13 mar 2026 11:14 pm est : #t-1# / #tips-1#
usa-framing-design-guide say maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , inside house with structure/skeleton made of wood , is 330 lbs / 150 kg weight per foot2 because :
758 lbs / 344 kg weight break '2 x 4' , 2.4 meter / 8 foot long , wood in middle area : youtube.com/watch?v=3YRilYntCMo ( I tested the strength of the 2 by 4! ) from youtube-search ( wood floor weight stress test ) result 5
minimum joist wood size seems '2 x 6' .
[source : 'The most common lumber sizes for floor joists are 2x6, 2x8, 2x10, and 2x12. Larger joists can span across wider areas. For example, a 2x6 joist would have a 12-foot, 6-inch maximum span, and a 2x10 joist would have a 21-foot maximum span. Additionally, wood species and grading determines how far apart floor joists can be spaced. Harder woods can be spaced farther apart, and can be cut into larger joists. Another example would be sets of 2x12 joists of different species and grades. #1 Grade Douglas Fir-Larch joists could be spaced 12 inches apart. #2 Grade Hem-fir joists could be spaced 16 inches apart. #3 Southern Pine joists could be spaced 19.2 inches apart. SS Grade Spruce-pine-fir joists could be spaced 24 inches apart. ' in find 'https://www.homedepot.com/c/ah/floor-joist-spacing/9ba683603be9fa5395fab901b3da028f from google.com ( subfloor joist size ) result 1' ]
so weight 330 lbs / 150 kg per foot2 , is suppose to be fine .
[addition 17 mar 2026 10:12 pm est]
coulbourne-consulting->residential-structural-design-guide--oct-2017 say :
floor's maximum concentrated load ( 20 inch2 ) 300 lbs , uniform load 30 psf ( lbs pressure per square foot ) [source : find 'lbs' , 'jack load' , 'concentrated' in https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HH14-PURL-gpo86806/pdf/GOVPUB-HH14-PURL-gpo86806.pdf from google.com ( usa framing design guide ) result 6 ]
usa->maryland-state->upper-marlboro-city->nahb-research-center-inc-residential-structural-design-guide--feb-2000 say :
floor's maximum concentrated load ( 20 inch2 ) 300 lbs , uniform load 30 psf ( lbs pressure per square foot ) [source : find 'lbs' , 'jack load' , 'concentrated' in https://www.huduser.gov/Portal/Publications/pdf/residential-old2000.pdf from google.com ( usa framing design guide ) page 2 number 4 ]
but concentrated load is what foot2 ?
[/addition 17 mar 2026 10:12 pm est]
usa-building-code say maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , inside residential house with structure/skeleton made of wood , is 40 lbs per foot2 , that seems like joke because
that means person with weight 100 lbs will break usa house floor level 2 , most usa person's weight is above 100 lbs .
[source : 'U.S. building codes specify a uniform live load of 40 pounds per square foot (psf) for most residential floor designs' in https://www.bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/IJ-12_Design_Live_Loads_Residential_Floors.pdf from google.com ( usa home floor load ) result 1
from 'load' in https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEngineers/comments/5dxrap/how_much_weight_can_a_typical_wooden_floor_handle/ from google.com ( wood house floor maximum weight ) result 2 ]
[addition 23 mar 2026 1:41 am est] end 2:21 am est
nfl.com team vikings.com offensive-line-man walter-rouse have obesity-score 330 lbs . [source : (1)'330' in https://www.vikings.com/team/players-roster/walter-rouse/ from 'vikings' , '310 lb (140 kg)' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharrif_Floyd from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Andrews_(physician) from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Darvish from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Japan#Current_players from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Matsuzaka#See_also (2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle -> bottom menu -> American football positions -> lineman ]
nfl.com team commanders.com offensive-line-man malaesala-aumavae-laulu have obesity-score 325 lbs . [source : '325' in https://www.commanders.com/team/players-roster/malaesala-aumavae-laulu/ from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaesala_Aumavae%E2%80%93Laulu from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders from 'commander' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharrif_Floyd from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Andrews_(physician) from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Darvish from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Japan#Current_players from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Matsuzaka#See_also ]
they most likely reside in house-with-stronger-floor-level-2 and that is why their salary need to be high to buy house-with-stronger-floor-level-2 .
--- https://www.reddit.com/r/NFLNoobs/comments/qq5wyn/what_are_the_key_physical_characteristics_of_each/ from reddit.com -> search ( biggest body size football position ) result 8
r/NFLNoobs
4y ago
HelpfulPhotograph185
What are the key physical characteristics of each position ?
Physically speaking, I am curious about what makes someone particularly suited for a certain position. (Height, weight, arm length, stuff like that.)
I know the very basics, but am fascinated by the wide range of body types on a given team. I would also be curious if there have ever been any star players
that didn’t fit the usual mold for their position.
Thank you!
BlitzburghBrian • 4y ago
Profile Badge for the Achievement Top 1% Commenter Top 1% Commenter
I think positions mostly rely on one of two things: speed or size.
Receivers, running backs, and defensive backs have to have speed. Linemen have to have size.
Other positions can be a little more flexible. There are tight ends that are bigger and specialize more in blocking, while others are faster and are used more as receivers.
Really great TEs can do both. Linebackers are similar; some of them are good in pass coverage with their speed, and some use power to rush quarterbacks.
Some can do both to varying degrees.
Most receivers are also tall, but that's less of a perceived requirement than it used to be. It's great to be able to outjump defenders for high passes,
but modern offenses have space for shorter, shiftier receives to run quick routes over the middle.
Quarterbacks, I believe, are more about their mental prowess than any specific physical trait. Some QBs are great runners, some have incredible arm strength, some are tall,
some are short. But if you have an athlete that can handle the mental side of playing that position, I tend to believe it's on the coaches to build their offense
around his strengths (see: Jackson, Lamar).
Which-Turnover-7743 • 4y ago
If you are talking about prototypically then it would be something like this.
Wide receivers are taller (6ft+) and are extremely fast. Height makes them harder to intercept and fast is self explanatory. Big hands could help in catching the ball, high vertical.
Running backs are shorter and stockier, lower centre of gravity means harder to tackle. Needs extra weight due to the constant beating. Depending if your a speed or power back
you need to be either extremely strong or fast.
Quarterbacks need to be tall enough to see over offensive lineman. Big hands are good for better ball handling. Strong and accurate throws of course.
Athleticism isn’t needed but definitely helps.
Tight ends are basically receivers but with plus strength at the cost of speed.
Offensive lineman, need to be big and heavy 300 plus pounds. Doesn’t actually need to be tall but needs long arms to stop defenders and that is usually correlated with height.
Defensive lineman are essentially more athletic slightly smaller versions of offensive lineman. Defensive ends are usually even more athletic than the defensive lineman (tackle)
but are still too big for linebacker role.
Linebacker depends on what specific sub position you play. Middle linebackers shoulder be ok the bigger side. Ideally 6ft tall and 240 lbs just like Bobby Wagner.
They need to be tall and strong enough to go head to head with lineman but also be low and speedy enough for coverage or those sneaky running backs.
Weak sides are usually smaller than the middle linebacker and strong sides are usually bigger.
Defensive backs, cornerbacks basically need to have the same characteristics as a receiver. Tall, fast, good hands and good vert. Safeties are essentially smaller linebackers
who don’t have the physicality to typically fight lineman but have the speed to catch up to receivers.
[/addition 23 mar 2026 1:41 am est]
================================================================================================
13 mar 2026 11:53 pm est : #t-2#
why every march , april : faucet-water taste bad and maybe need to purchase mineral-water-bottle in grocery-shop .
================================================================================================
--- https://www.cedarburglightandwater.org/hydrant-flushing from google ( spring fire hydrant flush total gallon ) result 1
Hydrant Flushing
There are many benefits received from flushing hydrants:
Enhances water quality by removing sediments from mainline pipes,
Helps to find any weaknesses in the water system,
Confirms that fire hydrants and valves are operating correctly,
Aids in identifying closed valves and weak flows in the water main, AND
Makes sure there is ample water flow for fighting fires.
The City of Cedarburg has about 625 hydrants, and CL&W is required by Department of Natural Resources to “flush” 625 hydrant annually.
In Cedarburg, every hydrant is flushed in spring. The entire process takes about 2 weeks, allowing for 5 to 7 minute per hydrant.
During flushing, CL&W personnel grease hydrant’s valve and analyse water pressure.
About 7,000 gallon are flushed through each hydrant , at a cost of about 22.40 usd per hydrant.
so 625 hydrant will discard 4,375,000 gallon , total price 14,000 usd .
Your water bill includes a “Fire Flow Capacity Charge," which helps cover
the cost of maintaining fire hydrants in Cedarburg.
During hydrant flushing, some customers may experience temporary discoloration of water. If this happens to you, you can turn on an outside spigot
or a cold water tap in the lowest level of your home, and let the water flow until it clears. The discoloration is caused by harmless mineral deposits
which settle in the water main and are stirred during the flushing activity.
If your home or business is at the highest elevation in Cedarburg (west of Harrison and north of Bridge), you may experience a temporary reduction
in water pressure during flushing. Because of the elevation, gravity does not force the water through the pipes quite like it does elsewhere
in Cedarburg. Booster pumps are routinely operated to maintain adequate pressure, but during flushing, the pressure may temporarily decline
if too many customers are trying to use the water at the same time. The pressure will quickly return to normal for household use once the flushing
is complete.
When you see Cedarburg Light & Water personnel flushing hydrants, you can feel good knowing we are performing important preventive maintenance
to insure the integrity of the water system so we can deliver the highest quality of water to our customers.
Cedarburg Light & Water Utility
N30W5926 Lincoln Blvd
Cedarburg, WI 53012
(262) 375-7650
Hours: 8:30 am-4:30 pm, Mon-Fri
generalmail@clwuc.gov
=====================================================
--- https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/fire-hydrant-flushing-twin-cities-minnesota/
publish-date : 15 apr 2025 / 10:30 PM CDT / CBS Minnesota
scriber : jeff Wagner
Here's why fire hydrants around Minnesota are flushed
A sure sign of spring might be flowing outside your home starting Wednesday. Streets will be soaked, but it won't be thanks to Mother Nature —
fire hydrants are getting flushed.
