press-and-hold ctrl while press '+' to zoom-in/enlarge text .
press-and-hold ctrl while press '-' to zoom-out/shrink text .
edited using www.geany.org since starting , sometimes using nano-editor.org since 2 sep 2021 5:33 pm edt(utc-4)
9 may 2018 2:7 am edt
move to http://wortel.ucoz.com/howto.htm
using format like https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/snes/588646-secret-of-mana/faqs/5611
16 apr 2019 8:54 am edt:#add# right-click sandisk-m250-folder then click 'eject' prior detaching usb-drive
from computer.[16 apr 2019 8:53 am edt]
;;
[addition 8 jun 2021 9:59 am edt]
[warning]
google.com , youtube.com , mail.yahoo.com , other web-site on california-state maybe should be visited during
usa-country->california-night-time-only
starting around 13-mar california-night-time-only start (utc-7)
source:
(1)find in http://wortel.ucoz.com/history_time_line.htm :
'-[13-mar-2011] usa, canada day-light-saving-time start. usa-clock, canada-clock move-forward 1 hour. [source : https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/@5870294?year=2011]
day-light-saving-time-start-date change itself every year :
year 2011:13-mar-2011 -> 6-nov-2011 year 2013:10-mar-2013 -> 3-nov-2013
year 2012:11-mar-2012 -> 4-nov-2012 source : (1) https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/@5870294?year=2011#29_sep_2018_2_1_pm_edt (2) https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/@5870294?year=2012#29_sep_2018_2_1_pm_edt (3) https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/@5870294?year=2013#29_sep_2018_2_1_pm_edt
'
starting around 4-nov california-night-time-only start (utc-8)
because find in http://wortel.ucoz.com/youtube_etc.htm :
'other company in california-state maybe use ivanpah which burn-and-kill many bird.'
[/warning]
[/addition 8 jun 2021 9:59 am edt]
;;
does not work
problem : which jdk file does netbeans use when running netbeans ?
solution :
strace -Ff -tt /home/abc/netbeans-7.1.2/bin/netbeans --jdkhome /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-i386 2>&1 | tee strace-netbeansjava7.log
strace -Ff -tt javaws 2>&1 | tee strace-javaws.log
strace -Ff -tt jdb -classpath .:/home/abc/synonym2/lib/ synonym.Main 2>&1 | tee /home/abc/strace-jdb.log
strace -Ff -tt firefox /home/abc/nb/JavaFXApplication1/dist/JavaFXApplication1.html 2>&1 | tee JavaFXApplication1.log
strace -Ff -tt java -version 2>&1 | tee java_strace.log
strace -Ff -tt java test 2>&1 | tee java_test_strace.log
strace -Ff -tt ./hello 2>&1 | tee hello_strace.log
strace -Ff -tt /home/abc/Desktop/firefox-34.0.5 2>&1 | tee firefox_strace.log
problem :
which file does firefox use when firefox runs ? (7 nov 2017 17:28 est)
solution :
1. close firefox if firefox currently runs
2. run
strace -o firefox_strace_output.txt ./firefox
or
strace -Ff -tt -o firefox_strace_output.txt ./firefox
3. open file firefox_strace_output.txt with text editor to see the info
source :
1.
scl enable devtoolset-2 'strace -o fibonacci.log ./fibonacci 20
in
https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Developer_Toolset/2/html/User_Guide/sect-strace-Use.html
from google (strace redirect output) result 7
2.
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/install-firefox-linux
from google (run firefox linux) result 1
problem :
install new firefox to update firefox
check current profile folder being used.
check favorites, bookmarks file being used.
(7 nov 2017 17:55)
solution :
install firefox to update firefox
1. download firefox
2. extract
3. close firefox if firefox currently runs
4. run firefox/firefox
check current profile folder being used :
click 'menu' -> click '?' -> click 'troubleshooting information'
-> ctrl f -> find keyword 'profile directory' -> click 'open directory'
check favorites, bookmarks file being used :
profile folder/places.sqlite
source :
1.
'Your Bookmarks (and History) are stored in a single file,
places.sqlite, in your Profile folder.
To open your Profile folder,
Help > Troubleshooting Information ,
then next to "Profile Directory" click
the "Open Containing Folder" button to open the Profile Folder'
in
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/833585
from google (firefox check current favorite folder) result 2
2.
'Help > Troubleshooting Information -> Profile Folder - Show Folder'
in
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/968384
from google (check which firefox profile) result 1
problem : firefox use 100% cpu load when browsing facebook (7 nov 2017 17:55)
solution : update firefox
problem : extract .deb:
solution : tar p mypackage.deb data.tar.gz | tar zx
problem : list .deb:
solution : tar p mypackage.deb data.tar.gz | tar zt
problem : remote copying
solution :
abc@calm ~/Desktop $ scp localfile.txt abc@cx:localfile_in_remote_location.txt
problem : which jvm does firefox use when running java applet ?
solution :
strace -Ff -tt firefox http://www.concentric.net/~ttwang/java/QueueDemo.html 2>&1 | tee /home/abc/Desktop/test.log
strace -Ff -tt firefox/firefox file:///home/abc/synonym7/applet.htm 2>&1 | tee /home/abc/test.log
these works :
abc@calm ~/synonym2/build/classes $ java -classpath .:/home/abc/synonym2/lib/postgresql-9.1-901.jdbc4.jar synonym.Main
abc@calm ~/synonym2/build/classes $ jdb -classpath .:/home/abc/synonym2/lib/postgresql-9.1-901.jdbc4.jar synonym.Main
these does not work
abc@calm ~/synonym2/build/classes $ jdb -classpath .:/home/abc/synonym2/lib synonym.Main
abc@calm ~/synonym2/build/classes $ java -classpath .:/home/abc/synonym2/lib synonym.Main
when the classpath includes .jar file, the .jar file must be specified
when the classpath includes .class file the directory containing that .class file must be specified
abc@calm ~/synonym2/build/classes $ jdb -classpath .:~/synonym2/lib/postgresql-9.1-901.jdbc4.jar synonym.Main
does not work, the ~ is ineffective
problem : linux : find a file, search a file
solution :
1. search 'Param.java' in ~/synonym/src folder :
find ~/synonym/src -name 'Param.java'
use -L in order to search in symbolic link
find -L Desktop/javax-6/ -name JTable.java
2. search a file which starts with 'Swanee' or 'swanee' in current folder (19 may 2018 7:8 pm edt)
find . -name '[S|s]wanee*'
[S|s] , * is regular expression
debug synonym2 :
abc@calm ~/synonym2 $ jdb -classpath /home/abc/synonym2/lib/postgresql-9.1-901.jdbc4.jar:/home/abc/synonym2/build/classes synonym.Main
jar command
jar cvfm /home/abc/synonym3/dist/synonym3.jar manifest.txt -C /home/abc/synonym3/classes .
problem :
firefox popup saying
activate java plugin ? question
never shows up again and last time i answer no
therefore java applet doesn't run anymore
solution :
about:config -> extensions.blocklist.enabled -> change from true to false
cd /home/abc/synonym5-rmi/ && ./a car server.Server
firefox 23 :
problem : java applet from local file doesn't launch
solution : about:config -> security:fileurl.strict_origin_policy
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/968565#answer-470374
https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=902375
problem : change screen refresh rate
solution :
http://askubuntu.com/questions/147580/how-to-see-change-screen-refresh-rate
change refresh rate :
xrandr -q
xrandr -s 1280x1024 -r 75
problem : deleting 1 million files in a folder :
rm *.* gives error argument list too long
soluttion :
http://www.stevekamerman.com/2008/03/deleting-tons-of-files-in-linux-argument-list-too-long/ says
I stumbled upon a much faster way of deleting files –
the “find” command has a “-delete” flag built right in!
Here’s what I ended up using:
find . -type f -delete
Using this method, I was deleting files at a rate
of about 2000 files/second – much faster!
You can also show the filenames as you’re deleting them:
find . -type d -print -delete
…or even show how many files will be deleted,
then time how long it takes to delete them:
root@devel# ls -1 | wc -l && time find . -type f -delete
real 0m3.660s
user 0m0.036s
sys 0m0.552s
best , fastest method from Zhenyu Lee :
http://www.quora.com/File-Systems/How-can-someone-rapidly-delete-400-000-files#
mkdir empty_dir
sudo rsync -a --delete empty_dir/ yourdirectory/
took 13:10 - 7:14 to finish deleting around 3,048,234 files...18 hours
inserted wrong password to connect to wireless network.
in order to correct that, type
nm-connection-editor
reset wireless password there.
https://ask.fedoraproject.org/question/7048/unable-to-connect-to-wireless-access-point-with-wpa2/
problem :
Error: open CFI at the end of file; missing
.cfi_endproc directive
solution :
http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=49245
Jonathan Wakely 2011-05-31 19:41:32 UTC
looks like you ran out of memory and the OOM killer kicked in
problem :
linux is using swap file and slows
solution :
turn off swap by doing :
1. swapoff -a
2. comment swap in /etc/fstab
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/24625/how-to-completely-disable-swap
problem :
1. copy file to remote computer
2. move lots of files to remote computer with ability
to resume after electricity outage
solution :
1. copy file to remote computer
scp source_file destination_file
just like cp command : cp source_file destination_file
http://www.hypexr.org/linux_scp_help.php
Copy the file "foobar.txt" from a remote host to the local host
$ scp your_username@remotehost.edu:foobar.txt /some/local/directory
Copy the file "foobar.txt" from the local host to a remote host's user's home directory
$ scp foobar.txt your_username@remotehost.edu:
Copy the file "foobar.txt" from the local host to a remote host's certain directory
$ scp foobar.txt your_username@remotehost.edu:/some/remote/directory
Copy the directory "foo" from the local host to a remote host's directory "bar"
$ scp -r foo your_username@remotehost.edu:/some/remote/directory/bar
Copy the file "foobar.txt" from remote host "rh1.edu" to remote host "rh2.edu"
$ scp your_username@rh1.edu:/some/remote/directory/foobar.txt \
your_username@rh2.edu:/some/remote/directory/
Copying the files "foo.txt" and "bar.txt" from the local host to your home directory on the remote host
$ scp foo.txt bar.txt your_username@remotehost.edu:~
Copy the file "foobar.txt" from the local host to a remote host using port 2264
$ scp -P 2264 foobar.txt your_username@remotehost.edu:/some/remote/directory
Copy multiple files from the remote host to your current directory on the local host
$ scp your_username@remotehost.edu:/some/remote/directory/\{a,b,c\} .
$ scp your_username@remotehost.edu:~/\{foo.txt,bar.txt\} .
2) backup , mirror many file to remote-computer , with resume ability
rsync source/ dest
note : source has '/' in the end.
rsync source dest
will copy source directory/folder to dest directory/folder /
will copy source-directory/source-folder to inside dest-directory/dest-folder
, so dest-directory/dest-folder will contain source-directory/source-folder .
rsync source/ dest
will copy file inside source-directory/source-folder to dest-directory/dest-folder /
will copy file inside source-directory/source-folder to inside dest-directory/dest-folder
, so dest-directory/dest-folder will contain file-inside-source-directory/file-inside-source-folder .
scp without overwriting
http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-scp-dont-overwrite-existing-file-command/
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13410990/prevent-overwriting-of-files-when-using-scp
answered Nov 16 '12 at 5:48
osulehria
39615
syntax : sudo rsync -avz source/ dest
local_computer$> sudo rsync -avz --progress myfolder aaa@192.168.1.153
local_computer$> sudo rsync -avz --progress myfolder aaa@192.168.1.153:somefolder
sudo rsync is slow
scp but remove 'write' permission first
3) copy directory/folder from remote-computer to local-computer , with resume ability
syntax : sudo rsync -avz source/ dest
local_computer$> sudo rsync -avz --progress aaa@192.168.1.153:myfolder/ .
local_computer$> sudo rsync -avz --progress aaa@192.168.1.153:myfolder/ somefolder
4) copy directory/folder to remote-computer then delete that file in local-computer , with resume ability ,
warning : folder/directory in local-computer will not be deleted , only file in local-computer will be deleted
syntax : sudo rsync -avz --remove-source-files --progress source/ dest
sudo rsync -avz --remove-source-files --progress -e ssh /this/dir/ remoteuser@remotehost:/remote/dir
sudo rsync -avz --remove-source-files --progress /sourcedir/ user@host:/targetdir
sudo rsync -avz --remove-source-files --progress /home/abc/calm-abc-backup/ abc@192.168.1.153:/home/abc
source :
http://serverfault.com/questions/363922/how-to-move-files-with-scp
from google 'scp move file'
[addition 12 nov 2024 9:20 pm est]
'sudo rsync -avz --remove-source-files --progress source/ dest' ,
will not delete directory/folder in source-location after all file inside that directory/folder is already been transferred to destination-location ,
so after rsync is finished : need to check is there any file inside directory/folder which already been transferred to destination-location : sudo find backup-usb/ -name '*.*'
to delete directory/folder : rm -R directory-name .
