t be in place until 2027, and the agency hasn’t said
what could be on the table.
LeChevallier, who has served on EPA regulatory panels, predicted minimal pushback if water authorities were required to conduct
regular inspections most already do.
“What regulations tend to do is codify what everyone considers best practice,” he said.
The federal EPA is considering regulations for water tanks, but new rules wouldn’t be in place until 2027, and experts aren’t in full agreement
on what should be done.
Trevor Hughes, USA TODAY NETWORK
LeChevallier said the greatest impact could be made by requiring uniform training and certification for inspectors who conduct sanitary surveys.
For Roberson, increased water sampling could provide the biggest benefit.
And therein lies the rub: Though many experts agree on the need to do something about water storage tanks, consensus falls apart on exactly what.
The water administrator’s survey showed more than half of states agreed on the need for more regulation, but specifics varied.
Some cited storage tanks, others named issues with disinfecting water or regulating private water companies. Even when officials agreed
more oversight is needed, they were leery of blanket federal regulations that apply the same to every water system.
“How do you write the reg in a way that you get good, solid practice?” said Steve Via, director of federal relations for
American Water Works Association. “Just because you can check a box that you’ve got a rule that says thou shalt do something,
doesn’t mean you’ve actually pushed a good practice.”
Help support quality local journalism like this.
While EPA surveys this landscape in considering new regulations, America’s water towers continue to age. The risks are growing,
even if they are invisible to most people, said Reynolds, the Arizona health researcher.
“We’re giving this product (water) to our children the moment they’re born, right?” she said. “And we’re making their formula with it.
And adults drink it, 2 liters a day on average, for our entire lives.”
Contributing: Alyssa Velez, Lily Wray, Brianna Lanham, Daniela Molina, Drake Garbacik, Nathan Moore, Nadia Scharf and Emma Cail of
Indiana University’s Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism
Published 4:00 PM GMT+7 May. 21, 2021 Updated 2:45 AM GMT+7 Jun. 2, 2021
===============================================================================================================================================
--- nytimes.com/2014/01/27/nyregion/inside-citys-water-tanks-layers-of-neglect.html
from google ( epa water tower cleaning frequency ) page 4 number 10
publish-date : 27 jan 2014
scriber : Ray-Rivera , Frank-G-Runyeon , Russ-Buettner
Skip to content , Skip to site . index , New York , Log in
Advertisement
SKIP ADVERTISEMENT
Inside City’s Water Tanks, Layers of Neglect
Video
Video player loading
Rooftop-water-towers are primary-source of drinking water for many New Yorkers, but/yet frequently they are poorly maintained,
and present a potential health hazard.
With their quaint barrel-like contours and weathered cedar-plank sides, rooftop water towers are a constant on the New York City skyline.
And though they may look like relics of a past age, millions of residents get their drinking water from the tanks every day.
But inside these rustic-looking vessels, there are often thick layers of muddy sediment.
Many have not been cleaned or inspected in years. And regulations governing water tanks are rarely enforced,
an examination by The New York Times shows.
Even some that are routinely maintained contain E. coli, a bacterium that is used by public health officials to predict the presence of viruses,
bacteria and parasites that can cause disease.
When found in drinking water, E. coli, a microbe carried in the feces of mammals and birds, requires the issuance of a boil-water order,
according to federal Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
Samplings taken by The New York Times from water-towers at 12 buildings in Manhattan , Queens , Brooklyn found E. coli in 5 tanks,
and coliform in those tanks and 3 more. Coliform by itself is not harmful, but does indicate that conditions are ripe for the growth of
potentially dangerous microorganisms. The positive results all came from the bottoms of the tanks, below the pipe that feeds the buildings’ taps,
though public health experts say the contamination is still a concern because the water circulates throughout the inside of the tanks.
1 expert The Times consulted, Dr. Stephen C. Edberg, a public-health microbiologist at Yale University who invented the now-standard test for
bacterial contamination in drinking water, was so alarmed by the results that he immediately alerted the New York City Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene. The department has oversight over the tanks.