1 by 1, along just about every twist and turn in Columbia Heights, a few foremen are cranking away at a seasonal task that's a bit of
a rush once it gets going.
"The guys have a good feel for what area and what pressure they're expecting to see," said Ben Lund, the city's utility superintendent.
There are a few reasons why fire hydrants are flushed. The first is water quality.
"Over time, sediment and minerals build up in the lines and high-speed flushing like this can help push those minerals and any sediment
that's gathered out," Lund said.
A hydrant's pressure is significantly stronger than an at-home faucet, creating an intense blast of clearing power homeowners can't replicate.
"Running that much water in the main really gets everything moving in a direction, which will take everything with it," Lund said.
He adds fire safety plays a huge role in the annual task.
"We make sure we open and close the hydrant fully, do a full inspection on it, make sure everything is operational if there were an emergency," Lund said.
The hydrants are flushed for about three to five minutes or until the water runs clear. Crews are mainly looking for discoloration and pressure changes
to determine if there's an issue with the hydrant or piping below.
The amount of water flowing out varies from hydrant to hydrant, but the range stretches from under 500 gallon per minute to as high as
1,500 gallon per minute, according to the National Fire Protection Association.
Is flushing hydrants wasteful?
Lund said he understands concerns about flushing hydrants being wasteful, but argues it is worth it.
"The value that it brings from a safety perspective and from a water quality perspective, it's well worth the time and effort and
money that it costs to do it," he said.
Homeowners may notice a fluctuation in water pressure, either up or down, when a nearby fire hydrant is being flushed.
They might also experience discoloration in the water due to the sediment getting moved around.
"That's normal, we expect that," he said, adding that the water is safe to use and drink.
However, it's not ideal if you're doing laundry. Discolored water can stain clothes.
"If they do see discoloration of the water, running cold water in their house until that runs clear is what we recommend," he added.
Avoid running hot water and try to use the lowest level faucet in the house, such as a laundry sink in the basement.
The potential impact for homeowners is why Lund suggests people stay on top of their city's flushing schedule.
Information can be found on a city's website and sometimes on its social media handles.
Flushing schedules vary from city to city and can take several weeks to complete. The task often wraps up by late May.
Jeff Wagner
Jeff Wagner joined the WCCO-TV team in November 2016 as a general assignment reporter, and now anchors WCCO's Saturday evening newscasts. Although he's new to Minnesota,
he's called the Midwest home his entire life.
2025 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved.
=======================================================================================================
--- https://www.fairfaxwater.org/current/free_chlorine.htm from google ( fairfaxwater water tank cleaning ) result 1
publish date : 3 apr 2025
Water Main Flushing Program
hydrant
Each spring, Fairfax Water flushes its water mains by opening fire hydrants and allowing them to flow freely for a short period of time.
We do this to maintain the high water quality in our distribution system. You will likely notice Fairfax Water personnel in your neighborhood operating hydrants
from late March through June.
During this time, our treatment process switches from using combined chlorine to free chlorine. This will begin March 24, 2025, and last through May 5, 2025,
for all customers in the blue and green areas in the map below.
Service Areas
You will be able to recognize our employees by a number of identifiers:
Our employees will be driving vehicles identified with the Fairfax Water logo
Our employees will be displaying a sign that identifies the employee as part of the Fairfax Water flushing program
Our employees will be wearing uniforms with the same Fairfax Water logo
Flushing may result in temporary discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water. These conditions are not harmful and should be of very short duration.
If you have questions about this program or the work being conducted in your area, you may call our dispatch operator any time of the day or night at 703.698.5613, TTY 711.
truck.jpg
Temporary Change to Free Chlorine
During this flushing period, a slight change is made in the water treatment process to facilitate an effective flushing program. Throughout the year, chloramines, also known as
combined chlorine, is added to the water as the primary disinfectant. During the spring flushing program, chlorine is added in an uncombined state, commonly referred to as
free chlorine. Free chlorine is quicker acting than combined, which allows it to react with sediments suspended during flushing.
Depending on your usage patterns and location within the distribution system, it could take up to a week for your drinking water to transition from combined to free chlorine at
the beginning of the flushing program, or from free chlorine to combined chlorine at the conclusion of the flushing program.
You may notice a chlorine taste and odor in your drinking water while free chlorine is utilized. If you are especially sensitive to the taste and odor of chlorine,
try keeping an open container of drinking water in your refrigerator. This will enable the chlorine to dissipate, thus reducing the chlorine taste.
Remember – drinking water has a shelf life! Change out the water in your refrigerated container weekly.
Please note: If you have an aquarium or pond, always test the water you add to your aquatic environment to be sure it is free of chlorine before adding fish or other animals.
Chemical additives with directions for removing either free chlorine or chloramines from water for use in fish tanks or ponds are available at pet/fish supply stores.
See our Water Quality page for additional information.
==========================================================================================================================================================
--- https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/on-tap-fairfax-water-annual-flush from google ( fairfax water annual flush ) result 2
On Tap: Fairfax Water’s Annual Flush
Published on 17 feb 2023
Environment and Energy
fire hydrant releasing water
Quick Summary
Flushing may result in temporary discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water, which is not harmful.
Process begins Feb. 20 and runs through May 15 for residents in McLean, Falls Church and Dunn Loring areas.
Majority of the county will be treated March 20 through June 12.
Each spring, Fairfax Water flushes its water mains by opening fire hydrants and allowing them to flow freely for a short period of time.
During this time, the treatment process switches from using combined chlorine to free chlorine.
From Feb. 20 through May 15, for customers who receive water from Washington Aqueduct (areas in green and red on the map).
From March 20 through June 12, the remainder of the system will be treated (areas in blue on the map below).
water service areas in fairfax county
Water is Safe to Drink
You may notice a chlorine taste and odor in your drinking water while free chlorine is washing its way through.
Flushing also may result in temporary discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water. These conditions are
not harmful and should be of very short duration. If you are especially sensitive to the taste and odor of chlorine,
try keeping an open container of drinking water in your refrigerator, but remember – drinking water has a shelf life!
Change out the water in your refrigerated container weekly.
How to Recognize a Fairfax Water Employee in Your Neighborhood
You will be able to recognize Fairfax Water employees by a number of identifiers. Employees will be:
Driving vehicles identified with the Fairfax Water logo.
Displaying a sign that identifies the employee as part of the Fairfax Water flushing program.
Wearing uniforms with the same Fairfax Water logo.
If you have questions about this program or the work being conducted in your area, call Fairfax Water (which is a separate authority
from Fairfax County Government) any time of the day or night at 703-698-5613, TTY 711.
================================================================================================================================
fairfaxwater.org supply water to loudounwater.org
---https://www.loudounwater.org/residential-customers/your-drinking-water-quality
Your Drinking Water Quality
Related Information
Drinking Water Quality FAQs
Cross-Connection & Backflow
Protect Your Pipes
Facts about PFAS
Keeping The Lead Out
Your Water Sources
Loudoun Water provides drinking water that meets all the standards required by the Safe Drinking Water Act, which is enforced by the Virginia Department of Health.
Loudoun Water customers receive drinking water from the Potomac River and Goose Creek.
The Potomac River is augmented by reservoirs in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia through a shared supply agreement with neighboring water providers.
Goose Creek receives water from Beaverdam Creek Reservoir and Goose Creek Reservoir. Beaverdam Creek Reservoir fills Goose Creek Reservoir when water levels get low and vice versa.
For our Central System customers , drinking water comes from Potomac River and Goose Creek . Potomac River is augmented by reservoirs in Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia
through a shared supply agreement with neighboring water providers . Goose Creek receive water from Beaverdam Reservoir and Goose Creek Reservoir .
Beaverdam Reservoir fill Goose Creek Reservoir when water levels get low and vice versa .
Your drinking water from Potomac River was fully treated by Loudoun Water and by our wholesaler , Fairfax Water .
Drinking water from Goose Creek was fully treated by Loudoun Water.
Annual Water Quality Reports
Loudoun Water publishes annual consumer confidence water quality reports each year as a requirement under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
These reports provide information about where your water comes from, what's added, how it is treated, tests that are performed, information on fluoride, and quality evaluation.
Data for inorganic and metals parameters for Fairfax Water's source and treated waters for Potomac River , Corbalis Water Treatment Plant is available on their website.
Information about Loudoun Water testing for lead in accordance with the EPA's Lead and Copper Rule can be found in the Water Quality Reports.
Customers receive notices with their bills by July 1 each year with a direct link to the current water quality report. If you have any questions or would like to request
a printed copy, please call our Customer Relations team at 571-291-7880.
=================================
--- https://www.viennava.gov/residents/town-services/water-and-sewer-services/annual-flushing-program from google ( fairfax water annual flush ) result 9
Water Main Flushing Program
Fire Hydrant Nutley Property Yard - heroTo help maintain a high water-quality standards and ensure proper and efficient fire hydrant operation,
the Town of Vienna flushes water mains in its distribution system each spring.
In year 2025, flushing will take place March 24 - May 5 from 9 pm - 5 am .
Temporary change to treatment with free chlorine
The Town's flushing program happens at same time that Fairfax Water Authority switches from chloramines to free chlorine
for water treatment during a brief period each year. This allows Vienna and others in the Fairfax Water service area to perform annual
fire hydrant flushing.
During most of the year, chloramine, also known as combined chlorine, is added to the water as the primary disinfectant.
During flushing program period, chlorine is added in an uncombined state, commonly referred to as free chlorine.
Free chlorine is somewhat more volatile than combined chlorine, which allows it to react with sediments suspended during flushing.
Water mains are flushed by opening fire hydrants and allowing the water to flow freely for a short period of time.
This also enables the Town to test and perform routine maintenance on the more than 900 fire hydrants within its service area.
The use of free chlorine for this short period of time also helps control biological film, known as biofilm, which is found in all water pipes and
can lead to water quality problems if not controlled. By switching to free chlorine, the biofilm is “shocked” and weakened.
What customers can expect
Depending on your usage patterns and location within the distribution system, it may take up to a week for your drinking water to transition
from combined to free chlorine or from free chlorine back to combined chlorine at the conclusion of the disinfection chemistry change period.