[/addition 12 nov 2024 9:20 pm est]
4. merge 2 folder f1, folder f2 to 1 folder f3
(24 february 2018 9:18 pm est)
rsync -ah f1/ f3
rsync -ah f2/ f3
problem : check disk space
solution :
du -h
df -H
[addition 25 oct 2021 5:24 am edt]
linux-command for seeing directory-size/folder-size :
du -h --summarize directory-name [ source : 'summarize' in command 'man du' ]
[/addition 25 oct 2021 5:24 am edt]
[addition 5 jan 2023 9:17 pm est]
linux-command for seeing file-size : du -h file-name [source : man du ]
[/addition 5 jan 2023 9:17 pm est]
problem : can't login after postgresql installation
solution :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2942485/psql-fatal-ident-authentication-failed-for-user-postgres
answered Jul 18 '12 at 16:09
Manav
2,32821126
problem : change password for
postgresql postgres #username#
solution :
$ sudo -u postgres psql
\password
Enter password: ...
problem : gcc abc.c -o abc produces error
stdio.h : no such file or directory
solution : ensure /usr/include/stdio.h exists
sudo apt-get install build-essential should ensure
existence of /usr/include/stdio.h
problem : upload whole code to git server :
solution :
$ git remote add origin ssh://USERNAME@git.code.sf.net/p/PROJECTNAME/MOUNTPOINT
$ git config branch.master.remote origin
$ git config branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
example :
- initial upload :
cd myproject
git init
# add all your files. Users can specify file names or directories instead of '.'
git add .
git commit -a -m 'Initial commit'
git remote add origin ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/pillars4/code
git push -u origin master
- 2nd upload
cd myproject
git remote add origin ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/pillars4/code
git push -u origin master
git remote add origin ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/4pillars/MOUNTPOINT
after creating a new file:
git add .
git status
git commit -am 'test'
git push origin master
git remote add origin ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/synonym8/code
git remote add origin ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/listen-multi/code
git remote set-url origin ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/listen-multi/code
problem : (22 dec 2016)
upload new project to sourceforge with git
solution :
1. git remote show origin
git remote -v
to ensure local repo name match
remote repo name
2. git push -u origin master
problem : (18 dec 2016 midnight, solved 19 dec 2016 midnight)
about git. i forked local repo1. local repo2 was created.
files inside local repo2, are same as files in local repo1.
.git for local repo1 was copied to local repo2.
so local repo2 has .git from local repo1.
modify, delete some files in local repo2 then
do git commit and do git push -u origin master
resulting in uploading local repo2 to remote repo1.
so original codes for remote repo1 are gone and remote repo1
contains local repo2 code.
solution : sourceforge git code page, 'admin' in left side
has option to delete all codes, so remote repo1 codes
was deleted.
.git folder should have different name for each project/repo.
maybe the remote repo destination url should be concatenated
to each '.git' folder
problem : in sourceforge
Error 404
We're sorry but we weren't able to process this request.
solution :
wait, revisit the page after a few minutes
problem :
git push origin master gives error insufficient permission
solution:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6448242/git-push-error-insufficient-permission-for-adding-an-object-to-repository-datab
For Ubuntu (or any Linux)
From project root,
cd .git/objects
ls -al
sudo chown -R yourname:yourgroup *
You can tell what yourname and yourgroup should be by
looking at the permissions on the majority of the output
from that ls -al command
Note: remember the star at the end of the sudo line
share|improve this answer
answered Oct 21 '11 at 13:04
TerryS
problem : download source code from git repository
(16 april 2017 11:22 edt, 17 april 12:43 edt)
solution :
as anonymous, no username no password needed :
git clone https://git.code.sf.net/p/listen-multi/code listen-multi-production
as registered user :
git clone ssh://arnon81@git.code.sf.net/p/listen-multi/code listen-multi-production
source :
https://sourceforge.net/p/forge/documentation/Git/#anonymous-access-read-only
from google (sourceforge download git anonymous) result 1
problem :
java swing applet isn't updating itself after deploying
the new changes in the code isn't showing up on java console output
solution :
do not restart web browser, close web browser then reopen
problem : clear screen, really clear, not just ctrl + l
solution : run 'reset' command
problem : how to see the difference between local src/synonym/ReviewPanel.java
and ReviewPanel.java in git server ?
solution :
git diff HEAD^ -- src/synonym/ReviewPanel.java
problem : upload updated code to git
solution :
git commit -am 'a message describing what the update is about'
git push origin master
problem : sandisk m200 reject file upload, saying 'read-only'
solution :
df -H (to know what the m200 usb player is mounted on,
/dev/sdb or /dev/sdc)
if df -H does not show m200's device name then
that m200's icon should show up in file explorer then
right click that m200 icon then click 'umount' then unplug that m200
then change m200's usb setting to msc from 'autodetect' then
plug that m200 again.
more info : find ''unknown' album, 'unknown' title' in this text
umount /dev/sdb
sudo mkfs.vfat -F 16 -I /dev/sdb
battery must be ready inside when unplugging usb cable
if m200 refuse to play certain mp3 file then changing that mp3 to wma could solve
that problem
if certain wma files aren't showing up in m200 playlist then changing their filenames
could solve that problem
problem : write linuxmint.iso to usb
solution :
assuming /dev/sdx is the usb drive
bash>sudo dd if=~/Desktop/linuxmint.iso of=/dev/sdx oflag=direct bs=1048576
sudo dd if=linux-img/linuxmint-17.1-xfce-64bit.iso of=/dev/sdb oflag=direct bs=1048576
sudo dd if=linuxmint-18.2-cinnamon-64bit.iso of=/dev/sdb oflag=direct bs=1048576
sudo dd if=debian-live-9.0.1-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdx oflag=direct bs=1048576
Where '~/Desktop/linuxmint.iso' is the name and location of your downloaded image (located at the desktop in this example) and '/dev/sdx' is the target USB drive. If your system doesn't support 'oflag=direct', you can just leave it out as it is simply intended to speed up the process a bit.
If you don't know about the target USB drive path,
run any this command to know usb mount point
1. lsblk
source :
https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=143063
from google (linuxmint unmount usb drive) result 2
2. df -H
[addition 8 feb 2023 11:27 am est]
do not scribe device-number like /dev/sdb1 , just scribe /dev/sdb .
so sudo dd if=debian-live-9.0.1-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdb oflag=direct bs=1048576
not sudo dd if=debian-live-9.0.1-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdb1 oflag=direct bs=1048576
example :
a@1 11:15 AM ~/myfiles/iso sudo dd if=debian-live-11.6.0-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdb1 oflag=direct bs=1048576
[sudo] password for a:
dd: error writing '/dev/sdb1': No space left on device
1943+0 records in
1942+0 records out
2036826112 bytes (2.0 GB, 1.9 GiB) copied, 228.491 s, 8.9 MB/s
a@1 11:22 AM ~/myfiles/iso sudo dd if=debian-live-11.6.0-amd64-xfce.iso of=/dev/sdb oflag=direct bs=1048576
[sudo] password for a:
2624+0 records in
2624+0 records out
2751463424 bytes (2.8 GB, 2.6 GiB) copied, 296.403 s, 9.3 MB/s
a@1 11:27 AM ~/myfiles/iso
[/addition 8 feb 2023 11:27 am est]
=======================================================
problem : command to run valgrind
solution :
valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=yes ./test
problem : capture packet communication in local computer
solution :
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 greater 1000
problem : upload files to sourceforge
solution :
An example session might look like (where Username="jsmith", Project URL name="fooproject",
Release dir is "Rel_1"):
$ scp new_release_0.5.zip jsmith@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/fooproject/Rel_1
Connecting to frs.sourceforge.net...
The authenticity of host 'frs.sourceforge.net (216.34.181.57)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 68:b3:26:02:a0:07:e4:78:d4:ec:7f:2f:6a:4d:32:c5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'frs.sourceforge.net,216.34.181.57' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
jsmith@frs.sourceforge.net's password:
new_release_0.5.zip
abc@calm ~/backup $
scp bbb2_24_oct_2014.tar arnon81@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/synonym8
scp /home/abc/backup/bbb2_9_november_2014.tar arnon81@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/synonym8
problem : enlarge thunar font
solution :
bash$>nano .gtkrc-2.0.mine
write these :
style "fonttweak"
{
font_name = "Verdana 17"
}
widget_class "*Thunar*View*" style "fonttweak"
bash$>nano .gtkrc-2.0.mine
write these :
style "fonttweak"
{
font_name = "Verdana 17"
}
widget_class "*Thunar*View*" style "fonttweak"
bash$>nano .gtkrc-2.0
include ".gtkrc-xfce"
style "fonttweak"
{
font_name = "Verdana 17"
}
widget_class "*Thunar*View*" style "fonttweak"
widget "Geany*" style "geanyStyle"
style "geanyStyle"
{
font_name="Verdana 17"
}
widget "GeanyMainWindow" style "geanyStyle"
style "geanyStyle"
{
font_name="Verdana 17"
}
widget "GeanyPrefsDialog" style "geanyStyle"
problem : show all directory with their size in ascending sort order
solution :
abc@calm ~ $ du -h --summarize * | sort -h
problem : find the size of a directory or folder
solution :
du -sh directoryname
source :
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/185764/how-do-i-get-the-size-of-a-directory-on-the-command-line
from google 'linux find folder size' result 1
problem : find how many files in directory
solution :
ls -1 | wc -l
source :
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x700.html
from google 'linux find number of files in directory' result 1
problem :
how to see current postgresql db connection :
solution :
SELECT
datname,
usename,
procpid,client_addr,
waiting,query_start,
current_query
FROM pg_stat_activity;
source :
http://www.heatware.net/databases/how-active-sql-queries-open-connections-postgres/
problem : list directory, sort by size, see top 10 biggest directory :
solution : $ du -m --max-depth 1 | sort -rn | head -11
source :
https://linuxconfig.org/list-all-directories-and-sort-by-size#h2-list-all-directories-and-sort-by-size
from google 'linux list folder sort by size'
[addition 10 nov 2024 10:24 pm est]
problem : list directory , sort by directory-size :
solution : du -h --max-depth=1 | sort -rh [ source : https://linuxconfig.org/list-all-directories-and-sort-by-size#h2-list-all-directories-and-sort-by-size from google 'linux list folder sort by size' ]
[/addition 10 nov 2024 10:24 pm est]
problem : format a usb drive with ext2 filesystem, using linux
solution :
1. find the device name for usb
lsblk
df -H
2. if /dev/sdb is the usb device name then
sudo umount /dev/sdb
3. sudo mke2fs /dev/sdb
4. sudo mount /dev/sdb some-folder
5. chmod 777 some-folder
source :
1. 'mke2fs /dev/sda1'
in http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Flash-Memory-HOWTO/ext2.html
from google (format usb using ext2) result 1
2. https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1448092
from google (linux can not write to usb drive) result 1
problem : linux can not delete file in usb drive,
can not write to usb drive,
usb drive is read-only (24 february 2018 5:38 pm est)
opening some files in usb drive, produce input/output error
solution :
1. df -H (to find device name, folder name)
example :
/dev/sdb1 16G 143M 16G 1% /media/a/66C3-DD36
2. sudo cat /proc/mounts
example :
/dev/sdb1 /media/a/66C3-DD36 vfat ro,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,showexec,utf8,flush,errors=remount-ro 0 0
3. that output says 'ro' which means 'read only'
4. sudo mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 /media/a/66C3-DD36/
to mount /dev/sdb1 with read write permission
source :
1. https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1448092
from google (linux can not write to usb drive) result 1
2. 'There’s your problem.'
in
https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/chmod-command-fails-with-read-only-file-system-648675/
from
google (chmod changing permission of read-only system) result 3
why the usb drive is mounted with read only permission ?