“Fecal-contamination means that that towers are subject to animal-intrusion, almost certainly birds and potentially animals such as squirrels,”
Dr. Edberg wrote in an email to the department, adding, “Clearly, these units are not sealed to the outside.”
City health officials insist that the tanks are safe, and that the laws governing them are adequate.
The city’s 311 help line gets dozens of calls each year from residents saying they have become ill from drinking water,
but health officials say no cases have ever been traced back to a water tank.
That does not mean people are not getting sick, Dr. Edberg said.
“It’s very hard, with a population as large and dense as New York, to even ascertain even reasonably large illness outbreaks,”
he said. “You’d literally have to have entire apartment buildings getting sick at the same time.”
Those thousands tanks that dot skyline are part of a water system that originates at 19 protected lakes and reservoirs in upstate New York.
City officials like to boast that the system provides the finest tap water of any city in the world.
But the vast system of safeguards protecting the water supply virtually ends at the curb. From that point on, it is up to building owners
to ensure that their tanks are cleaned, inspected and tested for bacteria annually, as required by the city’s building and health codes.
The city’s own surveys suggest that nearly 60 percent of the owners do not comply. And the city has done little to make them.
No Proof Required
Water-tanks came into widespread use in late year 1800s, as city’s water-mains were unable to keep up with requirements of ever-taller buildings.
Even today, the mains provide only enough pressure to deliver water to 6-th floor of most buildings.
Taller buildings use electric-pumps to carry water to a spout at the top of the water tanks, letting gravity do the rest.
An exit pipe about midway down distributes drinking water to the building, while another pipe near the bottom is used for sprinkler systems and
firefighting.
Image
Andre Kolakowski, at top, and Waldemar Miszkowski of American Pipe and Tank prepare to clean a rooftop water tank.
Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times
Yet as vital as these vessels are to the city’s water supply, oversight is virtually nonexistent.
Building owners are not required to submit proof to the city that cleanings and inspections have been conducted, as they do
for elevator and boiler inspections. Until recently, they did not have to provide evidence of the inspections to their tenants.
City health and buildings officials cannot even say for sure how many water tanks are in use. Estimates range from 12,000 to 17,000,
based on inventory of buildings that stand seven stories or taller.
Asked if neglecting to clean and inspect the tanks could have negative health consequences, Dan Kass, the health department’s deputy commissioner
for environmental health, said, “We don’t have any evidence that there is.”
During a 2009 City Council hearing, a department official said that the city had other ways to keep tabs on water quality, by taking samples
from taps all over the city every month, as well as monitoring hospital visits and medication sales for signs of outbreaks. The official said
in cases where the department receives a complaint about water quality, the water was found to be safe 99 percent of the time.
Another potential concern is the use of an epoxy called Sea-Goin’-Poxy-Putty, which is not approved for use in drinking-water, a violation of
city’s health-code. That epoxy which is bisphenol-A-based polymer formulated in year 1950s to repair ship-hulls underwater, is used to caulk leaks
in wood-tanks.
At least 2 of those 3 companies that dominate tank-installation-business use the epoxy. Andrew Rosenwach, president of 1 of those companies,
Rosenwach-Tank, said that that company uses epoxy because it works on damp surfaces.
“If the health department tells us to stop using it, we’ll stop using it,” Mr. Rosenwach said.
“And we’ll be replacing tanks left and right, which is O.K. with us.”
Image
A SoHo skyline dotted with water towers.Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times
A SoHo skyline dotted with water towers.
The department said that it would investigate if someone reported the epoxy’s use in a specific water tank. Whether it would require
the epoxy to be removed “would be determined on a case-by-case basis,” it said in a statement.
The department also said that it did not necessarily matter that the epoxy was not certified for drinking water. “Most epoxy curing agents
become inert once cured, and would not be expected to impact water quality,” it said.
Taking Samples
The superintendent of 1 Queens building became concerned about its water supply a few years ago. The rooftop tank was about 8 year old at that time
and had never been cleaned.