During the time that free chlorine is used, you may notice a chlorine taste and odor in your drinking water.
If you are especially sensitive to the taste and odor of chlorine then try keeping an open container of drinking water in your refrigerator.
This allows the chlorine to dissipate, thus reducing the chlorine taste.
Note: If you have an aquarium or pond, always test the water you add to your aquatic environment throughout the year to ensure
that it is free of chlorine before adding fish or other animals. Chemical additives that remove either free chlorine or chloramines
from water for use in fish tanks or ponds are available at pet/fish supply stores.
Flushing may result in some discoloration and the presence of sediment in your water. These conditions are not harmful and should be of
short duration. If you encounter discolored water in your home, run the cold-water faucet until the water is clear.
Report illegal use of fire hydrants
Any use of a fire hydrant can cause discoloration or sediment in the water lines.
If you suspect someone is using a fire hydrant illegally, please notify the police immediately at 703-255-6366.
==================================================================================================================================================================
--- usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2021/05/21/infrastructure-neglect-water-towers-add-millions-illnesses/6769259002/
from google ( epa water tower cleaning frequency ) result 4
publish-date : 21 may 2021 | Updated : 1 jun 2021 3:45 am et
scriber : Kyle Bagenstose
Dead snakes and mice, toxic sludge: How pathogens go unnoticed in America's water towers
Many water towers have been left to fester, sometimes making people sick. The federal EPA has been looking into uniform regulations for years.
In March 2020 , residents in small coastal community of Delray-Beach--city , Florida-state , noticed something strange about water coming
from their taps . It was discolored . Smelly . Flecked with bits of dirt .
“You looked at it , and it wasn’t clean” resident Reeve-Bright said .
“You started seeing ice coming out of ice-maker , and you’re going , ‘What the heck is going on ? There is stuff in that frozen water.’”
Complaints to delray-beach--city prompted discovery of sediment that had accumulated inside 1 of delray-beach--city’s massive water-storage-tanks.
That sediment had traveled along with water to cups , cookware , ice trays , bath-tubs .
It wasn’t a freak occurrence or result of some unavoidable problem . An investigation found no records that
that water-storage-tank had ever been cleaned since it was built in 1972 .
Water storage tanks , especially those sitting atop towers emblazoned with logos , serve as the most visible symbol of an amenity
most Americans take for granted – clean water for drinking, cooking and bathing.
In the absence of central oversight , water storage tanks are one of the most visible, yet most vulnerable parts of a water supply system
most Americans take for granted — even though experts estimate tens of millions of people get sick every year from their drinking water.
Shared by Karen Morton
They’re also 1 of the most vulnerable points in a public water supply. An opening as small as a few millimeters could prove
difference between drinking a glass of clean water and one contaminated by insects or animal feces that can cause diarrhea or respiratory infections.
Inspectors have found bloated snakes, mice and raccoons floating in water storage tanks after passing through small openings and drowning.
Pigeon droppings and other animal excrement have sickened entire communities after literally slipping through cracks.
Contaminated tap water causes tens of millions of illnesses each year, experts estimate, contributing to as many as 1,000 American deaths.
No one tracks how many are related to water tower contamination.
An investigation by USA TODAY and Indiana University’s Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism found gaps in water tank oversight
that expose an unsuspecting public to multiple risks. In the absence of federal regulations governing water tank maintenance,
each state determines on its own how frequently to inspect and clean this critical infrastructure.
How water towers work - and what can happen when they're not maintained
Some state appear to have no rules at all . Reporters called agencies responsible for water systems oversight in every state –
typically department of environmental quality or department of health – and found that some state do not require routine
water storage tank inspections.
Officials in other states said tanks are inspected during sanitary surveys required under federal-law every 3 to 5 year .
That surveys examine entire water supply system : source , treatment plant , distribution , sampling program and general management .
Water storage tanks are included , but it’s not clear how effectively .
The brown water residents of Delray Beach, Fla., found coming from their taps last year was attributed to sediment that had built up
inside a water tower that had no records of being cleaned since 1972. Bob Shanley, The Palm Beach Post
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators asked its members last year about their water tank regulations.
Of 41 states that responded to that survey , 37 state require visual inspections of the outside of water tanks and towers ,
but only 9 – 22 % – require interior-inspections needed to check for sediment-buildup or if animal carcasses have contaminated water-supply .
ASDWA declined to share that state-by-state results of that survey.
Even when states require routine inspections and maintenance , enforcement of these rules can be lax .
Florida Department of Environmental Protection , for example , says water storage tanks must be inspected and cleaned inside every 5 year ,
but it took a flurry of customer complaints and a city investigation to catch that potentially 50-year maintenance gap in Delray-Beach--city .
George-Gretsas, Delray-beach--city-manager at that time of incident, said he determined during internal-investigation that there were no records
that that tank or several others belonging to city had ever been cleaned.
Incredulous, he asked staff if anyone even recalled any maintenance.
“Nobody could remember a time when those tanks were cleaned,” he said.
During its last scheduled visit in December 2019 , Palm-Beach-County Department of Health , which inspect water-utilities on behalf of
DEP in the county , appeared to miss that problem .
The department recorded that that north-tank had last been cleaned in year 2015 , which was not true .
The department told USA TODAY it relies on utilities to tell the truth and “was told” that that tank had been cleaned.
Only after sediment reached drinking water did that department find out that no records of cleaning existed ; the department fined Delray $2,000 .
george-Gretsas , who was fired in November 2021 for what he said was an effort to reveal corrupt practices in city ,
said someone at the water department misled the agency at that time.
“It’s widespread corruption within the utilities department,” george-gretsas said . “They regularly lie to cover themselves up.”
George-Gretsas, former Delray-beach--city’s manager
It’s widespread corruption within the utilities department. They regularly lie to cover themselves up.
Delray provided documents to USA TODAY in which inspections from 2013 and 2015 note only light sedimentation inside the tanks.
The documents did not demonstrate compliance with state law.
Asked how water consumers can be confident in Florida’s tank cleaning and inspection laws given the oversight, the state’s DEP said
only that it was reviewing what happened in Delray and that it “remains confident” of its regulations.
EPA has known for years
EPA has known for at least 2 decade that many of usa's water-storage-tanks are deteriorating but has yet to create any specific regulations
for their upkeep.
In a report in 2002 that was part of a failed effort to regulate storage tanks, EPA found that as many as 1 of every 4 tanks
“have serious sanitary defects" and as many as 9 of 10 had “minor flaws that could lead to sanitary problems.”
In year 2015, researchers sampled sediment in 18 water-tanks across usa and found the deadly bacterium legionella in 2/3 .
EPA estimates that water-utilities nationwide need about $47 billion over 20 years to fully upgrade their storage tanks and ensure safe drinking water.
Erik Olson, senior strategic director at the Natural Resources Defense Council
EPA basically lets states pretty much do whatever they want to do, without any meaningful oversight or auditing. It’s a real problem.
The agency told USA TODAY in an email that it is gathering information to determine whether to regulate storage tank maintenance.
The agency held a virtual public meeting in October but may not arrive at a decision until 2024. Even if it does adopt rules,
they probably wouldn’t take effect until 3 year after that.
“EPA basically lets the states pretty much do whatever they want to do, without any meaningful oversight or auditing,” said Erik-Olson,
senior strategic director at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It’s a real problem.”
When water tank maintenance is neglected, the results can be deadly.
In 1993, 650 people got sick from a salmonella outbreak in Gideon, Missouri, after bird droppings got into a water tank through
a poorly protected vent. Seven died, all residents of a nursing home.
In Alamosa, Colo., about 1,300 people got sick and one died after a salmonella outbreak started in a municipal water storage tank in 2008.
Samuel Wasson, USA TODAY
In Alamosa, Colorado, about 1,300 people got sick and 1 died after salmonella-outbreak started in a municipal water storage tank in year 2008.
That 1 fatality had other health conditions, officials said.
In Peoria, Arizona, 2 5-year-old boys died in year 2002 after bathing in tap-water contaminated by Naegleria-fowleri, a microscopic organism
that infects the brain, destroying tissue and causing deadly inflammation. An investigation turned up the “brain-eating amoeba” in
a chlorinated water storage tank, among other sources.
More common than the identified outbreaks are the millions of cases of gastrointestinal or respiratory illness that no one suspected came
from their drinking water.
“It’s an endemic level of illness that we just sort of live with. We have to decide, is it an acceptable risk?” said Kelly-Reynolds,
a professor of environmental health at the University of Arizona who studies how often Americans fall ill from drinking water.
Kelly Reynolds, professor of environmental health at the University of Arizona
It’s an endemic level of illness that we just sort of live with. We have to decide, is it an acceptable risk?
She estimated that contaminated drinking water causes as many as 21 million illnesses and 1,000 deaths annually,
though it’s hard to pinpoint exactly how much is attributed to problems in the tanks. Her estimates line up with research from others,
including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and EPA, which cite studies with estimates of up to 32 million illnesses a year.
Kristina Mena, a water safety expert and dean of the University of Texas Health School of Public Health in El Paso, said the country’s
growing elderly population, children and those with health issues are particularly at risk.
“The segment of the United States population who are in that immunocompromised category is greater than ever,” Mena said. “When there have been
waterborne outbreaks, those are the people that are going to have the more severe illness that may require hospitalization.”
Though the EPA has neglected to regulate water tank maintenance, it has made efforts to prevent contaminated drinking water. In 1989, the agency
began requiring all water systems that draw from rivers, creeks or lakes to add disinfectant, such as chlorine, before distributing to customers.
Experts estimate that contaminated drinking water in America causes as many as 21 million illnesses and 1,000 deaths annually. The country’s
growing elderly population, children and those with health issues are particularly at risk from waterborne outbreaks.
Albert Cesare, Montgomery Advertiser/ USA TODAY Network
Since then, an increasing number of states have required disinfection for systems that use groundwater.
EPA reported that about 2/3 of water systems, serving 90 % of Americans, disinfect.
The increase in disinfection helped prevent worst-case scenario outbreaks, experts said, but it’s not a cure-all :
Decaying animals or outside bacteria can overwhelm water treatment under certain conditions.
Industry professionals differ on how often such threats occur.