- cat /var/log/syslog
/var/log/syslog maybe has error like
kernel: [ 2731.058939] FAT-fs (sdb1): error, fat_get_cluster: invalid cluster chain (i_pos 192305177)
maybe usb drive was removed without umount command.
to eject usb drive in linux :
1. execute
sudo umount /usbfolder
2. remove usb drive
to eject usb drive in windows :
1. press 'eject' icon for that usb drive
2. remove usb drive
source :
'fsck' in
https://serverfault.com/questions/331779/how-do-i-debug-this-fs-error-on-a-flash-device
from
google (error, fat_get_cluster: invalid cluster chain) result 1
problem : linux mount drive to some folder
solution : sudo mount /dev/sdb some-folder
problem : how to read youtube comment
solution : use google map, there is icon to read comment in youtube
problem : how to show cpu usage for dual core cpu
solution : run command 'top', press 1
problem : find what version of a package in internet repository
solution : sudo apt-cache show package-name
http://superuser.com/questions/393681/how-to-find-out-which-versions-of-a-package-can-i-install-on-apt
from google 'apt-cache version' result 1
problem : show process name only
solution : pstree
ps | aux , show process name with absolute path, too long
to fit in terminal
problem : reminder in linux
solution : conky
source :
1. https://www.maketecheasier.com/how-to-create-a-minimal-and-beautiful-desktop-with-conky/
from google 'conky write wallpaper' result 2
2. http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/linux-and-open-source/make-your-linux-desktop-send-alerts-that-you-cant-miss/
from google 'linux wallpaper reminder'
problem : conky not showing in xfce
solution :
edit ~/config/autostart/conky.desktop
ensure this line exists :
Exec=conky -d -p 10
source :
https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=140105
from google 'xfce conky not showing' result 1
problem : see moon phase in linux
solution :
1. glunarclock
source :
from google 'linux moon phase' result 8
2. gcal
source :
1.
http://www.mostlymaths.net/2010/04/gcal-ultra-powerful-command-line-gnu.html
from google 'linux moon calendar'
2. http://superuser.com/questions/886210/how-to-run-a-bash-script-and-display-any-output-in-conky
from google 'show program output in conky' result 1
problem : reminder on wallpaper for linux
solution :
use conky with conky.conf :
${exec head /path/todo.txt}
write todo list in /path/todo.txt
xpad is good.
xfce4-notes is not good, can not change font color.
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-little-useful-sticky-notes-app-for-linux/
dari google 'linux wallpaper reminder' hasil 5
google 'xfce sticky note'
problem : joystick not working
solution : sudo apt-get install joystick
joy2key
modprobe joydev
problem :
remove 1st 5 seconds from a song
remove last 5 seconds from a song
solution :
remove 1st 5 seconds from a song
bash%> sox inputfile outputfile trim 5
remove 1st 1 minute 5 seconds from a song
bash%> sox inputfile outputfile trim 1:05
remove last 5 seconds from a song
bash%> sox inputfile outputfile reverse trim 5 reverse
source :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9667081/how-do-you-trim-the-audio-files-end-using-sox
from google (sox skip mp3), (sox trim mp3), (ffmpeg trim mp3),
(ffmpeg cut mp3), (linux mp3cut), (linux cut mp3)
from 'sox' in
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/17932/how-can-you-trim-mp3-files-using-ffmpeg
from google (ffmpeg trim mp3) result 4
from 'ffmpeg' in
google (linux cut mp3) result 3 and
'trim' in google (linux cut mp3) result 1
problem : xfce linux, window pop up is too large for the screen,
buttons for 'ok', 'cancel' located
outside the screen, can not be reached by mouse
cursor
solution : press and hold 'alt' while drag the popup window
upward so 'ok', 'cancel' button are seen, can
be reached by mouse cursor
problem :
wiki : show all subsection in table of contents
solution :
commentate {{TOC limit|3}}
problem : (7 july 2018 9:34 pm edt | 31 aug 2018 3:59 pm edt add 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Title') | 31 aug 2018 4:3 pm edt (add #1 referece/citation for multiple source : '[content]'#)
wiki : add reference
solution :
[
{{
cite web|
title=title=Hypoxia a condition of inadequate oxygen supply can be a serious consequence of a preterm or premature birth | ]
in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis source : google (involuntary muscle twitching) result 7|
url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis
}}
source :
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web#Title
from
'{{Cite web}}' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Templates
from click 'Wikipedia referencing' to unhide that
then click 'citation style 1'
2. 1 referece/citation for multiple source : '[content]'
in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Reference_lists:_the_basics
from 'Help:Footnotes' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#Ref_tags
from 'inline citation' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Metadata
from 'Wikipedia:Citing sources' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation
from 'citations' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_needed
from wikipedia-search (wikipedia citation reference) result 4
3. https://www.toptal.com/designers/htmlarrows/punctuation/vertical-bar/
from google (html vertical bar) result 1
[
{{
cite web|
title=source:abc11.com/travel/plane-makes-emergency-landing-at-rdu-after-engine-fire/1441669/ from google(4 sep 2013 rdu atl engine fire)result 1 from www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dont3uTVqvA Engine fire! Delta Flight from RDU to ATL|
url=https://abc11.com/travel/plane-makes-emergency-landing-at-rdu-after-engine-fire/1441669/
}}
]
produce error 'External link in |title='
put blank-space to make like
(1)source: abc11.com
(2)source :abc11.com
or put = to make like
(1)source=abc11.com
(2)source=abc11.com
problem (21 january 2012) :
wiki : add reference with url, author, date
solution :
[
{{
cite web|
title=sometitle|
url=http://...|
author=firstname lastname|
date=
}}
]
problem :
wiki external link
solution :
1. external link to wiki sibling sites :
[[:language code:Title]]
example :
[[:id:Hayam_Wuruk]]
[[:id:Dyah_Wiyat]]
[[:de:Interatom]]
2. external link to url:
[http://meta.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia]
28 december 2016, updated 27 july 2017 11:23 edt
problem :
show temperature of harddisk in conky.
solution :
show harddisk temperature :
1. install hddtemp : sudo apt-get install hddtemp
2. edit /etc/default/hddtemp
sudo nano /etc/default/hddtemp
2.1. RUN_DAEMON="true"
2.2. DISKS="/dev/sda"
or
DISKS="/dev/sda?"
2.3. RUN_SYSLOG="180"
hddtemp daemon run to check harddisk temperature
repeatedly every 180 seconds
3. sudo /etc/init.d/hddtemp restart
4. try run in bash prompt
$>nc localhost 7634
if that shows harddisk temperature then
add this in /etc/conky/conky.conf :
${execi 180 nc localhost 7634}
source :
1. https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=282353
from google (conky harddisk temperature) result 2
2. https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Hddtemp#Daemon
from google (start hddtemp as daemon) result 2
3. '41', '131' in
https://www.cnet.com/products/wd-green-wd5000aads-hard-drive-500-gb-sata-300-series/specs/
from google (wd5000aads-00s9b0 operating temperature)
result 1
1 january 2017 1:04am
problem :
find files recently created, modified during last
24 hours /
list files recently created, modified during last
24 hours
solution :
find . -type f -mtime -0
source :
1. 'find . -type f -mtime -20'
...will find files modified within the last 20 days
http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/how-do-i-list-recently-created-modified-files-703399/
from google (linux find recently added file) result 1
2. 'This command works this way because the time
since each file was last modified is divided by
24 hours and any remainder is discarded. That means
that to match -mtime 0'
in https://linux.die.net/man/1/find
from google (man find) result 1
7 january 2017 13:50
problem:set user-agent/useragent string in firefox
solution:(1)open website about:config
(2)create new variable
name : general.useragent.override
value : ....
18 january 2017 13:49
-problem :
conky location in monitor screen, is too high,
some text in conky is out of monitor screen
solution :
try any :
1. in /etc/conky/conky.conf
gap_y = 0
2. change
${exec head -n 16 /home/aaa/myfiles/todo/todo.txt | fold -w 50 -s}}
to
${exec head -n 14 /home/aaa/myfiles/todo/todo.txt | fold -w 50 -s}}
(3 march 2017)
-problem :
resize conky width
solution :
in /etc/conky/conky.conf
maximum_width 1100
-problem :
resize conky height
solution :
use head command instead of cat command to display
text in a todo.txt file
${exec head -n 16 /home/aaa/myfiles/todo/todo.txt | fold -w 50 -s}}
-problem :
conky truncate text shown by
${exec cat /home/aaa/myfiles/todo/todo.txt}
solution :
in /etc/conky/conky.conf
${exec cat /home/aaa/myfiles/todo/todo.txt | fold -w 50 -s}
source :
'fold' in http://superuser.com/questions/132338/conky-truncates-text-loaded-from-file
from google (conky wrap) result 5
30 january 2017 16:33
problem : firefox keyboard shortcut list
solution :
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/keyboard-shortcuts-perform-firefox-tasks-quickly#w_navigation
from google (firefox shortcut) result 1
problem : firefox focus toward webpage, focus toward address bar
solution :
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1003173
from google (firefox shortcut focus on website) result 1
31 january 2017
12:19
problem : geany keyboard shortcut list
solution :
https://wiki.geany.org/howtos/sorted_keyboard_shortcuts
from google (geany shortcut) result 1
15:30
problem : green light on motherboard when computer is shutdown
solution :
power supply still getting power from electric socket
on the wall, giving power to mobo for rts clock.
if psu is unplugged or psu master switch turned off
then
cmos battery will be used to provide power to
mobo to keep rts clock, shortening the life of the cmos
battery.
if psu remain plugged in to electric socket on the wall
then cmos battery life will be longer.
source :
'The battery has an estimated life of three years when
the Intel® NUC is not plugged into an AC power source.
When the computer is plugged in, the standby current
from the power supply extends the life of the battery'
in http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/boards-and-kits/000006787.html
from google (cmos battery power supply unplugged) page 2 result 3
1 feb 2017 12:17pm
problem : download source code in github
solution :
git clone https://github.com//repository
or
git clone https://github.com//.git
16 feb 2017
11:58am
problem : check current cpu speed in linux
solution : lscpu
lscpu | grep 'MHz' (17 march 2017 16:00 edt)
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep 'MHz' (17 march 2017 16:00 edt)
source :
http://askubuntu.com/questions/218567/any-way-to-check-the-clock-speed-of-my-processor
from google (linux clock speed) result 1
13:04
problem : how to move cursor with keyboard arrow key, faster
solution :
hold 'ctrl' while holding arrow key
hold 'ctrl' while pressing arrow key
source :
http://www.howto72.com/2011/04/how-to-move-cursor-faster-using.html
from google (move cursor faster with keyboard) result 1
22 feb 2017
15:47
problem : do smart error check on harddisk
solution :
smartctl -t short /dev/
smartctl -t long /dev/
smartctl -t conveyance /dev/
source :
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/S.M.A.R.T.#Run_a_test
from google (linux check smart error) result 2
(28 feb 2017 14:30)
see output with :
28 feb 2017
14:29
smartctl -a /dev/sdc
21:30
problem : find serial number of harddisk
solution :
smartctl -i /dev/sda
source :
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/121757/harddisk-serial-number-from-terminal
from google (linux harddrive serial) result 1
24 feb 2017
10:56
problem : check linuxmint version
solution :
cat /etc/linuxmint/info
source :
https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=23819
from google (get linuxmint version) result 1
27 feb 2017
22:42
problem : remove software
solution :
>sudo apt-get remove appname
24 march 2017
18:04 edt
problem : show which program listen to which port number
solution :
1.
sudo netstat -tulnp | grep
source :
http://askubuntu.com/questions/538208/how-to-check-opened-closed-port-on-my-computer
from google (netstat list program with open port) result 1
2.
sudo lsof -i :631
source :
https://debian-administration.org/article/184/How_to_find_out_which_process_is_listening_upon_a_port
from google (lsof port number) result 1
18:27 edt
problem : remove cups print server
to close, to secure port 631
solution :
apt-get remove cups
apt-get remove cups-common
apt-get remove cups-browsed
28 march 2017 18:26 edt
problem : (asus motherboard user)
how to enter bios
solution :
desktop : press and hold 'del'
laptop : maybe press and hold f2
source :
1. 'del' in https://www.lifewire.com/bios-setup-utility-access-keys-for-popular-motherboards-2624462
2. 'Press and hold the F2 button , then click the power button.