When he opened the hatch under the tank’s conical roof, he found pigeon droppings in the crawl space between the roof and the tank cover.
Sunlight shot through cracks between the roof’s slatted planks. The water inside looked impenetrable and brown.
The super, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to protect his job, said that he complained, but the property manager said the tank was fine.
Not satisfied, the super called 311, where an operator referred him to the health department. But, the super said, no one from
the department returned his call.
The super drained the tank himself and found thick layers of muck at the bottom that he could not flush out because the drain nipple was too high.
“The mud smelled so foul,” he said. “I poured Clorox in and kept flushing it out, but I couldn’t get it all out.”
Image
Andre Kolakowski drained and cleaned a water tank.Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times .
1 day he found a pigeon-bone in strainer of a resident’s kitchen-faucet.
Finally, building’s co-op board agreed to have the tank professionally cleaned. A water sample taken by The Times just before
a more recent cleaning tested positive for coliform and E. coli.
Tank cleaning companies have an inventory of stories about finding dead birds, mice and animal droppings.
1 cleaner discovered a homeless person living in attic-space between a tank cover and the roof.
The Times took samples from 14 drinking water tanks in 12 buildings. Samples from 8 of those tanks came back with positive results
for total coliform. 5 of those also came back positive for E. coli. A positive result for either sample means that the water is not fit
for human consumption, according to state and federal standards.
In each of the instances, the tanks were cleaned after the sampling and retested by cleaning companies, which then reported negative results.
Each sample was taken near the bottom of the tank — where sediment builds up and bacteria and viruses are more likely to thrive — but below
spigot that feeds the buildings’ faucets.
Still, Dr. Edberg said, “The problem is that if any part of the tank gets contaminated, all of it is contaminated.”
The health department said the methodology used and the conclusions drawn by The Times were flawed. The department said The Times had used
non-sterilized equipment and had not followed suggested testing protocols. But with the exception of three of the positive samples,
in which The Times took the sample during the cleaning, The Times followed the protocols exactly as recommended.
Samplings taken by The New York Times from water towers at 12 buildings in Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn found E. coli in 5 tanks,
and coliform in those tanks and three more.Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times
In 1995, Steve Sanders, then a state assemblyman who represented Manhattan’s East Side, became concerned after maintenance workers
at Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village, the sprawling middle-class apartment complex, told him of deplorable conditions in the complex’s water tanks.
“They told me stories about workers swimming in them in the summer, and about pigeon excrement,” Mr. Sanders recalled.
The city code at the time prevented him from viewing the complex’s inspection records, but Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani ordered the health department
to investigate. The department took water samples and checked the inspection records of 248 randomly chosen buildings.
About 3 percent showed levels of coliform bacteria (the study did not test for E. coli). And about 35 % of the building landlords could not
provide proof of inspection.
The results satisfied health officials that a more proactive monitoring system was not needed.
“We were never satisfied,” said Steve Kaufman, who was Mr. Sanders’s chief of staff at the time.
Insisting on Inspections
In 2009, at the urging of Mr. Kaufman, Daniel Garodnick, a city councilman who lives in Stuyvesant Town, sponsored legislation
that would require the health department to track water tank inspections through a database.
The health department called the measure unnecessary and too expensive. Christopher Boyd, the director of the department’s Office of
Public Health Engineering, told the Council the database would cost 300,000 usd to set up and 65,000 usd per year to maintain.
The Council decided against the database, but passed a bill mandating, for the first time, that building owners make inspection records
available to tenants, and to post proof of the inspections in prominent places. It also, for the first time, required that tank water be tested
for contamination once a year. The new law required the health department to conduct three surveys, checking the inspection records of 100 randomly
chosen buildings each year from 2010 through 2012.
The results were not encouraging. No more than 42 percent of the buildings surveyed each year could provide proof of a bacteriological test.
Of those buildings that could provide proof, all were found to be free of contamination, though the samplings were typically done after
the tanks were cleaned, which is allowed. But even among these buildings, most failed to post their inspection notices, and most could not
provide proof that they had performed an inspection in each of the previous five years, as city law also requires.