Christine-Gunsaullus, a water tower expert based in Reading, Pennsylvania, said that in her 26-year career as an inspector and
project manager, she’s encountered about 3,500 water-tanks and towers. Only 5 had a serious issue such as a dead animal or
other obvious public health risk.
"It's just a gut feel, based on my experience, that it really isn't a big, big problem,” Gunsaullus said.
Utilities that regularly inspect their tanks aren’t the problem, said Chip Stein, the managing principal at Tank Industry Consultants,
an engineering company that conducts water tank inspections in 48 states.
It’s the ones that delay maintenance or conduct infrequent inspections that worry him; the ones that call only when there’s a problem –
such as tanks where holes have corroded through a steel-plate roof, allowing animals and insects to get inside.
“That doesn’t happen overnight,” Stein said. “That is just neglect of inspection. For a hole to have corroded through that plate?
You know that tank probably hadn’t been looked at for 20 to 40 years.”
Snakes, mice in water supply
Water-tanks are far more than billboards for civic pride or simple storage for up to millions of gallons.
Stored water helps utilities meet peak demand periods, particularly mornings when customers are showering, brushing teeth and making coffee.
They create pressure throughout the system and are essential for fire safety.
For all their benefits, water tanks can prove dangerous if not maintained correctly. Tiny holes in the roof, walls or screens risk
the intrusion of birds, vermin, insects and their feces.
That’s why regular inspections of tanks are essential, said Mark LeChevallier, a water researcher and former chief environmental officer at
public utility company American Water.
“If you don’t do that, it’s not just that the problem is inside the tank,” he said. “That poor water can then go out into the water system.”
Inspections are complex, and the smallest of details potentially carry big risk. 1 example are the mesh screens built into tanks to allow air
to flow in when water flows out. Without them, the tank walls would crumple like a juice box being drained of its last drop.
Most experts call for the mesh in the screens to be 10 times smaller than a typical window screen. If not, tiny insects can pass through and
contaminate the water.
Inside the tank, if water is left too long, especially in hotter conditions, it can stagnate.
Disinfectants such as chlorine degrade, bacteria multiply and pathogens proliferate, particularly in the sediment that can accumulate at
the bottom of a tank.
A diver inspecting a water tank last year in Magna, Utah, discovered a dead raccoon in 1 of magna-city’s 500,000-gallon tanks.
Luckily, that animal was found before it could begin to decompose, so the only consequence to residents in the town west of Salt-Lake-City
was a boil-water notice while the tank was drained, cleaned, disinfected and tested.
In another instance documented in an EPA presentation, a federal inspector visited a water tank after levels of fecal bacteria had been elevated
for 6 months in drinking water. A single knothole in a wooden-board on water-tank’s exterior was missing.
Inside, 7 dead snakes and 3 bloated mice floated in water.
That presentation urged inspectors not to edit from inspection videos dead animal carcasses found within storage tanks.
The threat of waterborne illness or worse is a source of frustration for experts such as Reynolds, especially given the ease with
which they can be avoided through regular and consistent inspections and upkeep.
“Storage tanks are a finite source of contamination. And it should be very easy to control,” Reynolds said.
“These are things that just shouldn’t be happening.”
Risk vs. regulation
13 year after the outbreak in Alamosa, Colorado, Louise Malouff still won’t drink the city’s tap water.
She knows the city started adding chlorine after the incident, but she also knows that’s no guarantee against another outbreak
if the system isn’t properly maintained and inspected.
Everyone in Louise Malouff’s family got sick in 2008 during a salmonella outbreak in Alamosa, Colo., but no one was worse off than
her son Abel, now 19. “I just remember him lying on the floor in the emergency room, asking me if he was going to die,” recalls Malouff,
who still won’t drink the city’s tap water.
Everyone in Louise Malouff’s family got sick in 2008 during a salmonella outbreak in Alamosa, Colo., but no one was worse off than
her son Abel, now 19. “I just remember him lying on the floor in the emergency room, asking me if he was going to die,” recalls Malouff,
who still won’t drink the city’s tap water. Samuel Wasson, USA TODAY
Though Malouff’s entire family was sickened during the outbreak, her then-6-year-old son, Abel, suffered the worst effects, including diarrhea
and vomiting. His physician recommended she give him Gatorade to keep him hydrated. When Abel started vomiting and passing blood,
Malouff rushed him to a hospital.
“I just remember him lying on the floor in the emergency room, asking me if he was going to die,” Malouff said. “I felt helpless,
especially when we didn't know what was causing it. … It was something that scared the hell out of me, and I never want to go through that again.”
At a water treatment plant, EPA has limits on the amount of toxic chemicals and heavy metals that can go into the water supply.
At the other end, if pipes leading to homes corrode and release lead, the EPA can make a water system replace them.
But there’s little on the books for water storage tanks – at least from the EPA.
American Water Works Association recommends a set of best practices and standards that include inspecting water tanks every 3 year.
Because there is no federal regulation or enforcement, there’s no guarantee that happens.
Only federally required sanitary survey exists. But these are inconsistent at best, Bob Clement, an EPA microbiologist,
wrote in a compilation of water storage tank training materials posted to the agency’s website.
EPA removed the slideshow after a reporter inquired about it, citing outdated guidance it contained.
Clement wrote in the training materials that inspections are only as good as the people doing them, and there’s a gulf in
educational and professional experiences of this profession. He said the surveys require inspection of so many different parts of
a water system that details can be missed.
“Surveyors are not given enough time or taking enough time to thoroughly inspect storage tanks,” Clement wrote. “So much has been piled
onto the survey that tanks have taken a back seat.”
Bob Clement, EPA microbiologist
Surveyors are not given enough time or taking enough time to thoroughly inspect storage tanks.
So much has been piled onto the survey that tanks have taken a back seat.
Alan Roberson, executive director of the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, said “most” water systems perform at least
a visual inspection on a regular basis. He conceded the condition of the nation’s water tanks “probably needs some improvement,”
as water authorities don’t always prioritize maintenance in the absence of federal regulation.
“As systems struggle with their finances, it’s an easy thing to say, ‘We’ll push off that inspection for another year,’” Roberson said.
New rules coming?
Though EPA is considering regulations for water tanks, any new rules wouldn’t be in place until 2027, and the agency hasn’t said
what could be on the table.
LeChevallier, who has served on EPA regulatory panels, predicted minimal pushback if water authorities were required to conduct
regular inspections most already do.
“What regulations tend to do is codify what everyone considers best practice,” he said.
The federal EPA is considering regulations for water tanks, but new rules wouldn’t be in place until 2027, and experts aren’t in full agreement
on what should be done.
Trevor Hughes, USA TODAY NETWORK
LeChevallier said the greatest impact could be made by requiring uniform training and certification for inspectors who conduct sanitary surveys.
For Roberson, increased water sampling could provide the biggest benefit.
And therein lies the rub: Though many experts agree on the need to do something about water storage tanks, consensus falls apart on exactly what.
The water administrator’s survey showed more than half of states agreed on the need for more regulation, but specifics varied.
Some cited storage tanks, others named issues with disinfecting water or regulating private water companies. Even when officials agreed
more oversight is needed, they were leery of blanket federal regulations that apply the same to every water system.
“How do you write the reg in a way that you get good, solid practice?” said Steve Via, director of federal relations for
American Water Works Association. “Just because you can check a box that you’ve got a rule that says thou shalt do something,
doesn’t mean you’ve actually pushed a good practice.”
Help support quality local journalism like this.
While EPA surveys this landscape in considering new regulations, America’s water towers continue to age. The risks are growing,
even if they are invisible to most people, said Reynolds, the Arizona health researcher.
“We’re giving this product (water) to our children the moment they’re born, right?” she said. “And we’re making their formula with it.
And adults drink it, 2 liters a day on average, for our entire lives.”
Contributing: Alyssa Velez, Lily Wray, Brianna Lanham, Daniela Molina, Drake Garbacik, Nathan Moore, Nadia Scharf and Emma Cail of
Indiana University’s Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism
Published 4:00 PM GMT+7 May. 21, 2021 Updated 2:45 AM GMT+7 Jun. 2, 2021
===============================================================================================================================================
--- nytimes.com/2014/01/27/nyregion/inside-citys-water-tanks-layers-of-neglect.html
from google ( epa water tower cleaning frequency ) page 4 number 10
publish-date : 27 jan 2014
scriber : Ray-Rivera , Frank-G-Runyeon , Russ-Buettner
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Inside City’s Water Tanks, Layers of Neglect
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Rooftop-water-towers are primary-source of drinking water for many New Yorkers, but/yet frequently they are poorly maintained,
and present a potential health hazard.
With their quaint barrel-like contours and weathered cedar-plank sides, rooftop water towers are a constant on the New York City skyline.
And though they may look like relics of a past age, millions of residents get their drinking water from the tanks every day.
But inside these rustic-looking vessels, there are often thick layers of muddy sediment.
Many have not been cleaned or inspected in years. And regulations governing water tanks are rarely enforced,
an examination by The New York Times shows.
Even some that are routinely maintained contain E. coli, a bacterium that is used by public health officials to predict the presence of viruses,
bacteria and parasites that can cause disease.
When found in drinking water, E. coli, a microbe carried in the feces of mammals and birds, requires the issuance of a boil-water order,
according to federal Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
Samplings taken by The New York Times from water-towers at 12 buildings in Manhattan , Queens , Brooklyn found E. coli in 5 tanks,
and coliform in those tanks and 3 more. Coliform by itself is not harmful, but does indicate that conditions are ripe for the growth of
potentially dangerous microorganisms. The positive results all came from the bottoms of the tanks, below the pipe that feeds the buildings’ taps,
though public health experts say the contamination is still a concern because the water circulates throughout the inside of the tanks.
1 expert The Times consulted, Dr. Stephen C. Edberg, a public-health microbiologist at Yale University who invented the now-standard test for
bacterial contamination in drinking water, was so alarmed by the results that he immediately alerted the New York City Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene. The department has oversight over the tanks.
“Fecal-contamination means that that towers are subject to animal-intrusion, almost certainly birds and potentially animals such as squirrels,”
Dr. Edberg wrote in an email to the department, adding, “Clearly, these units are not sealed to the outside.”