DO NOT RELEASE the F2 button until the BIOS screen display.
You can refer to the video'
in https://www.asus.com/us/support/FAQ/1008829/
from google (asus enter bios) result 1
1 april 2017 20:58 edt
problem : identify south bridge chipset version
in linux, for intel south bridge chipset
because of intel sandy bridge cougar point bug
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge#Cougar_Point_chipset_flaw
solution :
enter bios, chipset revision should be written under
'south bridge stepping'
alternatively :
to find that info with linux :
1.
lshw
show output :
*-isa
description: ISA bridge
product: H61 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0
version: 05
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=lpc_ich latency=0
resources: irq:0
2.
lshw -businfo
show output :
pci@0000:00:1f.0 bridge H61 Express Chipset Family LPC Controller
3. http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/specification-updates/6-and-c200-chipset-specification-update.pdf
from google (intel h61 revision 05) result 1
under 'pch device and revision identification'
page 13
see that '05h' is located under 'b3 rev id'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation
from google (memory offset h) result 1
says 'suffix "h" means hexadecimal)'
so '05h' means 5
output in step 1 above shows 'version : 05'
so 'b3 rev id' is mine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge#Desktop_platform
says
'Intel stopped production of flawed B2 stepping chipsets
and began producing B3 stepping chipsets with
the silicon fix'
http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/specification-updates/6-and-c200-chipset-specification-update.pdf
from google (intel h61 revision 05) result 1
says 'b2 rev id' available for
h67 chipset, p67 chipset, hm67 chipset, hm65 chipset
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets#LGA_1155
from google (sandy bridge chipset) result 3
says 'p67', ''h67' with label 'recalled'
'h61' does not have label 'recalled'
so my h61 chipset is ok.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Pin_Count
from google (lpc controller) result 3
says 'soutbridge' so i know lpc controller control
south bridge, that is what i seek because
in bios 'revision b3' is the value for
'south bridge stepping'
source :
http://www.binarytides.com/linux-commands-hardware-info/
from google (linux check lpc controller) result 2
13 april 2017 14:47 edt
problem : compile c++ code in linux, to be run in windows
solution :
1. install mingw32
2. i586-mingw32msvc-g++ -o myApp.exe myApp.cpp
3. testrun in wine
source :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2033997/how-to-compile-for-windows-on-linux-with-gcc-g
from google (linux compile for windows) result 1
15 april 2017 11:43 edt
problem : download source code from svn repository
solution :
svn checkout http://svn...
20:51 edt, 31 may 2018 8:13 am edt
problem : find files which contain certain text in current directory and
its subdirectory
solution :
example :
find files which contains word probspot in current directory and its subdirectory :
1. grep -nlr 'probspot' .
source : http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6637882/how-can-i-use-grep-to-show-just-filenames-no-in-line-matches-on-linux
2. grep -nl 'probspot' .
find files which contain word 'class Handler' in directory 'javax-6'.
directory 'javax-6' is located in the same level as your current-working-directory.
grep -nr 'class Handler' javax-6
find .txt files which contain certain text in current directory and its subdirectory :
grep -r --include=*.txt 'searchterm' .
-r means recursively
--include=*.txt means include only *.txt files (text files)
'searchterm' contains search-keyword
. means start at current directory
source :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12516937/grep-but-only-certain-file-extensions
from google (man grep file extension) result 1
31 may 2018 8:19 am edt
problem : find a file with certain filename
solution :
finding a file with filename ending with word 'gy.txt'
1. find . -name '*gy.txt'
*gy.txt is a regular expression
2. find . -print | grep -i gy.txt
#what#
---> Wizard command line: httrack http://forums.di.fm/trance -O "/home/abc/di.fm.1/di.fm.1" -%v
use grep to find probspot blueberry
find the song prior probspot blueberry
20:13 edt
problem : geany, jump from character { to character }
or vice versa
solution :
move cursor near { or } so that { or } receive
a highlight then ctrl + b
source :
https://wiki.geany.org/howtos/sorted_keyboard_shortcuts
from google (geany seek matching parentheses) result 2
19 april 2017 13:35 edt
problem : install .deb file
solution :
dpkg -i file.deb
if that gives error about needing dependencies
then
apt-get install dependencies
then
dpkg -i file.deb
[addition 25 oct 2021 7:40 pm edt]
if entering-linux-command 'dpkg -i file.deb' produce error-output like :
(1)Failed to fetch http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/glib2.0/libglib2.0-bin_2.56.4-0ubuntu0.18.04.6_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.142 80]
(2)Failed to fetch http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/glib2.0/libglib2.0-0_2.56.4-0ubuntu0.18.04.6_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.142 80]
then (1)enter-linux-command 'apt-get update'
(2)enter-linux-command 'dpkg -i file.deb'
[source : forgotten-person in mirc.com or hexchat.org ; irc-network www.dal.net or freenode.org , channel/chat-room #debian#]
[/addition 25 oct 2021 7:40 pm edt]
source :
https://askubuntu.com/questions/40779/how-do-i-install-a-deb-file-via-the-command-line
from google (linux install deb file) result 1
problem : change the content of taskbar in
linuxmint-xfce
solution : right click on menu then click
'edit applications'
source : https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/205233/how-to-add-shortcut-to-cinnamon-taskbar
from google (linuxmint edit taskbar shortcut) result 1
2 may 2017 12:08 edt
problem : conky disappears when clicking desktop wallpaper
solution :
Set "own_window_type" in the config to "override"
source :
https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1409058&p=10639807#post10639807
from 'See here. Worked for me' in https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1717351
from google (conky disappears when clicking desktop) result 1
23:18 edt
problem : show git remote server
solution :
1. git remote show origin
2. git remote -v
source :
https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Working-with-Remotes
from google (git show remote info) result 1
problem : show files tracked by git
solution :
git ls-files --full-name
source :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8533202/list-files-in-local-git-repo
from 'possible duplicate of List files in local git repo? – Kristján Sep 28 '15 at 15:54'
in http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15606955/how-can-i-make-git-show-a-list-of-the-files-that-are-being-tracked
from google (git show tracked files) result 1
problem : make git stop tracking a folder
solution :
git rm --cached -r foldername
source :
1. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/936249/how-to-stop-tracking-and-ignore-changes-to-a-file-in-git
from google (git stop tracking file) result 2
2. https://scotch.io/tutorials/how-to-use-git-remove-without-deleting-the-files
from google (git rm cached) result 5
problem : tell git to track a folder
solution :
git add foldername
source :
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10758904/git-automatically-track-all-files-in-a-directory
from google (git track file) result 4
3 may 2017 14:32 edt
problem :
a pop up window size is too large
to fit on monitor screen.
the 'submit' , 'cancel' button is located out of
monitor screen
solution :
press and hold 'alt', click anywhere inside
that window, hold that mouse click, then
drag the mouse to drag that oversized pop up
window upward so that 'submit', 'cancel' buttons
on the bottom part can show up.
5 may 2017 13:02 edt
problem : what is physical id 0, core0, core1 in conky
output ?
solution :
Physical id 0 is the CPU
Core0 is your 1st cpu core
Core1 is your 2nd cpu core
source :
https://askubuntu.com/questions/472087/sensor-identification
from google (physical id 0 vs core 0) result 2
6 may 2017 13:06 edt
problem : show software version available
to get from debian repository
solution : apt-cache show lm-sensors
source :
http://newbiedoc.sourceforge.net/tutorials/apt-get-intro/info.html
from google (apt info) result 2
problem : show software version already
installed in local computer with debian linux
operating system
solution : dpkg -s lm-sensors
source :
https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/ubuntu/see-what-version-of-a-package-is-installed-on-ubuntu/
from google (apt show version of installed package) result 1
problem : read long output in small console terminal
solution :
1. make long output show little by little
add '| more' to the command
example :
show list of software already installed
dpkg -l | more
2. write output to txt file then use text editor to
read the txt file
example :
write list of software already installed to list.txt
dpkg -l > list.txt
problem : finding what software own this file
solution :
$ dpkg -S postmaster
postgresql-9.3: /usr/share/postgresql/9.3/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz
postgresql-9.3: /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/postmaster
we see postgresql-9.3 software own those 2 files
$ dpkg -S '/etc/systemd'
$ dpkg -S /etc/systemd
systemd-services, acpid: /etc/systemd
we see systemd-services software,
acpid software own /etc/systemd
13:47 edt
problem : find cpu temperature without lm-sensors software
solution :
example :
cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp
cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp1_input
cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp2_input
cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp3_input
source :
1. https://askubuntu.com/questions/15832/how-do-i-get-the-cpu-temperature
from google (linux cpu temperature) result 1
2. 'hwmon' in
linux-3.19.1 source code folder/
Documentation/thermal/sysfs-api.txt
from
linux-3.19.1 source code folder>grep -nr 'thermal_zone' .
having lm-sensors installed, allow running command 'sensors' [added 28-oct-2018 9:46 am edt]
problem : find kernel version
solution : uname -r
uname -r print kernel release
uname -v print kernel version
kernel release means kernel version, kernel version
does not mean kernel version.
source :
1. https://www.liquidweb.com/kb/how-to-check-the-kernel-version-in-linux-ubuntu-centos/
from google (kernel version) result 1
2. https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/124466/what-is-the-difference-of-kernel-distributions-release-and-version
from google (kernel release vs kernel version) result 1
3. 'To find out the version of your kernel, run uname -r:'
in https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html
14 may 2017 12:28 edt
problem : use dosbox to run game
solution :
assume game-folder is inside game-folder-parent
(step-1)game-folder-parent$./dosbox
(step-2)dosbox>mount c game-folder
(step-3)doxbox>c:
(step-4)c:>game.exe
source : ((1))https://www.maketecheasier.com/play-old-dos-games-in-linux/ from google (linux run dos game) result 1 ((2))https://www.online-tech-tips.com/fun-stuff/play-retro-dos-games-perfectly-with-dosbox/ from google(dosbox run retro game)result 2
problem : make dosbox full screen
solution :
press alt + enter
source :
https://askubuntu.com/questions/446728/dos-box-screen-resolution-problem
15 may 2017 21:27 edt
problem : check memory type in linux
solution : sudo dmidecode --type 17
source :
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-ram-speed-linux/
from google (linux check memory type) result 1
19 may 2017 19:43 edt
problem : firefox vertical scrollbar behaviour is
left click makes firefox page jump to that
page.
how to make firefox scrollbar jump 1 page down
or 1 page up with mouse click ?
solution :
right click advance firefox scrollbar 1 page.
left click advance firefox to that point.
22 may 2017 15:04
problem :
router FiOS-G1100 sometimes start quickly
sometimes takes forever to start.
router FiOS-G1100 turn on red light for long time
during starting sometimes.
other times red light turn on only for short time
then white light turns on.
solution :
red light stays on
till router FiOS-G1100
has obtained an IP address
from internet service provider server.
Depending on the traffic that day,
router could take 1 minute or 2 minute to obtain the IP.
router should remain turned on at night,
router doesn't require much electricity when on
13 july 2017 3:21pm edt
problem :
Find 10 largest file in linux with sort-order according to file-size in descending order
solution :
find /path/to/dir/ -printf '%s %p\n'| sort -nr | head -10
find . -printf '%s %p\n'| sort -nr | head -10
Sample outputs:
5700875 ./images/faq/2013/11/iftop-outputs.gif
5459671 ./videos/faq/2013/12/glances/glances.webm
5091119 ./videos/faq/2013/12/glances/glances.ogv
source :
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-find-the-largest-filesdirectories-on-a-linuxunixbsd-filesystem/
from google (linux get biggest files) result 1
problem : delete a directory
solution : rm -r dirname
problem : edit a file in local computer, from linuxmint livecd
solution : sudo xed filename
source : https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/298737/backup-files-as-owner-using-a-live-cd
from yahoo (change file ownership from livecd) result 6
problem : find the size of a directory
solution : du -sh dirname
problem : backup 1 file, only happen if the file in computer
is more up to date than the file in backup server.
aka rsync 1 file
solution : sudo rsync -avz /dir/file.txt remoteuser@remotehost:/remote/dir/
14 july 2017 13:57 edt
problem : 8 gigabytes usb contains linuxmint live cd,
after formatting that usb flash drive
the capacity/size of that usb shrinks to 1.5 gigabytes
solution : linux live cd create 2 partitions in a usb drive,
1 small partition for swap and
1 partition for linux live operating system.
more info about how to format a usb flash drive :
- find 'sudo mke2fs /dev/sdb' in this text
delete partition :
1. find the device name for that usb flash drive
a@a ~ $ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x2405ea3f
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 39062594 39060547 18.6G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39065598 976771071 937705474 447.1G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39065600 976771071 937705472 447.1G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 7.5 GiB, 8017412096 bytes, 15659008 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5bf1c51e
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdc1 * 0 3793663 3793664 1.8G 0 Empty
/dev/sdc2 2136 2967 832 416K ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
2. a@a ~ $ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.5 GiB, 8017412096 bytes, 15659008 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5bf1c51e
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 0 3793663 3793664 1.8G 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 2136 2967 832 416K ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.5 GiB, 8017412096 bytes, 15659008 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5bf1c51e
Command (m for help): q
a@a ~ $
source :
1. 'Do you mean the you installed linux on the USB drive? if so
the installation will have created some linux paritions
(usually ext2,3 or 4) and maybe a swap parition.