More than $700,000 in fines was levied against the buildings in the survey. Despite the findings, the health department said it had no plans
to expand enforcement of the laws, though it said it would continue to do annual surveys.
“The department continues to monitor compliance with the regulation and improve compliance by consulting with building owners regarding
the requirements, through Realtor associations and building management companies,” the department said in a statement.
A version of this article appears in print on Jan. 27, 2014, Section A, Page 14 of the New York edition with the headline:
Inside City’s Water Tanks, Layers of Neglect. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe
Advertisement
SKIP ADVERTISEMENT
Site Index
Site Information Navigation
© 2023 The New York Times Company
NYTCoContact UsAccessibilityWork with usAdvertiseT Brand StudioYour Ad ChoicesPrivacy PolicyTerms of ServiceTerms of SaleSite MapHelpSubscriptions
Your Privacy Choices
===============================================================================================================================================
--- https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/about/healthcode/health-code-article141.pdf from google ( NYC Health Code water tank ) result 1
Inspection Requirements. The owner, agent or other person in control of a building shall
have the water tank inspected at least once annually
============================================================
23 jan 2026 12:3 am est :
#reword# frequenct toilet flushing trigger that toilet to leak water to feces-drop-area and : automatically refill water tank and make hissing noise intermittently .
#to# frequenct toilet flushing eventually trigger that toilet to leak water to feces-drop-area and : automatically refill toilet-water-tank and make hissing noise randomly and repeatedly .
==============================================================
23 jan 2026 12:9 am est :
my water heater container ( methane and ampere/electric ) : bradfordwhite.com->r-240-t-6-n 40 gallon capacity https://docs.bradfordwhite.com/Spec_Sheets/1101_Current.pdf
installer : mccarthy with phone-number 703-924-1650 and 866-924-1650 , install date : 27 jul 2016 ,
logo is like logo in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Leprechaun but carry plunger and unknown-tool instead of making fist .
[addition 23 jan 2026 8:53 pm est]
logo : (1)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-1.jpeg
(2)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-2.jpeg
(3)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-3.jpeg
(4)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-4.jpeg
[/addition 23 jan 2026 8:53 pm est]
which seems already closed and new mccarthy exist with different phone number , same mccarthy font , different logo :
(1)https://www.mccarthyservices-virginia.com from google ( mccarthy 703-924-1650 ) , no logo
(2)https://www.mccarthyhomeservices.com from google ( mccarthy 703-924-1650 ) , no logo
==============================================================
23 jan 2026 9 pm est : #add# [addition 23 jan 2026 8:53 pm est]
==============================================================
25 jan 2026 6:57 pm est :
shower-head-water-flow-speed = 1 liter 300 mili-liter per 12 second , so i round down : 1 liter 300 mili-liter per 10 second : 1.3 liter per 10 second .
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 5 liter 600 mili-liter per 12 second , so i round down : 5 liter 600 mili-liter per 10 second : 5.6 liter per 10 second .
[source : me measure my own shower-head and bath-tub-faucet in usa->virginia-state->zip-code-22152->6832-earthstar-court with water bucket ]
find '1 gallon = 3.785411784 liter'
3.785411784 liter = 1 gallon
1 liter = 1 / 3.785411784 = 0.264,172,052,358,148,415 gallon [source : find 'www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2023/01/30/appc-23-HB44.pdf' ]
1.3 liter = 0.3,434,236,680,655,929,395 gallon
5.6 liter = 1.479,363,493,205,631,124 gallon
shower-head-water-flow-speed = 0.3,434,236,680,655,929,395 gallon per 10 second
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 1.479,363,493,205,631,124 gallon per 10 second
1 minute = 60 second
shower-head-water-flow-speed = 0.3,434,236,680,655,929,395 x 6 gallon per 1 minute = 2.060,542,008,393,557,637 gallon per 1 minute = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 1.479,363,493,205,631,124 x 6 gallon per 1 minute = 8.876,180,959,233,786,744 gallon per 1 minute = 9 gallon per minute
shower-head-water-flow-speed = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 9 gallon per minute
find 'shower-head-water-flow-speed = 2.1 gallon per minute
bath-tub-faucet-water-flow-speed = 4 to 7 gallon per minute'
[addition 6 feb 2026 10:25 pm est]
everytime i want cold water from dishwashing-faucet , dishwashing-faucet-handle most time is in hot water position , so i put that dishwashing-faucet-handle in cold water position
then make faucet eject 0.7 gallon of : semi cold water which slowly become warm water .