City health officials insist that the tanks are safe, and that the laws governing them are adequate.
The city’s 311 help line gets dozens of calls each year from residents saying they have become ill from drinking water,
but health officials say no cases have ever been traced back to a water tank.
That does not mean people are not getting sick, Dr. Edberg said.
“It’s very hard, with a population as large and dense as New York, to even ascertain even reasonably large illness outbreaks,”
he said. “You’d literally have to have entire apartment buildings getting sick at the same time.”
Those thousands tanks that dot skyline are part of a water system that originates at 19 protected lakes and reservoirs in upstate New York.
City officials like to boast that the system provides the finest tap water of any city in the world.
But the vast system of safeguards protecting the water supply virtually ends at the curb. From that point on, it is up to building owners
to ensure that their tanks are cleaned, inspected and tested for bacteria annually, as required by the city’s building and health codes.
The city’s own surveys suggest that nearly 60 percent of the owners do not comply. And the city has done little to make them.
No Proof Required
Water-tanks came into widespread use in late year 1800s, as city’s water-mains were unable to keep up with requirements of ever-taller buildings.
Even today, the mains provide only enough pressure to deliver water to 6-th floor of most buildings.
Taller buildings use electric-pumps to carry water to a spout at the top of the water tanks, letting gravity do the rest.
An exit pipe about midway down distributes drinking water to the building, while another pipe near the bottom is used for sprinkler systems and
firefighting.
Image
Andre Kolakowski, at top, and Waldemar Miszkowski of American Pipe and Tank prepare to clean a rooftop water tank.
Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times
Yet as vital as these vessels are to the city’s water supply, oversight is virtually nonexistent.
Building owners are not required to submit proof to the city that cleanings and inspections have been conducted, as they do
for elevator and boiler inspections. Until recently, they did not have to provide evidence of the inspections to their tenants.
City health and buildings officials cannot even say for sure how many water tanks are in use. Estimates range from 12,000 to 17,000,
based on inventory of buildings that stand seven stories or taller.
Asked if neglecting to clean and inspect the tanks could have negative health consequences, Dan Kass, the health department’s deputy commissioner
for environmental health, said, “We don’t have any evidence that there is.”
During a 2009 City Council hearing, a department official said that the city had other ways to keep tabs on water quality, by taking samples
from taps all over the city every month, as well as monitoring hospital visits and medication sales for signs of outbreaks. The official said
in cases where the department receives a complaint about water quality, the water was found to be safe 99 percent of the time.
Another potential concern is the use of an epoxy called Sea-Goin’-Poxy-Putty, which is not approved for use in drinking-water, a violation of
city’s health-code. That epoxy which is bisphenol-A-based polymer formulated in year 1950s to repair ship-hulls underwater, is used to caulk leaks
in wood-tanks.
At least 2 of those 3 companies that dominate tank-installation-business use the epoxy. Andrew Rosenwach, president of 1 of those companies,
Rosenwach-Tank, said that that company uses epoxy because it works on damp surfaces.
“If the health department tells us to stop using it, we’ll stop using it,” Mr. Rosenwach said.
“And we’ll be replacing tanks left and right, which is O.K. with us.”
Image
A SoHo skyline dotted with water towers.Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times
A SoHo skyline dotted with water towers.
The department said that it would investigate if someone reported the epoxy’s use in a specific water tank. Whether it would require
the epoxy to be removed “would be determined on a case-by-case basis,” it said in a statement.
The department also said that it did not necessarily matter that the epoxy was not certified for drinking water. “Most epoxy curing agents
become inert once cured, and would not be expected to impact water quality,” it said.
Taking Samples
The superintendent of 1 Queens building became concerned about its water supply a few years ago. The rooftop tank was about 8 year old at that time
and had never been cleaned.
When he opened the hatch under the tank’s conical roof, he found pigeon droppings in the crawl space between the roof and the tank cover.
Sunlight shot through cracks between the roof’s slatted planks. The water inside looked impenetrable and brown.
The super, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to protect his job, said that he complained, but the property manager said the tank was fine.
Not satisfied, the super called 311, where an operator referred him to the health department. But, the super said, no one from
the department returned his call.
The super drained the tank himself and found thick layers of muck at the bottom that he could not flush out because the drain nipple was too high.
“The mud smelled so foul,” he said. “I poured Clorox in and kept flushing it out, but I couldn’t get it all out.”
Image
Andre Kolakowski drained and cleaned a water tank.Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times .
1 day he found a pigeon-bone in strainer of a resident’s kitchen-faucet.
Finally, building’s co-op board agreed to have the tank professionally cleaned. A water sample taken by The Times just before
a more recent cleaning tested positive for coliform and E. coli.
Tank cleaning companies have an inventory of stories about finding dead birds, mice and animal droppings.
1 cleaner discovered a homeless person living in attic-space between a tank cover and the roof.
The Times took samples from 14 drinking water tanks in 12 buildings. Samples from 8 of those tanks came back with positive results
for total coliform. 5 of those also came back positive for E. coli. A positive result for either sample means that the water is not fit
for human consumption, according to state and federal standards.
In each of the instances, the tanks were cleaned after the sampling and retested by cleaning companies, which then reported negative results.
Each sample was taken near the bottom of the tank — where sediment builds up and bacteria and viruses are more likely to thrive — but below
spigot that feeds the buildings’ faucets.
Still, Dr. Edberg said, “The problem is that if any part of the tank gets contaminated, all of it is contaminated.”
The health department said the methodology used and the conclusions drawn by The Times were flawed. The department said The Times had used
non-sterilized equipment and had not followed suggested testing protocols. But with the exception of three of the positive samples,
in which The Times took the sample during the cleaning, The Times followed the protocols exactly as recommended.
Samplings taken by The New York Times from water towers at 12 buildings in Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn found E. coli in 5 tanks,
and coliform in those tanks and three more.Credit...Michael Kirby Smith for The New York Times
In 1995, Steve Sanders, then a state assemblyman who represented Manhattan’s East Side, became concerned after maintenance workers
at Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village, the sprawling middle-class apartment complex, told him of deplorable conditions in the complex’s water tanks.
“They told me stories about workers swimming in them in the summer, and about pigeon excrement,” Mr. Sanders recalled.
The city code at the time prevented him from viewing the complex’s inspection records, but Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani ordered the health department
to investigate. The department took water samples and checked the inspection records of 248 randomly chosen buildings.
About 3 percent showed levels of coliform bacteria (the study did not test for E. coli). And about 35 % of the building landlords could not
provide proof of inspection.
The results satisfied health officials that a more proactive monitoring system was not needed.
“We were never satisfied,” said Steve Kaufman, who was Mr. Sanders’s chief of staff at the time.
Insisting on Inspections
In 2009, at the urging of Mr. Kaufman, Daniel Garodnick, a city councilman who lives in Stuyvesant Town, sponsored legislation
that would require the health department to track water tank inspections through a database.
The health department called the measure unnecessary and too expensive. Christopher Boyd, the director of the department’s Office of
Public Health Engineering, told the Council the database would cost 300,000 usd to set up and 65,000 usd per year to maintain.
The Council decided against the database, but passed a bill mandating, for the first time, that building owners make inspection records
available to tenants, and to post proof of the inspections in prominent places. It also, for the first time, required that tank water be tested
for contamination once a year. The new law required the health department to conduct three surveys, checking the inspection records of 100 randomly
chosen buildings each year from 2010 through 2012.
The results were not encouraging. No more than 42 percent of the buildings surveyed each year could provide proof of a bacteriological test.
Of those buildings that could provide proof, all were found to be free of contamination, though the samplings were typically done after
the tanks were cleaned, which is allowed. But even among these buildings, most failed to post their inspection notices, and most could not
provide proof that they had performed an inspection in each of the previous five years, as city law also requires.
More than $700,000 in fines was levied against the buildings in the survey. Despite the findings, the health department said it had no plans
to expand enforcement of the laws, though it said it would continue to do annual surveys.
“The department continues to monitor compliance with the regulation and improve compliance by consulting with building owners regarding
the requirements, through Realtor associations and building management companies,” the department said in a statement.
A version of this article appears in print on Jan. 27, 2014, Section A, Page 14 of the New York edition with the headline:
Inside City’s Water Tanks, Layers of Neglect. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe
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===============================================================================================================================================
14 mar 2026 12:11 am est : #t-3#
if living in area where there is ice/snow/winter season then every 22 sep ( beginning of libra month / autumn equinox day ) :
(1)shut-down all exterior water-faucet
(2)remove water inside water-pipe which connect to all exterior water-faucet . example : remove water inside water-pipe underneath garage-floor
because garage-room not get warm air from air-heater / air-radiator .
because freezing water inside water-pipe , expand / become bigger then break water-pipe : youtube.com/watch?v=PFdnvmPTrxc ( Raw Video: Deep-freeze Shatters Bottle ) from youtube-recommendation in youtube.com/watch?v=gdzR17e2MCo ( Freezing water expanding )
=======================================================================
14 mar 2026 12:29 am est :
#reword# maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , wood house :
#to# maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , inside house with structure/skeleton made of wood , is 758 lbs / 344 kg weight per foot2 because :
=======================================================================
14 mar 2026 12:33 am est : #t-4#
--- https://support.kohler.com/hc/en-us/articles/360001874434-Weight-Bearing-Limit-for-Kohler-Toilets-Toilet-Seats-and-Lavatories from google (kohler sterling toilet bowl weight capacity) result 1
weight bearing limit for kohler toilet , toilet seat , lavatory
(1/5)Floor Mounted Toilet . maximum-user-weight : 1,000 Lbs
Current production Kohler floor mounted vitreous china water closet bowls will withstand a vertical force up to 1,000 lbs.
Note that there are no standards that specify a minimum load bearing capability requirement for floor mount water closet .
(2/5)Wall Mounted Toilet . maximum-user-weight:unknown , pass 500 Lbs-test
Current production Kohler wall mounted vitreous china water closets meet the 500 lbs. minimum load bearing requirements of
ASME A112.19.2-2005/CSA B4 5.1-05 National Consensus Standards for Vitreous China Plumbing Fixture .