You will need to repartition the drive if this is what happened'
in http://www.tomshardware.com/forum/283393-32-flash-drive
from google (8 gb usb show as 1.5 gb after format) result 1
2. 'fdisk' in
https://dottheslash.wordpress.com/2011/11/29/deleting-all-partitions-on-a-usb-drive/
from google (linux delete partition in usb) result 1
problem : find date time of linux install date
solution : sudo ls -alct /root
source :
'ls -alct /root'
in https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9971/how-do-i-find-how-long-ago-a-linux-system-was-installed
from google (find linux installation date) result 1
16:28 edt
problem : linuxmint 18.2 sonya xfce live usb can not resume monitor display
after unplug then plugging vga cable.
solution : use linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon live usb,
yes cinnamon version is vga cable hot pluggable
, xfce version is not vga cable hot pluggable
problem : debian 19.1 stretch stable live usb can not install
debian 19.1 to local computer
solution : reboot live usb, then choose 'install', do not choose 'live cd'.
linuxmint allows trying live cd then do install without reboot.
so if linuxmint installation produce error
then firefox web browser can be run to connect to internet
to find solution to the error.
16:43 edt
problem : which linux distro is good ?
solution :
tried :
1. debian 9.0.1 xfce live usb,
2. linuxmint rosa xfce,
3. linuxmint 18.2 sonya xfce,
4. linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon,
5. centos 6.2 live cd
opinion :
linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon is good because :
1. linuxmint rosa xfce suffer problem with zsnes freeze mid game
source :
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/zsnes/+bug/1214241
from google (zsnes freeze midgame) result 2
2. linuxmint 18.2 sonya xfce can not resume monitor display
after vga cable is unplugged then plug back in.
so backup mirroring files from 2 desktop computer with 1
keyboard, mouse, monitor, becomes very difficult.
plugging vga cable to desktop computer 1 then
plugging vga cable to desktop computer 2 then
plugging vga cable to desktop computer 1 then
plugging vga cable to desktop computer 2 then
will
cause monitor can not display desktop computer 1 or 2
debian 9.0.1 xfce live usb can resume monitor display
after vga cable is unplugged then plug back in.
but can not browse internet during debian 9.0.1 xfce
installation, while linuxmint live usb allows user
to browse internet during installation so
user can do google search for tips if seeing linuxmint
error.
centos 6.2 live cd can resume monitor display
after vga cable is unplugged then plug back in.
but unsure whether centos 6.2 live cd allows
browsing internet during installing centos 6.2
3. debian 9 stretch xfce, lxde do not have bash-autocomplete
feature turned on.
can not browse the internet while trying debian live cd.
to turn on bash-autocomplete after installing debian :
find 'problem : turn on auto complete, bash completion feature in debian' in
this text (31 may 2018 7:30 am edt)
4. centos live cd comes with vi text editor which is difficult.
linuxmint live cd has nano text editor, easier
5. maybe devuan, other linux distro in
http://without-systemd.org/wiki/index.php/Linux_distributions_without_systemd
if wanting traditional 'init/sysvinit' rather than
the new systemd.
source :
'Sándor Alex C Fodor' in
https://www.facebook.com/nixcraft/posts/1799684576711579
(31 may 2018 7:30 am edt)
18.46 edt
problem : linuxmint rosa xfce during boot,
produce error '/usr/bin/X' is missing
solution :
sudo apt-get install --reinstall xserver-xorg
maybe works
sudo apt-get install xorg
maybe works
source :
1. https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=174357
from google (linuxmint /usr/bin/X is missing) result 1
2. https://askubuntu.com/questions/237973/boots-up-in-terminal-and-startx-cant-be-found
from google (linuxmint /usr/bin/X is missing) result 2
22:26 edt
problem : cinnamon just crashed, running in fallback mode
solution : installing too many cinnamon applets can cause the crash
source :
http://www.tomshardware.com/answers/id-2269911/linux-mint-cinnamon-crash.html
from google (cinnamon just crashed fallback mode) result 7
13 july 2017 17:45 edt
problem :
install linuxmint->18.2 in a partition separate
from /home partition.
/home partition where user document exists,
should be located
in separate partition, or separate harddrive
from
these linux operating system files :
/
/var
/etc
/usr
/lib
/bin
/boot
... and so on
but a separate harddrive is will draw extra electricity,
a separate partition in the same harddisk is good enough.
all those linux operating system files :
/
/var
/etc
/usr
/lib
/bin
/boot
... and so on not including /home
need minimum 20 gigabytes space because
linuxmint sonya cinnamon recommends 20 gigabytes
minimum space
source :
'15GB of disk space (20GB recommended)'
in http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3289
from
google
(linuxmint sonya cinnamon system requirement) result 2
solution :
when asked whether to :
1. install linuxmint alongside linuxmint 18.2
2. erase disk and install linuxmint
...
...
5. something else <--- pick this option
[addition 12 dec 2024 1:22 am est]
for normal-linux-install / non-dual-boot-install : boot-loader-location : /dev/sda . not /dev/sda1 , not /dev/sda2 , not /dev/sda3 .
if boot-loader-location is : /dev/sda1 or /dev/sda2 or /dev/sda3 then after installation finish reboot will fail with
error-message 'grub_disk_get_size not found' .
[/addition 12 dec 2024 1:22 am est]
create 2 partitions :
1 partition for linux operating system
1 partition for /home
bottom status tell which device point to which
harddrive example : '/dev/sda ata wdc w05000aads....'
which means /dev/sda is the wdc w05000aads....
after creating 2 partitions, i got
/dev/sda1 20 gigabytes intended for linux operating system
and
/dev/sda5 480 gigabytes intended for /home
click /dev/sda1
click 'change'
use as -> pick a filesystem, ext2, ext3, and so on
mount point -> pick / --> '/' means linux operating system
check 'format the partition'
click /dev/sda5
click 'change'
mount point -> pick /home
uncheck 'format the partition'
source :
https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1906884
from google (reinstall linux in the same partition) result 1
[addition 15 jun 2020 8:42 pm edt]
directory /, /bin, /sbin, /proc, /dev must stay in same-partition [source:find 'https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DiskSpace']
[/addition 15 jun 2020 8:42 pm edt]
problem :
during linuxmint 18.2 installation , partitioning harddisk
create new partition produce error
'in use by lvm volume group mint.vg'
solution :
1. find the lvm volume group name
sudo lvs
source :
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-lvm-to-manage-storage-devices-on-ubuntu-16-04
from google (in use by lvm volume group) result 4
2. delete all lvm volume group name
sudo vgremove
source :
https://askubuntu.com/questions/228136/how-to-remove-all-lvs-vgs-and-partitions-on-all-drives-before-installing-12-04
from google (in use by lvm volume group) result 1
problem :
during linuxmint.com->18.2 installation
'grub-efi-amd64-signed' package failed to install into /target/,
without grub boot loader, installed system will not boot
solution :
if the linuxmint->18.2 live usb were booted from usb drive in
uefi mode by selecting uefi usb drive name in boot menu in bios
then
reboot linuxmint->18.2 live usb in non-uefi mode, select
usb drive name in boot menu in bios without 'uefi' word
15:52 edt
problem :
e2fsck, filesystem check is being done during boot always,
delaying boot time.
solution :
change 1 to 0 in the last line in
/ets/fstab
source :
https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?f=46&t=235060&start=20
from google (linuxmint check filesystem during boot) result 1
15 july 2017 2:44pm
problem : find files being transferred by rsycn in the receiver computer
solution :
a@a ~ $ pgrep rsync
30647
30648
a@a ~ $ ps aux | grep rsync
root 30647 0.0 0.1 42116 5312 ? Ss 12:45 0:00 rsync --server -vlogDtpre.iLs --log-format=%i --remove-source-files . /home/a/myfiles
root 30648 0.5 0.2 116024 9080 ? S 12:45 0:35 rsync --server -vlogDtpre.iLs --log-format=%i --remove-source-files . /home/a/myfiles
a 31022 0.0 0.0 14224 880 pts/3 S+ 14:40 0:00 grep --color=auto rsync
a@a ~ $ watch ls -l /proc/30647/fd/1
a@a ~ $ sudo watch ls -l /proc/30647/fd/1
[sudo] password for a:
a@a ~ $ sudo watch ls -l /proc/30648/fd/1
a@a ~ $
source : 'watch' in
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/237591/how-to-get-information-about-files-being-copied-to-my-machine-by-remote-rsync-co
from google (find current files being rsync) result 2
problem : rsync produce 'mkstemp failed: permission denied(13)' errors
happen if rsync push, send files to destination computer.
not happen if rsync pull, download files from source computer.
solution :
use root login for remote computer
sudo rsync -avz /dir/file.txt root@remotehost:/remote/dir/
if that fails then maybe sshd server in remote computer
does not allow root login then
set PermitRootLogin to yes from prohibit-password :
$> sudo nano /etc/sshd_config :
#PermitRootLogin prohibit-password
PermitRootLogin yes
source :
'PermitRootLogin' in
https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/V2V_Guide/Preparation_Before_the_P2V_Migration-Enable_Root_Login_over_SSH.html
from google (login to ssh as root) result 1
problem : set root password in linuxmint
solution : $> sudo passwd root
problem :
linuxmint live usb screen becomes blank,
asked for #username# and #password# when a user moves the mouse,
press a key on keyboard.
solution :
enter 'mint' for username.
leave the password blank.
source :
'mint' in
https://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial/view/69
from google (linuxmint live cd password) result 1
4:33pm
problem : is swap space needed in linux ?
solution :
swap is needed if :
- memory is small
- plan to use hibernate, suspend to disk feature in linux
but hibernate is slower than boot, so hibernate feature
most likely will not be used
source :
1. 'Swap space in Linux is used when the amount of physical memory (RAM) is full'
in https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Deployment_Guide/s1-swap-what-is.html
from google (what use swap) result 2
2. 'hibernating' in
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2658/why-use-swap-when-there-is-more-than-enough-free-space-in-ram
from google (what use swap) result 4
3. 'hibernation' in
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq
from 'Ubuntu Swap F.A.Q' in
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2658/why-use-swap-when-there-is-more-than-enough-free-space-in-ram
from google (what use swap) result 4
4. hibernate is slower than boot (22 august 19:55 edt)
source :
'Considering shutdown takes less then 10 seconds
and the boot-up takes approx. 10 seconds,
this would take a total of 20 seconds and
no energy use while off. Whereas hibernate alone
takes 23 seconds and the wake-up takes 10 seconds'
in
https://superuser.com/questions/1012315/windows-hybernate-vs-shutdown-boot-up-times-why-choose-for-hibernate
from google (linux hibernate vs startup) result 2
4:46pm
problem : how to check memory usage in linux
solution :
%> free -h
a@a ~ $ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.8G 830M 890M 206M 2.1G 2.5G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
signs that linux runs out of memory :
1. available memory (or "free + buffers/cache") is close to zero
2. swap used increases or fluctuates
3. dmesg | grep oom-killer shows the OutOfMemory-killer at work
this signs mean memory is enough :
1. free memory is close to 0
2. used memory is close to total
3. available memory (or "free + buffers/cache") has enough room (let's say, 20%+ of total)
4. swap used does not change
Memory that is You'd call it Linux calls it
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
used by applications Used Used
used, but can be made available Free (or Available) Used (and Available)
not used for anything Free Free
'available' means :
how much ram your applications could use without swapping
source : http://www.linuxatemyram.com/
from 'linuxatemyram.com' in
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41426656/what-is-available-v-s-free-memory-in-free-command
from google (linux memory free available vs free) result 2
22:30 (updated 24 july 2017 12:14 pm)
problem :
linux : set date, time using internet time server because the computer
does not use crc battery/cmos battery on motherboard therefore
can not remember current time when the computer is shutdown
and the power sentry which provide power to computer,
speaker, monitor, is turned off.