so faucet eject 0.7 gallon water then faucet start ejecting cold water .
usually i catch that 0.7 gallon water inside water-bucket , whenever i have water-bucket with empty space .
2 liter 600 mL = 2.6 liter = 2.6 x 0.264,172,052,358,148,415 gallon = 0.686,847,336,131,185,879 gallon = 0.7 gallon
[/addition 6 feb 2026 10:25 pm est]
=======================================================================
25 jan 2026 7:24 pm est : #add# [addition 25 jan 2026 7:24 pm est]
=======================================================================
27 jan 2026 12:25 am est :
#reword#
logo : (1)https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZqOpNdIpqOivAJKeE77wg6Wwr2l4nCey
(2)https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FCgsEC6L-8HGKNZeJryxzGRvmlg-1xNp
(3)https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qWESskHDvMaNlDYR-bh-XMNY-dDtyZ6G
(4)https://drive.google.com/file/d/12MB_dPBihFF0rvJTZPlChc63-pSTFaI6
#to#
logo : (1)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-1.jpeg
(2)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-2.jpeg
(3)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-3.jpeg
(4)wortel.ucoz.com/radiator-air-4.jpeg
=========================================================================
29 jan 2026 8:19 pm est : #add# [addition 29 jan 2026 8:13 pm est]
=========================================================================
29 jan 2026 8:59 pm est :
#reword# youtube.com/watch?v=5xJCTPYqy0A ( Flush a Toilet with a Bucket of Water | Basic Life Skills )
#to# youtube.com/watch?v=5xJCTPYqy0A&t=20s ( Flush a Toilet with a Bucket of Water | Basic Life Skills )
=========================================================================
29 jan 2026 9:7 pm est :
#reword# or accumulate urine on water-bucket then transfer urine from water-bucket to hand-washing-basin while hand-washing-basin-faucet eject water .
#to# or urinate on small-water-bucket amazon.com/10-Sets-86-oz-Disposable/dp/B098854NWV then
transfer urine from small-water-bucket to large-water-bucket like 12-liter-or-3.17-galon-water-bucket to accumulate urine on large-water-bucket then
transfer urine from large-water-bucket to hand-washing-basin while hand-washing-basin-faucet eject water .
==========================================================================
6 feb 2026 10:32 pm est : #add# [addition 6 feb 2026 10:25 pm est]
==========================================================================
7 feb 2026 7:18 pm est :
--- https://www.amazon.com/Emotionlite-Nightlight-Nursery-Bedroom-Bathroom/dp/B07CFKMYB5 from amazon.com->search ( night light )
night light lifespan : 50,000 hour
50,000 / 24 = 2,083.333
2,083 / 366 = 5.691,256,830,601,092,896 = 5.6 year
===========================================================================
10 feb 2026 7:57 pm est : #add# [addition 10 feb 2026 7:48 pm est]
===========================================================================
11 feb 2026 2:3 am est : #add# [addition 11 feb 2026 1:58 am est]
===========================================================================
12 feb 2026 8:19 pm est :
(1)#make obsolete# (1)use water-bucket to flush toilet : youtube.com/watch?v=5xJCTPYqy0A&t=20s ( Flush a Toilet with a Bucket of Water | Basic Life Skills )
(2)#add# water from water-bucket will drop to toilet-bowl then eject dirty-toilet-feces-water-splash to toilet floor
;;