(3/5)Wall Mounted Lavatory . maximum-user-weight:unknown , pass 250 Lbs-test
Current product Kohler wall mounted lavatories meet the 250 lbs. minimum load bearing requirements of ASME A112.19.2-2005/CSA B45.1-05 National Consensus Standards
for Vitreous China Plumbing Fixture .
(4/5)Wall Mounted Urinal . maximum-user-weight:unknown , pass 50 Lbs-test
Current product Kohler wall mounted vitreous china urinals meet 50 lbs minimum load bearing requirements of ASME A112.19.2-2005/CSA B45.1-05 National Consensus Standards
for Vitreous China Plumbing Fixture .
(5/5)Toilet Seat . maximum-user-weight:unknown , pass 300 Lbs-test
Kohler not specify weight limit on our toilet seat . These seats are designed to pass industry standard ANSI Z124
Plastic Toilet Seat Test Requirement for residential toilet seat . This specification calls out static load test of 300 lbs .
and several dynamic test that involve side load rocking and drop testing , which this toilet seat have passed .
please note that the aforementioned standards apply to current production products . ASME Standards are not controlled by Kohler Co. and are subject to change.
(Dated 7/26/11)
===========================================================
14 mar 2026 3:51 am est :
#reword# every 22 sep ( beginning of libra month / autumn equinox day ) :
#to# if living in area where there is ice/snow/winter season : every 22 sep ( beginning of libra month / autumn equinox day ) :
===========================================================
14 mar 2026 3:56 am est :
#add# because freezing water inside water-pipe , expand then break water-pipe : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFdnvmPTrxc ( Raw Video: Deep-freeze Shatters Bottle ) from youtube-recommendation in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdzR17e2MCo ( Freezing water expanding )
===========================================================
15 mar 2026 1:26 am est :
(1)#reword#
maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , inside house with structure/skeleton made of wood , is 758 lbs / 344 kg weight per foot2 because :
758 lbs / 344 kg weight break '2 x 4' wood : youtube.com/watch?v=3YRilYntCMo ( I tested the strength of the 2 by 4! ) from youtube-search ( wood floor weight stress test ) result 5
#to#
usa-framing-design-guide say maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , inside house with structure/skeleton made of wood , is 330 lbs / 150 kg weight per foot2 because :
758 lbs / 344 kg weight break '2 x 4' , 2.4 meter / 8 foot long , wood in middle area : youtube.com/watch?v=3YRilYntCMo ( I tested the strength of the 2 by 4! ) from youtube-search ( wood floor weight stress test ) result 5
(2)#reword#
so 758 lbs / 344 kg weight per foot2 , is suppose to be fine .
#to#
so 330 lbs / 150 kg weight per foot2 , is suppose to be fine .
==============================================================
15 mar 2026 1:44 am est :
(1)#reword# if living in area where there is ice/snow/winter season : every 22 sep ( beginning of libra month / autumn equinox day ) :
#to# if living in area where there is ice/snow/winter season then every 22 sep ( beginning of libra month / autumn equinox day ) :
(2)#remove# https://www. #in front of# youtube.com
==============================================================
15 mar 2026 10:18 pm est : end 10:30 pm est
#reword#
minimum joist wood size seems '2 x 6' .
[source :
'The most common lumber sizes for floor joists are 2 x 6 , 2 x 8 , 2 x 10 , 2x12. Larger joists can span across wider areas. For example, a 2x6 joist would have a 12-foot, 6-inch maximum span, and a 2x10 joist would have a 21-foot maximum span.
Aug 12, 2024
Floor Joist Spacing - The Home Depot
www.homedepot.com › ... › Pro Guides › Flooring Ideas & Projects' from google.com ( subfloor joist size ) result-preview 1 ]
#to#
[source : 'The most common lumber sizes for floor joists are 2x6, 2x8, 2x10, and 2x12. Larger joists can span across wider areas. For example, a 2x6 joist would have a 12-foot, 6-inch maximum span, and a 2x10 joist would have a 21-foot maximum span. Additionally, wood species and grading determines how far apart floor joists can be spaced. Harder woods can be spaced farther apart, and can be cut into larger joists. Another example would be sets of 2x12 joists of different species and grades. #1 Grade Douglas Fir-Larch joists could be spaced 12 inches apart. #2 Grade Hem-fir joists could be spaced 16 inches apart. #3 Southern Pine joists could be spaced 19.2 inches apart. SS Grade Spruce-pine-fir joists could be spaced 24 inches apart. ' in find 'https://www.homedepot.com/c/ah/floor-joist-spacing/9ba683603be9fa5395fab901b3da028f from google.com ( subfloor joist size ) result 1' ]
================================================================
--- https://www.homedepot.com/c/ah/floor-joist-spacing/9ba683603be9fa5395fab901b3da028f from google.com ( subfloor joist size ) result 1
Last updated 12 aug 2024
Floor Joist Spacing
[photos : many floor joist become floor frame of building ]
Floor joists come in many types and sizes, but all must be compliant with national safety codes and regulations. A construction or remodeling project must be accurate
in planning its joist span and spacing, or project managers may not get their permits to move forward. Find out the right joist material and size for your project, and
get started finding the necessary measurements.
shop framing lumber now : https://www.homedepot.com/b/Lumber-Composites-Dimensional-Lumber/N-5yc1vZc3tc
Difficulty : Intermediate
Duration : Under 2 hours
what is floor joist span and spacing ? ------------------------------------------------
[photo : A level is used to ensure that joists are spaced and installed evenly ]
Floor joists are supporting members used in building floors that span over an open space and between load-bearing walls and structural beams. They are placed parallel and
equidistant to each other, and connect to vertical members like studs and support beams which distribute weight across the rest of the framing.
Individual joists need to be able to support the anticipated load for the building over long periods of time. It is important to have joists at the right depth for a project,
because they provide critical stability for a floor or ceiling system.
Joists are usually spaced one or two feet apart. The required joist depth gets larger depending on how far apart each joist is from each other. This limits stress on the joists and prevents deflection over time. A general rule for sizing joist depth is to take half of the intended joist span in feet, add two, and then use that number in inches. For example, a 12-foot span would require a joist span of 8 inches:
12 ft. / 2 = 6
6 + 2 = 8-inch joist span
Blocking the spaces between joists with smaller pieces of wood can reduce this stress and increase overall stability in the floor framing. A floor frame can have more strength if it is built with engineered wood joists instead of the more common farmed lumber. Prefabricated joist options such as I-joists increase the overall depth and are made with higher quality wood.
floor joist material code requirement -----------------------------------------------
A stack of lumber waiting to be cut down to floor joist size
The International Residential Code (IRC) has provisions for the types of lumber and wood products that can be used to frame homes. For example, sawn lumber for homes must have a grade mark from an accredited lumber grading agency. End-jointed lumber is also available, but it must be of the same grade as the sawn lumber used in the project.
Some wood must be protected against decay with preservatives, which come with their own regulation requirements. Any lumber or wood product treated with preservatives must undergo a second inspection to determine quality and if it is treated for the same purpose as it is being used for. The IRC lists several cases in which wood must be treated for protection against decay.
Wood members that are within a certain distance of exposed ground. For floor joists and frames, this distance is 18 inches. Girders have a distance of 12 inches, and columns have 8 inches. This remains true even if the members rest on concrete exterior foundation walls.
Sills and sleepers on a concrete or masonry slab that directly touches the ground.
Wood girders with less than 1/2 inch of clearance entering exterior masonry or concrete walls.
Exterior wood siding, sheathing, and wall framing less than six inches from the ground or less than 2 inches from concrete steps, porches or patio slabs.
Structural members that support moisture-permeable floors or roofs that are exposed to the weather.
Wood furring strips or other members that structure appurtenances like balconies that are not covered by a roof or eave that would prevent water accumulation.
Wood columns that directly touch basement floor slabs unless supported by concrete or metal pedestals. These pedestals must project at least one inch above the basement floor and be separated by an impervious moisture barrier.
Fireplaces may require the surrounding area to use heat-treated lumber, which will contain “heat-resistant adhesive” (HRA) in its grade mark.
Sawn lumber and I-joists will be graded differently. All provisions for prefabricated and composite lumber can be found in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) code, as opposed to the IRC.
The most common species of wood used in floor framing are listed in the IRC floor joist span requirements. Each category refers to a set of similar species or a combination of multiple species.
Douglas fir-larch: Refers to Douglas fir and Western larch wood
Hem-fir: A hybrid between Hemlock and Fir
Southern pine: Refers to Southern Yellow pine
Spruce-pine-fir: A category for Spruce, White pine and the “true firs”
[photo : Construction workers framing a floor by checking the distance between each joist ]
floor joist spacing code requirement -----------------------------------------------
The IRC’s code requirements for maximum joist spacing is based on the species of wood used, its grade and the size of the roof’s rafters. Joist spacing measurements are proportional to the maximum dead load and live load, which is denoted in pounds per square foot (psf).
For sleeping areas and attics connected by a fixed staircase, the maximum dead load for joists is 20 psf. The maximum live load is 30 psf.
For living areas, the maximum dead load is also 20 psf. However, the maximum live load is 40 psf.
‘Dead load’ refers to the long-term furniture, appliances and other fixtures that are expected to remain in the building over many years. ‘Live load’ refers to variable loads and forces the building may experience while in use, such as occupants, snow, vehicles and the force of extreme weather or earthquakes.
The most common lumber sizes for floor joists are 2x6, 2x8, 2x10, and 2x12. Larger joists can span across wider areas.
For example, a 2x6 joist would have a 12-foot, 6-inch maximum span, and a 2x10 joist would have a 21-foot maximum span.
Additionally, wood species and grading determines how far apart floor joists can be spaced. Harder woods can be spaced farther apart, and can be cut into larger joists. Another example would be sets of 2x12 joists of different species and grades.
#1 Grade Douglas Fir-Larch joists could be spaced 12 inches apart.
#2 Grade Hem-fir joists could be spaced 16 inches apart.
#3 Southern Pine joists could be spaced 19.2 inches apart.
SS Grade Spruce-pine-fir joists could be spaced 24 inches apart.
floor joist span illustration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Floor joists span all the way to foundation walls
The formula calculates the number of joists a floor needs, as well as the maximum allowable span each joist can have. Each variable that cannot be identified with a simple measurement also has its own formula. Once each variable is found, you can plug the calculations into the joist span formula and find the maximum allowable span.