benefit of not using crc battery/cmos battery :
saving energy for recycling battery.
solution : #current-time#
/usr/sbin/ntpdate pool.ntp.org
if that produce error :
24 Jul 11:55:12 ntpdate[14280]: the NTP socket is in use, exiting
then
try
sudo service ntp stop
sudo /etc/init.d/ntp stop
if
/usr/sbin/ntpdate pool.ntp.org still
produce the error above then
/usr/sbin/ntpdate -u pool.ntp.org
to check system date, run :
$>date
date time shown in the desktop clock maybe still
out of date, because
the desktop clock gui has not updated itself
source :
1. '/usr/sbin/ntpdate -s ntp.ubuntu.com'
in http://winaero.com/blog/how-to-set-time-from-the-internet-ntp-in-linux-mint-17/
from google (how linuxmint time server) result 1
2. https://askubuntu.com/questions/254826/how-to-force-a-clock-update-using-ntp
from google (set clock ntpdate) result 1
3. https://superuser.com/questions/639202/updating-time-ntpdate3108-the-ntp-socket-is-in-use-exiting/639206
from google (ntp service stop ntp socket is in use exiting) result 1
17 july 2017 20:08 edt
problem : install adobe flash in firefox in linux
solution :
avoid testing adobe flash player in
https://www.adobe.com/shockwave/welcome/
(Test Adobe Shockwave Player webpage)
adobe flash player test page :
1. https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player.html (5 january 2018 11:17 pm est)
click 'check now'
see animation under 'Verify whether Flash Player is installed'
from google (check adobe flash) result 1
2. http://isflashinstalled.com/
from google (adobe flash player test) result 5
3. http://ultrasounds.com/
from google (adobe flash player test) page 2 result 7
install adobe flash in firefox in linux :
1. download .tar.gz for npapi version, not ppapi version
2. extract the downloaded file then
libflashplayer.so should be created
in the extracted folder.
example extracted folder, file name :
/install_flash_player_11_linux.x86_64/libflashplayer.so
3. copy libflashplayer.so to ~/.mozilla/plugins
if ~/.mozilla/plugins folder is not available then
create ~/.mozilla/plugins
source : https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1030381
from google (linux firefox install adobe flash) result 3
or
if
/home/abc/.mozilla/plugins/libflashplayer.so
/usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/libflashplayer.so
are symbolic link then make sure
those symbolic link points to
/home
/abc
/mozilla-firefox
/adobe-flash/install_flash_player_11_linux.x86_64
/libflashplayer.so
4. open firefox menu, click 'add-ons' -> 'plugins'
set 'always activate' for shockwave flash
(25 december 2017 7:33 pm est)
5. restart firefox
problem : install adobe flash in google-chrome in linux (17 dec 2017 10:50 am est)
solution :
avoid testing adobe flash player in
https://www.adobe.com/shockwave/welcome/
(Test Adobe Shockwave Player webpage)
adobe flash player test page :
1. http://isflashinstalled.com/
from google (adobe flash player test) result 5
2. http://ultrasounds.com/
from google (adobe flash player test) page 2 result 7
flash is already installed in google-chrome.
but maybe adobe flash setting is 'use global default (ask)'
and flash setting must be set to 'allow' :
1. visit a webpage which has flash content
2. click an icon on the left side of the url
3. change 'flash' setting from
'use global default (ask) to 'allow'
4. refresh that webpage.
but maybe flash in google-chrome, needs to be updated :
1. type in address bar :
chrome://components
2. find 'adobe flash'
ctrl 'f' for shortcut for finding 'adobe flash'
3. click 'check for update'
problem : operating system can not boot
solution :
prepare 2 usb flash drives.
usb flash drive 1 should contain linuxmint cinnamon live cd.
usb flash drive 2 is to be used to move important files from
failing computer to other computer, repeatedly until all
important files have been moved.
why linuxmint cinnamon live cd is chosen ?
find 'problem : which linux distro is good ?' in this text
problem : can not cut then paste file in cinnamon file manager (nemo)
solution : make sure permission to paste file, create new file exists
20 july 2017 17:28
problem : linux : get memory type
solution :
sudo dmidecode --type 17
source :
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-ram-speed-linux/
from google (linux get memory type) result 1
21 july 2017 13:13
problem :
linuxmint cinnamon : change font size for
file explorer/manager (nemo)
solution :
1. click linuxmint logo on bottom left of the screen
2. 'preferences' -> 'font' -> click 'default font' to
resize default font size
default font size affect file explorer/manager (nemo)
problem :
make normal file becomes executable file
solution :
chmod u+x filename
28 july 2017 11:27 edt
problem :
which firefox website tab slows down cpu the most
solution :
type
about:performance
in address bar.
source :
google
(firefox check which tab consume cpu usage)
result 1
5 august 2017 19:10 edt
problem :
make firefox get websites from
cache, not from internet
solution :
menu -> developer -> work offline
8 august 2017 11:01 edt
problem :
from linux gui, switch to console
solution :
ctrl + alt + f1 to f6
ctrl + alt + f7 to return to linux gui
source :
1. http://ask.xmodulo.com/boot-into-command-line-ubuntu-debian.html
from google (linuxmint start in console mode) result 4
2. https://www.howtogeek.com/111417/how-to-multitask-in-the-linux-terminal-3-ways-to-use-multiple-shells-at-once/
from google (linux multi console) result 1
11 august 2017 16:14 edt
problem :
c/c++ gdb can not print global variable
solution :
p 'varname[abi:cxx11]'
source :
'q[abi:cxx11]' in
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40820535/can-not-print-global-objects-in-gdb
from google (gdb can not print global variable) result 2
16:29 edt
problem :
java jdb can not print static global variable
solution :
print packagename.classname.staticVariableName
source :
(gdb) p 'f2.c'::x
in https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/Variables.html
from google (gdb print global variable) result 2
18:33 edt
problem :
c++ compile with debug info
solution :
g++ -ggdb -o executablefile file.c
source :
'-ggdb'
in https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Debugging-Options.html
from google (g++ with debugging info) result 1
12 august 2017 19:02 edt
problem :
geany comment style is
/*
* comment
*/
change that to
/*
comment
*/
solution :
edit -> preferences -> editor -> completion tab
uncheck 'automatic continuation of multi-line comments'
source :
'Editor Indentation preferences' in
https://geany.org/manual/dev/
from google (geany comment style) result 4
16 august 2017 17:37 edt
problem :
block facebook website from web browser so the user can
concentrate doing work without temptation from
visiting facebook website
solution :
sudo nano /etc/hosts
put
127.0.0.1 www.facebook.com
18:10 edt
problem :
debug java program which accept console input
solution :
steps :
1. in linux terminal 1 :
java -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,address=
2. in linux terminal 2 :
jdb -attach
example = 8000
stop at packagename.classname:linenumber
run
3. in linux terminal 1 :
enter the input
source :
1. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1853628/how-do-i-pass-console-input-to-a-running-java-program-instead-of-to-jdb
from google (jdb put input) result 1
2. https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSYKE2_8.0.0/com.ibm.java.aix.80.doc/user/jdb.html
from google (jdb port) result 3
24 august 2017 19:38 edt
problem :
how much time does each process take during
boot ?
solution :
systemd-analyze blame
source :
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improving_performance/Boot_process
from google (systemd startup times) result 1
26 august 2017 9:52 edt
problem:1)linux-gnome terminal : scroll up 1 page,scroll down 1 page
2)linux-gnome terminal : scroll up 1 line,scroll down 1 line[added 27 nov 2018 6:12 pm est]
solution:1)linux-gnome terminal : scroll up 1 page,scroll down 1 page:
hold shift then press page-up
hold shift then press page-down
source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/60382/how-to-scroll-in-a-terminal-using-keyboard from google (scroll up gnome terminal) result 5
2)linux-gnome terminal : scroll up 1 line,scroll down 1 line
hold ctrl and shift then press up-arrow
hold ctrl and shift then press down-arrow
30 august 2017 11:12 am edt
problem : change gnome terminal color
solution : edit -> profile perference
click 'colors' tab
change 'built-in schemes' to 'custom'
click each color palette to change color palette which looks
bad on gnome terminal
5 september 2017 15:46 edt
problem : skip harddisk check during boot
solution :
sudo nano /ets/fstab
write 0 for column (last column)
source :
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-bypassing-fsck/
from google (linux avoid check disk during boot) result 2
14 september 2017 20:04 edt
problem : compile curses.c which uses ncurses library produce error :
gcc -o curses -lcurses curses.c
/tmp/ccf4ULfk.o: In function `main':
curses.c:(.text+0x18): undefined reference to `initscr'
curses.c:(.text+0x1d): undefined reference to `echo'
curses.c:(.text+0x24): undefined reference to `stdscr'
solution :
gcc -o curses curses.c -lncurses
source :
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/805343/undefined-reference-when-using-ncurses-on-linux
from google (ncurses undefined reference to `initscr') result 2
18 september 2017 13:20 edt
problem :
nano-editor.org editor command cheat sheet
nano-editor.org cheat sheet
solution :
File Control in nano
Open or create the file “index.php” with nano on command line. : nano index.php
save changes and stay inside nano : ctrl-o then press 'enter'
open a new file with a new buffer within nano : ctrl-r alt-f
switch to the next file buffer in nano : alt->
switch to the previous file buffer in nano : alt-<
quit nano : ctrl-x
save changes and quit nano : ctrl-x
navigating file-content in nano :
move to beginning of current-line. : ctrl-a
move to end of current-line : ctrl-e
move down 1 page : ctrl-v
move up 1 page : ctrl-y
go to beginning-of-file : alt-\
go to end-of-file : alt-/
go to a line number : alt-g
find matching open-bracket/close-bracket '{' , '[' , '}' , ']' : alt-]
select a block and indent the block : alt-a alt-}
select a block and outden the block : alt-a alt-{
copy and paste in nano :
select a block for copy-operation or cut-operation , do alt-a again to unselect : alt-a
copy a highlighted block to clipboard : alt-a alt-^
cut a highlighted block to clipboard : alt-a ctrl-k
cut from current-cursor-position to end-of-current-line : ctrl-k
paste content from clipboard at current-cursor-position : ctrl-u
[addition 8 jul 2021 12:37 pm edt]
weakness : ctrl-u for paste , can not paste to input-for-text-search. ctrl-w show input-for-text-search.
but mouse-click copy-paste can paste text to input-for-text-search.