In order to find the necessary number of joists for a project (N), use the following formula.
N=1+L+W/S
Where :
N is number of joists needed,
L is length of floor,
W is the width of floor joist
S is the on-center spacing of the floor joists
Any value for N with a decimal can be rounded up to the nearest whole number. The length of the floor is perpendicular to the floor joists.
Maximum joist span is calculated using the maximum standard measurements for live load and deflection rate. The live load is necessary to ensure the joists will be able to support the floor and occupants. Deflection rate must be factored in to determine which joist sizes will last the longest without warping.
For residential living areas, the live load is 40 psf. The deflection rate can be no more than the joist span divided by 360.
optional approach to floor joist ---------------------------------
[photo : joist plate can strongly secure floor joists ]
Joist hangers are optional fasteners for floor joists, which can be used instead of toe-nailing or end-nailing joists to the ledger board and rim joists. These hangers provide more force to each joist, as well as hold them in place during installation. Additionally, these hangers have holes that make face-nailing and toe-nailing easier. With joist hangers, a contractor can install joists more efficiently and use less guesswork.
Wood trusses can also be used in place of traditional lumber joists. They offer a higher load-bearing capacity than lumber and are wider than I-joists. This allows for more spacious rooms that can support more live load.
A truss consists of an upper and lower chord connected by diagonal members to add extra stability. Each part of a truss is connected with a metal plate. These structures must be designed by a registered professional and must comply with the ANSI code. Without proper stability in a floor frame, wood trusses can rotate and shift under high loads. The IRC requires that all trusses be braced to the frame of the house to prevent this and provide more horizontal stability over time.
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16 mar 2026 1:48 am est : end 1:59 am est #t-5#
if using bradfordwhite.com water-heater-with-tank-or-reservoir-usually-50-gallon-reservoir then warm water contain more calcium and more invisible sediment :
youtube.com/watch?v=BHUPFLbb8NY&t=1m40s ( How Do Gas Water Heaters Work? | Repair and Replace ) .
that higher calcium level / more invisible sediment inside warm water , will create plague on dental / tooth , i try drinking hot water from faucet maybe 3 or 6 times
then my dental have plague . so maybe warm water is not good for washing raw rice during winter/snow season . pandaexpress.com wash their raw rice 6 times . [source : https://www.reddit.com/r/Cooking/comments/29lv3y/does_anyone_know_how_chinese_restaurants_make/ from reddit.com -> ( how chinese restaurant cook rice ) ] .
=================================================================================================================================
16 mar 2026 7:11 pm est : end 7:15 pm est
(1)#reword# so 330 lbs / 150 kg weight per foot2 , is suppose to be fine .
#to# so weight 330 lbs / 150 kg per foot2 , is suppose to be fine .
(2)#reword# usa house floor maximum weight = 40 lbs per foot2
#to# usa-building-code say maximum weight on 2-nd floor / floor level 2 , inside residential house with structure/skeleton made of wood , is 40 lbs per foot2
(3)#reword# that means person with weight 100 lbs will break usa house floor
#to# that means person with weight 100 lbs will break usa house floor level 2
==================================================================================================================================
16 mar 2026 9:57 pm est : #add# #t-5#
==================================================================================================================================
17 mar 2026 2 am est :
#reword# because freezing water inside water-pipe , expand then break water-pipe : youtube.com/watch?v=PFdnvmPTrxc ( Raw Video: Deep-freeze Shatters Bottle ) from youtube-recommendation in youtube.com/watch?v=gdzR17e2MCo ( Freezing water expanding )
#to# because freezing water inside water-pipe , expand / become bigger then break water-pipe : youtube.com/watch?v=PFdnvmPTrxc ( Raw Video: Deep-freeze Shatters Bottle ) from youtube-recommendation in youtube.com/watch?v=gdzR17e2MCo ( Freezing water expanding )
============================================================
17 mar 2026 10:14 pm est : #add# [addition 17 mar 2026 10:12 pm est]
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23 mar 2026 1:48 am est : #add# [addition 23 mar 2026 1:41 am est]
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6 apr 2026 4:25 am est , end 5:33 am est : #t-6#
most house , town-home in usa , have thermostat in level 1 , bed-room in level 2 , garage in level 0 .
so level 2 bed-room maybe become excessively hot and thermostat in level 1 not detect that excessive hotness in level 2 bed-room , so sleeping in level 2 bed-room become difficult .
how to sleep well during summer season , hot weather day :
(1)not wear shirt but sleep on shoulder side-way because dorsum / spine-area maybe have some oil because spine-area-skin can produce sweat like armpit produce sweat .
so spine-area-skin-oil not touch mattress .
(2)wear sleeve-less-shirt like some nba.com-team-basketball-player-sleeveless-uniform .
(3)set air-conditioner to 'always on' / set thermostat to 32 fahrenheit which is not possible to achieve during summer ,
but that make air-conditioner break-down earlier and that increase monthly-ampere-invoice .
(4)find handyman who can relocate thermostat to level 2 / same level with bed-room-floor-level .
(5)relocate to apartment because in apartment : sleeping-room , thermostat-room / living-room , is usually on same level .
disadvantage of residing in apartment :
(1)stranger's car maybe park on tenant's parking-lot .
(2)if apartment-tenant make mistake and break something then apartment-tenant pay repair-service .
(3)possibly outdoor car parking lot which is bad during rain , snow . or possibly indoor car parking lot but located rather far-away from entrance-door which is not so bad actually .
(4)laundry-machine is located inside public-laundry-room , and public-laundry-room maybe is located rather far-away from entrance-door .
disadvantage of residing in house , town-home :
(1)need to go to mail-box in outdoor-area daily to check mail because if mail-box become full then house-owner must go to usps.com-office
to take mail and sometimes there is waiting-line and during winter there maybe snow blocking road from house to mail-box .
1 big advertisement magazine from some university , some company , some shopping-mall , maybe make mail-box become full .
(2)find 'hoa' maybe put garden-and-landscaping bush-plant which partially block mail-box , so reaching mail-box become more difficult .
(3)during garbage-collection-day is over :
(1)some neighbor maybe mistakenly take our empty garbage-container . or maybe garbage-worker mistakenly return our empty garbage-container to neighbor's drive-way .
(2)strong wind maybe blow garbage-container which is outdoor and ready to be picked-up by garbage-worker during garbage-collection-day , causing garbage-container
to fall-down on asphalt and spill garbage to asphalt .
(4)need to shovel snow on : drive-way / road in-front-of garage , pedestrian-walking-platform in-front-of town-home .
(5)maybe difficult to find stable job in 1 area , management restructure maybe happen anytime then some job maybe become more stress-full ( stress-full job-duty ,
difficult meeting time , provocative braggadocio meeting , provocative face-to-face-talk ) , and usually immigrant-worker get office-politics-pressure to resign first .
but i not know how non-office-job stability is .
(6)stand-alone house have garden-grass which need to be mowed , hoa seems not mow garden-grass belonging to stand-alone house . hoa mow garden-grass belonging to town-home .
hoa will penalise stand-alone house owner who have tall garden-grass .
(7)need to remember to do find 'shut-down all exterior water-faucet' successfully without breaking anything , usually that process need person to enter hvac-and-water-radiator-room
which is maybe very small , and turning-on hvac-and-water-radiator-room's light-bulb is with procedure pulling some rope which hang from ceiling ,
oily head-skin maybe accidentally touch that light-bulb-button-rope then smear head-skin-oil to that light-bulb-switch-rope . cleaning that light-bulb-switch-rope , is not possible .
advantage of residing in apartment :
(1)easy garbage collection : usually there is truck-trailer-garbage-container ready to accept garbage-bag anytime .
(2)easier to relocate to get job somewhere else ( can do job-hopping / change job frequently ) .
(3)great climate control / temperature control which is helpful for trying to fall asleep .
(4)no need to do find 'shut-down all exterior water-faucet'
advantage of residing in house / town-home :
(1)possibly personal indoor car garage which is located nearby entrance-door , helpful during rain
(2)personal laundry room
(3)owning house / town-home or renting house / town-home , is cheaper than apartment-rental-price :
1 year real-estate-county-tax for house / town-home :
(1)showingnew.com/berithmacfarlane / matrix.brightmls.com/DE.asp?p=DE-456067757-945&k=3687239X72NZ ->
pulte.com->usa->virginia-state->loudoun-county-ashburn-city->snow-powder-terrace-street->building-number-22476 : 4,781.9 usd ( from 2,390.95 usd x 2 )
(2)showingnew.com/berithmacfarlane / matrix.brightmls.com/DE.asp?p=DE-456067757-945&k=3687239X72NZ ->
tollbrothers.com->usa->virginia-state->loudoun-county-ashburn-city->cambridgeport-square-street->building-number-22555 : 6,495.12 usd ( from 3,247.56 usd x 2 )
1 year home-owner-association fee / hoa , for house / town-home : 300 usd x 12 = 3,600 usd
1 year apartment rental price : 22,500 usd => 26,244 usd
source :
--- https://www.equityapartments.com/washington-dc/mt-vernon-triangle/455-eye-street-apartments
monthly rent for address : 455 I St NW , Washington , DC 20001
Studio ( 0 bed-room , 1 shower-room ) : 2,121 usd , 2,166 usd , 2,187 usd
1 bed-room , 1 shower-room : 2,553 usd , 2,843 usd , 3,008 usd
2 bed-room , 2 shower-room : 3,603 usd , 3,618 usd
--- https://www.springfieldgardensapartments.com/floorplans
1 bed-room ( 1-a ) a : bed-room : 1 ; bath-room : 1 ; area : 504 feet2 ; rent : 1,619 usd - 1,649 usd ; deposit : 600 usd
1 bed-room ( 1-a ) : bed-room : 1 ; bath-room : 1 ; area : 662 feet2 ; rent : 1,870 usd - 1,875 usd ; deposit : 600 usd
job nearby find 'https://www.equityapartments.com/washington-dc/mt-vernon-triangle/455-eye-street-apartments' :
--- https://www.thecapitalburger.com/home from find 'capital burger'
Crafting an exceptional burger starts with exceptional beef. We worked alongside Pat LaFrieda Meat Purveyors, artists in their own right, who blend different cuts
using only beef from small, family-owned farms to create our proprietary beef blend. The result? Burgers that are artfully composed and recklessly devoured.
=============================================================================
--- https://careers.thecapitalgrille.com/search/jobdetails/dishwasher/0f9752db-289e-436e-9800-638854658ef6
Dishwasher
Brand : The Capital Burger | Address : 1005 7th Street Nw ; Washington , DC | Zip Code : 20001-3607 | Req. Number: 27875 | Posted Date : 2/4/2026
We Wine. We Dine. We Build Careers !
17.95 usd per hour - 24 usd per hour
We cordially invite you to apply. Joining our team provides exceptionally distinctive benefits, including :
Competitive pay, every week ; Anniversary pay ; Paid sick leave ; Medical, dental and vision coverage ; Multiple insurance options, wealth benefits and flexible spending accounts ;
Dining and other discounts ; Matching 401(k) plan after 1 year of employment (21 and over)
Note: Eligibility May Apply
With genuine hospitality and a passion for teamwork, a Dishwasher will ensure guests and team members have a clean, sanitized and safe environment and equipment.
A Dishwasher will wash, store and rack plateware, glassware, utensils, pots, pans, and other smallwares and equipment for the restaurant.
Dishwasher will maintain sparkling clean restrooms and adhere to food safety and sanitation standards.
1 key to our success is the high standards we set on the health and safety of our team members and guests. We are committed to the highest safety and sanitation practices,
including team member wellness and team members maintaining clean, sanitized and safe restaurants.
From luxe burgers to a thoughtful wine list and a selection of local beers, The Capital Burger provides a place where you can enjoy being part of a comfortable
yet elevated experience while thriving in a nurturing work environment that encourages growth.
=============================================================================
salary comparison with other location :
--- https://careers.thecapitalgrille.com/search/jobdetails/dishwasher/e4ed937a-8d27-49ab-b03a-8836817ca6b2 from find 'capital burger'
Dishwasher
Brand : The Capital Burger | Address : 159 Newbury Street ; Boston, MA | Zip Code : 02116 | Req. Number: 20722 | Posted Date: 2/13/2026
We Wine. We Dine. We Build Careers!
15 usd per hour - 20.25 usd per hour
We cordially invite you to apply. Joining our team provides exceptionally distinctive benefits, including :
Competitive pay, every week ; Anniversary pay ; Paid sick leave ; Medical, dental and vision coverage ; Multiple insurance options, wealth benefits and flexible spending accounts ;
Dining and other discounts ; Matching 401(k) plan after 1 year of employment (21 and over)
Note: Eligibility May Apply
With genuine hospitality and a passion for teamwork, a Dishwasher will ensure guests and team members have a clean, sanitized and safe environment and equipment.
A Dishwasher will wash, store and rack plateware, glassware, utensils, pots, pans, and other smallwares and equipment for the restaurant.
Dishwasher will maintain sparkling clean restrooms and adhere to food safety and sanitation standards.
1 key to our success is the high standards we set on the health and safety of our team members and guests. We are committed to the highest safety and sanitation practices,
including team member wellness and team members maintaining clean, sanitized and safe restaurants.
From luxe burgers to a thoughtful wine list and a selection of local beers, The Capital Burger provides a place where you can enjoy being part of a comfortable
yet elevated experience while thriving in a nurturing work environment that encourages growth.
==================================================================================
12 apr 2026 9:57 pm est :
--- cnn.com/2025/04/22/politics/kristi-noem-theft-gucci-bag-details/index.html from google ( kristi noem gucci vuitton ) result 2
Sources describe how Homeland Secretary Kristi Noem’s Gucci bag was stolen from under her chair
John Miller Josh Campbell
By John Miller, Josh Campbell and Kit Maher, CNN
2 minute read
Updated 3:46 PM EDT, Tue April 22, 2025
Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem listens during a meeting between President Donald Trump and El Salvador President
Nayib Bukele in the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, DC, on April 14.
Kevin Lamarque/Reuters
CNN —
The man who allegedly stole a Gucci bag loaded with cash from Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem was sitting at the table next to hers,
according to video of Sunday’s incident reviewed by Secret Service investigators.
The surveillance footage of the incident at The Capital Burger restaurant in Washington, DC, showed the suspect purposefully moving close to Noem as
he zeroed in on her Gucci bag near her feet, a law enforcement source said.
The thief, dressed in dark clothing, sat down at an empty table next to Noem with his back facing her and used his left foot to slide the bag away,
the source said. He surveyed the restaurant before eventually picking up the bag, covering it with his jacket and leaving.
Only when Noem got up from the table did she realize her bag was missing, the source said.
Items inside the Gucci bag included a Louis Vuitton Clemence wallet, Noem’s driver’s license, medication, apartment keys, passport, DHS access badge,
makeup bag, blank checks, and about $3,000 in cash.
CNN reached out to The Capital Burger’s parent company, Darden Restaurants, which did not respond to a request for comment.
It remains unclear whether the thief knew Noem’s identity or whether she was a random target. The Secret Service, which is
leading the investigation, is working to trace any use of Noem’s financial instruments, sources said.
The Secret Service was inside the restaurant with Noem, who was dining at a table with her family, according to a source familiar.
The source didn’t specify how many agents accompanied Noem or where they were inside the restaurant.
Commenting on the large sum of cash Noem was carrying, a DHS spokesperson said: “Her entire family was in town including her children and
grandchildren – she was using the withdrawal to treat her family to dinner, activities, and Easter gifts.”
Law enforcement experts have raised concerns about whether the incident, which involved a thief getting so close to a Cabinet official
and then absconding with her belongings, may have been a lapse in security.
“This is a security breach that actually has high consequences, and it needs immediate and further review by the Secret Service and DHS and
other law enforcement partners,” said Jonathan Wackrow, a CNN law enforcement analyst and former Secret Service agent.
“If necessary, the Secret Service will need to make operational changes on how they deal with these types of private events moving forward,”
Wackrow told CNN’s Kaitlan Collins on “The Source.”
He added that Noem remains “at higher risk for targeted threats, both by foreign and domestic actors, and just her public profile alone makes
her a symbolic target.”
==========================
--- nypost.com/2025/04/26/us-news/mask-wearing-thief-who-allegedly-stole-kristi-noems-gucci-bag-containing-3k-in-cash-passport-arrested-sources/ from google ( kristi noem gucci vuitton ) result 3
Masked illegal immigrant who allegedly stole Kristi Noem’s Gucci bag containing $3K in cash, passport arrested: sources
By Joe Marino,
Anna Young and
Jennie Taer
Published April 26, 2025
Updated April 26, 2025, 11:51 p.m. ET
An illegal immigrant was arrested Saturday for stealing Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem’s pricey Gucci bag containing $3,000 in cash and
other personal items – and a second migrant suspect is still on the loose, according to sources.
Noem, 53, was on an Easter outing with her family at The Capital Burger in Washington, DC, when the masked thief stole the luxury shoulder bag,
which also contained her driver’s license, passport, DHS badge and apartment keys on April 20.
The suspect, whose identity was not immediately available, was busted by the DC Metro Police and the Secret Service, sources said.
Kristi Noem 4
$3,000 in cash, a DHS ID badge, and Noem’s passport were in the Gucci bag. AP
The perp, who is believed to be part of a large east coast robbery crew, is expected to appear in court early next week as law enforcement hunt
for his accomplice, sources said. Officials are also looking for a second suspect who is also reportedly an illegal migrant.
DC US Attorney Ed Martin noted it is unlikely Noem was targeted based on her high-profile position.
“There is no indication it was because of that,” Martin told NBC News.
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“It was frankly, it was a nice looking purse. This was not an amateur. This was a person, a thief, that knew how to do this.
You could see how he scouted the room out.”
The bag, available for $4,400 per the label’s website, was on the ground at the former South Dakota governor’s table when it was taken,
according to a complaint filed with local police.
The high-end purse also contained a Louis Vuitton Clemence Purse inside, which sells for $600, according to the report.
Security footage captured a white man in a N95 surgical mask, dark pants, a “fur-type” collar and a ball cap lift the DHS honcho’s bag
before leaving the restaurant located about a mile from the White House.
Kristi Noem posing for a photo with Nick Saban, Taron Egerton, Torgny Lindgren, and Brandur Enni at The Capital Burger in Washington, DC 4
Kristi Noem posted this photo on Easter before her personal bag was stolen during a dinner outing in DC. @KristiNoem
Gucci B bag 4
Noem’s $4,000 Gucci bag was stolen while she dined with family. Gucci
The suspect glanced around the restaurant before grabbing Noem’s bag, covering it with his jacket and then hustling out of the restaurant,
according to sources who described the video.
“It was kind of shocking, actually, because it was sitting right by my feet. I actually felt my purse — he hooked with his foot and drug it
a few steps away and dropped a coat over it and took it,” Noem, who oversees the Secret Service, US Customs and Border Protection and
the Coast Guard, recounted to podcaster Vince Coglianese.
See Also
noem
Kristi Noem’s swanky Gucci bag, with $3K cash and her passport inside, snatched by thief during outing at DC restaurant
“I thought it was my grandkids kicking me in the legs, but it was very professionally done,” she added on the “Vince” podcast.
“It tells me that this happens all the time to people, and that they live in communities where this is a danger and it reaffirms why I’m here.”
The Secret Service provides security for the secretary, as it does for the president and other high-ranking officials. It was unclear whether the detail was inside
the restaurant at the time of the robbery.
Noem said she was unsure if she was targeted based on her role as DHS boss, and deferred to investigators about the thief’s motives.
Martin assured the alleged robbers will never step foot in the country again now that US Immigration and Customs Enforcement is involved in the case.
“President Trump’s direction to us is we charge these folks that are here illegally and we prosecute them, as well as deport them when need be, you know, as soon as
that can happen,” he told NBC.
Capital burger 4
Noem and her family were dining at a burger joint in DC when the theft occurred. Google Maps
What do you think? Post a comment.
“What I can tell you is he won’t be back on the streets of America.”
DHS did not immediately respond to The Post’s request for comment.
;;