[/addition 8 jul 2021 12:37 pm edt]
Search and Replace in nano
search a word : ctrl-w
repeat the last search : alt-w
search and replace : alt-r
[ source : http://www.codexpedia.com/text-editor/nano-text-editor-command-cheatsheet/ from google (nano cheat sheet) result 1 ]
[addition 21 apr 2020 12:3 pm edt]
search-backward in nano: ctrl-w then alt-b [source:'To toggle backwards searching, you need to press Alt + B in the search dialog.' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/47515/any-way-to-search-for-text-within-nano from google (nano search backward) result 1]
[/addition 21 apr 2020 12:3 pm edt]
[addition 7 jul 2021 3:17 pm edt]
get current line-number-info for current-text : ctrl-c
[/addition 7 jul 2021 3:17 pm edt]
[addition 8 jul 2021 12:31 pm edt]
undo : alt-u , redo : alt-e
[/addition 8 jul 2021 12:31 pm edt]
[addition 22 sep 2021 6:29 pm edt]
Whitespace display enable/disable : alt-p
Color syntax highlighting enable/disable : alt-y
[/addition 22 sep 2021 6:29 pm edt]
29 september 2017 14:30 edt
problem :
change user agent (useragent) string in chromium, firefox,midori [add midori 18 jan 2019 8:19 am est]
solution :
(1)chromium:(1st procedure maybe does not work because chromium setting does not
save the new useragent string,2nd procedure seems working)
procedure 1 :
click 'menu' in top right corner
click 'more tools'
click 'developer tools'
click 3 colon like ':' but 3 dots located on left side of
'x' on top right corner
click 'more tools'
click 'network conditions'
on bottom right screen :
under user agent :
uncheck 'select automatically'
type new user agent string in 'enter a custom user agent'
procedure 2 : (1 dec 2017 5:49 pm est)
run chromium with command line with option
--user-agent="[string]"
so
google-chrome --password-store=basic --user-agent="someuseragent"
chromium-browser --password-store=basic --user-agent="someuseragent"
(2)firefox : (5 january 2018 11:15 pm est)
(1)enter in url address bar: about:config
(2)enter search keyword: useragent
(3)if 'general.useragent.override' does not exist then make string-variable 'general.useragent.override' then put value for 'general.useragent.override' variable
if 'general.useragent.override' exists then
double click 'general.useragent.override'
then change that value
if general.useragent.override does not exist then
right click to show pop up menu,
click 'new', click 'string'
enter the preference name :
general.useragent.override
then put a value for that preference name
[addition 23 jul 2020 6:38 pm edt]
if 'general.useragent.override' exists and has boolean-data-type then
change boolean-data-type to string-data-type then
write text-value for that general.useragent.override. (firefox-71) [source:https://www.ghacks.net/2019/12/11/mozilla-removes-site-specific-user-agent-override-option-from-firefox-71/ from google (firefox 71 user agent string) result 4]
[/addition 23 jul 2020 6:38 pm edt]
source:(1)https://www.technipages.com/google-chrome-change-user-agent-string from google (chromium change user agent string) result 1
(2)https://superuser.com/questions/98798/how-do-i-change-firefoxs-user-agent-via-aboutconfig/98804#98804?newreg=019fc0c2d828497aa0f2107c96f1aa76 from google (firefox change user agent) result 5
[addition 29 oct 2020 11:59 am edt]
some web-site like https://www.newegg.com/black-bitfenix-shinobi-xl-atx-full-tower/p/N82E16811345004
refuse to show-up if user-agent-string is not original-setting/original-value.
original-setting/original-value is :
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:72.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/72.0
[source:https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/how-reset-default-user-agent-firefox from google ( firefox 67 change user agent )]
[addition 10 nov 2020 7:38 am est]
but https://www.newegg.com/black-bitfenix-shinobi-xl-atx-full-tower/p/N82E16811345004
still willing to show-up if user-agent-string is
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:72.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/72.0. wget -U 'facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|wget' --spider some-url
[/addition 10 nov 2020 7:38 am est]
[addition 10 nov 2020 11:52 am est]
https://www.loudounportal.com/taxes -> click 'real estate' or click 'personal property' or etc...
still willing to show-up if user-agent-string ( about:config -> variable-name 'general.useragent.override' ) is/contain-value
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:72.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/72.0. wget -U 'facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|wget' --spider some-url
[/addition 10 nov 2020 11:52 am est]
[addition 30 apr 2021 6:4 am edt] end 7:52 am edt
after changing value for 'general.useragent.override' , directly-using https://myaccountrwd.allstate.com to login
will produce login-failure.
use front-page allstate.com to successully-login for initial-time then next-time can use
https://myaccountrwd.allstate.com to login.
[/addition 30 apr 2021 6:4 am edt]
[/addition 29 oct 2020 11:59 am edt]
[addition 7 mar 2021 2:5 pm est]
web-site for knowing current useragent : whatsmyua.info. [source:'whatsmyua.info' in https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/how-reset-default-user-agent-firefox#w_view-your-user-agent]
to reset useragent / change useragent to factory-setting / original-value : delete general.useragent.override ( click trash-container-icon located on right-side-adjacent-to variable 'general.useragent.override' )
[/addition 7 mar 2021 2:5 pm est]
(3)midori:[18 jan 2019 8:21 am est]
'Open the Preferences window, then Network->Identify as' in https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/change-http-headers-in-midori-browser-4175554666/ from google(midori user agent string)result 5
my user-agent-string:www.facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux) AppleWebKit/538.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.86 Safari/538.15 Midori/0.5
17:12 edt
problem :
chromium web browser asks for password
to unlock login key ring
solution :
run
chromium-browser --password-store=basic
to launch chromium browser without asking for
password to unlock login key ring.
password for login form in websites will be stored
in plain text (basic mode) without encryption.
source :
https://askubuntu.com/questions/31786/chrome-asks-for-password-to-unlock-keyring-on-startup
from google (make chromium stop asking keyring) result 1
1 october 2017 14:57 edt
problem :
add more memory to
igpu (integrated gpu/integrated video card)
in a cpu with integrated gpu inside a cpu chip.
solution :
bios -> 'advanced' ->
select memory amount for 'igpu memory'
2 october 2017 11:44 am edt
problem :
in linuxmint cinnamon,
all windows becomes transparent and maximised
solution :
1. right click 'show desktop' icon on bottom left
screen, 2nd icon from the left.
2. click 'configure'
3. turn off 'peek at the desktop on hover'
if all windows still transparent then reboot
source :
https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=238789
from
google (linuxmint cinnamon windows maximised but transparent)
result 1
22 october 2017 19:33 edt
problem :
make firefox shows javascript error
solution :
click
options -> developer -> browser console
source :
'Browser Console. The Browser Console lets you see
all JavaScript errors and logging in the browser,
including from Firefox code. To enable it, go to
about:config in the url bar and set
devtools.chrome.enabled to true , or set
the "Enable chrome and add-on debugging" option
in the developer tool settings.'
in https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Debugging/Debugging_JavaScript
from google (firefox javascript error) result 2
11 november 2017 17:29 est
problem :
start firefox with a certain profile
solution :
firefox -P profile-name
source :
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Command_Line_Options#-P_.22profile_name.22
from google (start firefox profile) result 3
problem :
firefox, create a new profile
solution :
use firefox to go to web address :
about:profiles
19 december 2017 10:21 pm est, 6 january 2018 6:58 pm est
problem :
linux boot to 'emergency mode',
can not show linux desktop.
solution :
option 1.
1. type 'journalctl -xb'
to go to bash prompt
2. then 'root' bash prompt appear.
3. cat /var/log/boot.log
4. check which /dev/sda fails to mount
if 'e2fsck -Cy /dev/sda1' fails then
do
e2fsck -Cy /dev/sda1
5. reboot
show all partition names :
sudo fdisk -l
source :
1. 'Welcome to emergency mode! After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view
system logs, "systemctl reboot" to reboot, "systemctl default" or ^D to
try again to boot into default mode.'
in
https://superuser.com/questions/1219695/how-to-avoid-welcome-to-emergency-mode
from
google (linux emergency mode log) result 6
2. https://askubuntu.com/questions/646414/welcome-to-emergency-mode-think-it-is-a-fsck-problem
from
google (linuxmint emergency mode log) result 1
19 december 2017 10:42 pm est
problem :
linux : identify filesystem type
solution :
file -sL /dev/sda1
source :
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/04/identify-file-system-type
from google (linux check partition type) result 4
22 december 2017 3:51 pm est
problem :
does whatsapp record missing call during internet is offline ?
solution :
yes
source :
1. https://www.quora.com/If-you-ring-someone-on-WhatsApp-but-they-have-no-3G-connection-or-WiFi-connection-will-they-still-receive-a-missed-call-notification
from google (whatsapp record call when offline) result 1
2. https://www.quora.com/Do-you-get-a-missed-call-notification-on-whatsapp-if-it-never-rings-just-attempts-to-dial
from google (whatsap record missing call) result 1
28 december 2017 10:19 pm est, 4 january 2018 7:23 pm est
problem :
linux change computer name
solution :
example : change computer name to 'b'
1. %>sudo nano /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 b
2. %>sudo nano /etc/hostname
b
3. %>sudo hostname
to display current hostname
4. close linux terminal, open linux terminal,
new hostname should show in bash prompt
source :
'How to change the Ubuntu server hostname without a system restart?'
in
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-change-hostname-command/
in
http://www.ihaveapc.com/2010/06/quickly-change-computer-name-in-linux-mint/
from google (linux change hostname) result 1
29 december 2017 11:34 am est, 4 january 2018 7:23 pm est
problem :
linuxmint can not have 1280 x 1024
only has 1024 x 768 maximum
possible solution :
vga cable connection to pc is loose,
push vga cable to pc.
5 january 2018 5:18 pm est
problem :
creating new firefox tab with ctrl 't',
creates
a new firefox tab which contains
websites icons recommendations.
how to clear that new firefox tab ?
solution :
1. click an icon 'customize your new tab page'
on the top right of the new firefox tab.
2. uncheck everything
3. click 'done'
source :
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/customize-new-tab-page
from
google (clear firefox startup page in new tab)
result 1
5 january 2018 9:54 pm est
1. problem :
linuxmint installation does not have a swap partition.
reinstall linuxmint with swap partition.
keep old files in /home partition and that is possible if
/home was installed in separate partition
as written in
find
'install linuxmint->18.2 in a partition separate'
in this text
solution :
when asked whether to :
1. install linuxmint alongside linuxmint->18.2
2. erase disk and install linuxmint
...
...
5. something else <--- pick this option
[addition 12 dec 2024 1:22 am est]
for normal-linux-install / non-dual-boot-install : boot-loader-location : /dev/sda . not /dev/sda1 , not /dev/sda2 , not /dev/sda3 .
if boot-loader-location is : /dev/sda1 or /dev/sda2 or /dev/sda3 then after installation finish reboot will fail with
error-message 'grub_disk_get_size not found' .
[/addition 12 dec 2024 1:22 am est]
find partition for
/
delete / partition using '-' button
/ partition will be shown as 'free space'
click the 'free space' then click '+' button
create / partition with smaller size.
then create swap partition
with size the rest of the free space.
find partition for /home, the size of /home should be
a clue for finding which partition /home is.
edit that partition, set /home as mount point for
that partition.
ensure 'format partition' checkbox is checked for / partition.
ensure 'format partition' checkbox is unchecked
for /home partition so files in /home partition is being kept.
6 january 2018
6:44 pm est
problem : linuxmint->18.2 set autologin, auto login
solution :
a@b ~ $ sudo nano /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/70-linuxmint.conf
[SeatDefaults]
user-session=cinnamon
autologin-user=a
source :
1. 'lightdm'
in
https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=247385
from google (linuxmint sonya set autologin) result 1
2. 'autologin-user=username',
'System provided configuration is stored in
/usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/*.conf and
is not user editable. System administrators can override
this configuration in /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/*.conf
and /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf. Files are read in
the above order and combined together to make the LightDM
configuration'
in
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LightDM#Setting_an_Automatic_Login
from google
(linuxmint /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf not available)
result 2
7:21 pm est
problem : linuxmint check disk during boot, turn off that
solution :
sudo nano /etc/fstab
replace non-zero value with
0
in the end of each line.
set value for to 0
source : google
11 january 2018 8:43 pm est, 13 january 2018 7:28 pm est
problem :
headphones not emitting sounds in linux
solution :
maybe try reboot that linux
19 january 2018
11:12 am est
problem :
how to format answer text in
www.stackoverflow.com ,
www.stackexchange.com
solution :
https://stackoverflow.com/editing-help
from
google (stackoverflow answer format) result 2
5:41 pm est
problem :
firefox, chromium
memory usage during browsing facebook newsfeed
is prodigal.
solution
reduce firefox, chromium screen size to
slightly less than maximised size.
that maybe make firefox, chromium more efficient
in using memory.
3 february 2018 2:39 pm est
problem :
/var/log/syslog
says
Feb 3 09:38:19 a dbus-daemon[793]: Unknown username "whoopsie" in message bus configuration file
solution :
remove the policy for the user whoopsie in
/etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.conf
source :
https://bugs.launchpad.net/linuxmint/+bug/1682787
from
google (messagebus whoosie) result 1
2:46 pm est
problem :
boot to recovery mode to do e2fsck
solution :
hold shift during boot, a linux boot menu will show up.
source : maybe askubuntu.com from google
20 february 2018 9:18 pm est
problem :
linux firefox font looks bad
solution :
run
sudo dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig-config
source :
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/226831/how-can-i-improve-the-font-rendering-in-firefox
from
google (best linux firefox font) result 1
good font : raghumalayalam, dejavu
problem :
linux : print list of font names
solution :
fc-list
source :
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/quickly-list-all-available-fonts.html
from
google (linux font list) result 1
24 february 2018 7:56 pm est
problem :
find files which are different in 2 folders
solution :
sudo diff -qr folder1 folder2
3 march 2018 12:45 pm est
problem :
linux : set date, time manually, without internet time server
because the computer does not use crc battery/cmos battery
on motherboard therefore
can not remember current time when the computer is shutdown
and the power sentry which provide power to computer,
speaker, monitor, is turned off.
benefit of not using crc battery/cmos battery :
saving energy for recycling battery.
solution :
sudo date +%d_%B_%Y_%H:%M_%P_%Z -s "1 february 2018 12:46 pm est"
or
sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "3 march 2018 1:2 pm est"
source :
1. https://www.garron.me/en/linux/set-time-date-timezone-ntp-linux-shell-gnome-command-line.html
from google (linux set date) result 1
2. https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-display-date-and-time/
from google (linux display date) result 1
[addition 9 feb 2023 2:27 pm est]
then make-sure file /etc/default/hwclock , contain :
BADYEAR=no
HWCLOCKACCESS=yes
HWCLOCKPARS=
HCTOSYS_DEVICE=rtc0
so that /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh automatically-start during start/boot and shut-down .
/etc/init.d/hwclock.sh scribe linux-distro-current-date-time to rtc/real-time-clock/hardware-clock .
then crc-battery/cmos-battery give electricity-ampere to motherboard to make rtc/real-time-clock/hardware-clock stay-on
even-though computer is shut-down / mortem / off . [source : abchk1234.wordpress.com/2013/11/14/stop-debian-from-saving-to-the-hardware-clock-on-shutdown-solve-messing-up-of-time-on-windows-by-debian-prevent-debian-from-messing-up-the-system-time/ from google ( debian hwclock during shutdown ) result 1 ]
[/addition 9 feb 2023 2:27 pm est]
problem :
linux : print date and time
solution :
1. run
date
or
2. run
date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %Z'
date format :
put '+' then any of these..
%% a literal %
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
%d day of month (e.g., 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04,
+05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. The following
optional flags may follow '%':
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
source : man date > man_date_output.txt
then copy paste some part of that output.txt
3:09 pm est|4 nov 2018 7:52 am est add ',version 2/3.' |7:53 am est add 'succeed 4 nov 2018 morning edt timezone change to est timezone'
a code to set time, date manually, an easier solution,version 2/3.
for problem
'linux : set date, time manually, without internet time server'
:
1. put this code in a file time_update_manual.sh
#!/bin/sh
if [ "$1" = "" ]
then
echo 'argument not available, exiting'
exit 0
else
echo 'arg:' $1
fi
#sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "3 march 2018 1:48 pm est"
#echo "sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "\"$1\"
#echo 'arg :'\"$1\"
#eval 'sudo date \'+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z\' -s \'$1\''
#echo $'sudo date \'+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z\' -s \'$1\'
#echo 'sudo date \'+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z\' -s \'$1\'''
eval "sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "\'$1\'
2. save that code
3. run
chmod u+x time_update_manual.sh
4. run that code, for example :
./time_update_manual.sh "3 march 2018 3:7 pm est"
./time_update_manual.sh "4 november 2018 7:00 am edt" --> error
./time_update_manual.sh "4 november 2018 7:00 am est" --> succeed 4 nov 2018 morning edt timezone change to est timezone
source :
1. https://www.shellscript.sh/functions.html
2. http://codewiki.wikidot.com/shell-script:if-else
from google (linux shell if) result 1
3. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2355148/run-a-string-as-a-command-within-a-bash-script
from google (linux shell execute command) result 1
4. https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31414/how-can-i-pass-a-command-line-argument-into-a-shell-script
from google (linux shell script argument) result 1
5. https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Exit_command
from google (shell script exit command) result 1
(9:2 pm est)
9:13 pm est
internet router does not have a button to turn itself off.
use power sentry to provide power to that internet router.
turn off that power sentry to turn off that internet router.
4 march 2018 3:21 pm est|4 nov 2018 7:47 am est add 'version 2'|7:49 am est reword 'quotes "' to 'quotes.'|7:51 am est add 'succeed 4 nov 2018 morning edt timezone change to est timezone'|7:55 am est add #echo "sudo date '+%-d %B %Y %-H:%-M %P %Z' -s "\'$str\'#
solution version 3 for problem
'linux : set date, time manually, without internet time server'
it is not necessary to put the time between 2 double quotes.
./time_update_manual.sh 3 march 2018 3:7 pm est
or
./time_update_manual.sh '3 march 2018 3:7 pm est'
are possible now.
1. save this code as time_update_manual.sh
2. run
chmod u+x time_update_manual.sh
3. run that code, for example :
./time_update_manual.sh 3 march 2018 3:7 pm est
./time_update_manual.sh 3 mar 2018 3:7 pm est
./time_update_manual.sh 4 nov 2018 7:00 am edt --> error
./time_update_manual.sh 4 nov 2018 7:00 am est --> succeed 4 nov 2018 morning edt timezone change to est timezone
begin code :
#!/bin/sh
if [ "$1" = "" ]
then
echo 'argument not available, exiting'
exit 0
fi
str=""
for arg
do
str=$( echo $str $arg )
done
echo 'setting to time:' $str
echo "sudo date '+%-d %B %Y %-H:%-M %P %Z' -s "\'$str\' -->[added 4 nov 2018 7:42 am est]
#sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "3 march 2018 1:48 pm est"
#echo "sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "\"$1\"
#echo 'arg :'\"$1\"
#eval 'sudo date \'+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z\' -s \'$1\''
#echo $'sudo date \'+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z\' -s \'$1\'
#echo 'sudo date \'+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z\' -s \'$1\'''
#eval "sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "\'$1\'
#eval "sudo date '+%d %B %Y %H:%M %P %Z' -s "\'$str\'
: "update 7 march 2018 5:51 pm est
previous line shows 07 march, next line shows 7 march
"
eval "sudo date '+%-d %B %Y %-H:%-M %P %Z' -s "\'$str\'
: "
to run :
./time_update_manual.sh 4 march 3:2 pm est
credit :
1. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bourne_Shell_Scripting/Control_flow#The_for_loop
from google (bourne for loop) result 1
2. http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html
from google (sh script string) result 1
3. 'return 0'
in
http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/complexfunct.html#EX60
from
'Function Taking Parameters'
in
http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html
4. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6212219/passing-parameters-to-a-bash-function
from
google (sh passing parameter to function) result 1
5. https://www.lifewire.com/pass-arguments-to-bash-script-2200571
from
google (sh script passing args) result 2
6. https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-bash2/#acceptargue
from
'Bash by example'
in
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4824590/propagate-all-arguments-in-a-bash-shell-script
from google (sh script passing all command line parameters) result 1
7. https://www.unix.com/unix-for-dummies-questions-and-answers/71835-how-do-i-know-my-current-shell.html
from
google (what is my shell) result 1
8.'A script may specify #!/bin/bash on the first line,
meaning that the script should always be run with bash,
rather than another shell. /bin/sh is an executable
representing the system shell.
Actually, it is usually implemented as a symbolic link
pointing to the executable for whichever shell is the system shell.'
in
https://askubuntu.com/questions/141928/what-is-difference-between-bin-sh-and-bin-bash
from google (bin/sh vs bash) result 1
"
end of code
5 march 2018 9:36 am est
problem : an easier solution to problem
'linux : print date and time'
solution :
1. save this code written under section 'begin code :'
as time_print.sh
2. run
chmod u+x time_print.sh
3. run that code :
./time_print.sh
begin code :
#!/bin/sh
eval "date '+%-d %B %Y %-H:%-M %Z'"
: "
to run :
./time_update_manual.sh 4 march 3:2 pm est
credit :
1. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bourne_Shell_Scripting/Control_flow#The_for_loop
from google (bourne for loop) result 1
2. http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html
from google (sh script string) result 1
3. 'return 0'
in
http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/complexfunct.html#EX60
from
'Function Taking Parameters'
in
http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html
4. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6212219/passing-parameters-to-a-bash-function
from
google (sh passing parameter to function) result 1
5. https://www.lifewire.com/pass-arguments-to-bash-script-2200571
from
google (sh script passing args) result 2
6. https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-bash2/#acceptargue
from
'Bash by example'
in
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4824590/propagate-all-arguments-in-a-bash-shell-script
from google (sh script passing all command line parameters) result 1
7. https://www.unix.com/unix-for-dummies-questions-and-answers/71835-how-do-i-know-my-current-shell.html
from
google (what is my shell) result 1
8.'A script may specify #!/bin/bash on the first line,
meaning that the script should always be run with bash,
rather than another shell. /bin/sh is an executable
representing the system shell.
Actually, it is usually implemented as a symbolic link
pointing to the executable for whichever shell is the system shell.'
in
https://askubuntu.com/questions/141928/what-is-difference-between-bin-sh-and-bin-bash
from google (bin/sh vs bash) result 1
"
end of code
[addition 14 oct 2023 5:2 pm est-not-edt]
new code for updating time , this time with additional-unix-instruction 'sudo hwclock --systohc'
#!/bin/sh
if [ "$1" = "" ]
then
echo 'argument not available, exiting'
exit 0
fi
str=""
for arg
do
str=$( echo $str $arg )
done
echo 'setting to time:' $str
eval "sudo date '+%-d %b %Y %-H:%-M %P %Z' -s '"$str"'"
echo "sudo hwclock --systohc" #if this command is not being sent-and-done then with mobo-green-color-led-illuminating during ampere-is-off , starting
#computer again will make mobo and linuxmint.com-operating-system forgot current-time which was set prior shut-down
using this bash-file but-without unix-command 'sudo hwclock --systohc' .
#so this command 'sudo hwclock --systohc' is needed . so maybe someday mobo-cmos-battery cr-2032 suffer
# ampere-depletion-and-mortem , with mobo-green-color-led-still-illuminating-during-computer-is-off someone can
# remove that mortem-cr-2032-battery and maybe suffer little-electrocution , and install new cr-2032-battery to that mobo .
# and mobo still remember current-time .
eval "sudo hwclock --systohc"
#echo "sudo cpufreq-set -u 1.6GHz" #intel.com-core-cpu-cpufreq-set is not working , cpu-freq still increase beyond maximum-limit-policy
#eval "sudo cpufreq-set -u 1.6GHz"
#: "
#to run :
#./time_update_manual.sh 4 march 3:2 pm est
#credit :
#1. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bourne_Shell_Scripting/Control_flow#The_for_loop
# from google (bourne for loop) result 1
#2. http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html
# from google (sh script string) result 1
#3. 'return 0'
# in
# http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/complexfunct.html#EX60
# from
# 'Function Taking Parameters'
# in
# http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html
#4. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6212219/passing-parameters-to-a-bash-function
# from
# google (sh passing parameter to function) result 1
#5. https://www.lifewire.com/pass-arguments-to-bash-script-2200571
# from
# google (sh script passing args) result 2
#6. https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-bash2/#acceptargue
# from
# 'Bash by example'
# in
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4824590/propagate-all-arguments-in-a-bash-shell-script
# from google (sh script passing all command line parameters) result 1
#7. https://www.unix.com/unix-for-dummies-questions-and-answers/71835-how-do-i-know-my-current-shell.html
# from
# google (what is my shell) result 1
#8.'A script may specify #!/bin/bash on the first line,
# meaning that the script should always be run with bash,
# rather than another shell. /bin/sh is an executable
# representing the system shell.
# Actually, it is usually implemented as a symbolic link
# pointing to the executable for whichever shell is the system shell.'
# in
# https://askubuntu.com/questions/141928/what-is-difference-between-bin-sh-and-bin-bash
# from google (bin/sh vs bash) result 1
#"
[/addition 14 oct 2023 5:2 pm est-not-edt]
[addition 17 oct 2023 10:39 pm est-not-edt] end 19 oct 2023 11:55 am est-not-edt
i use this bash-(script/program/software) to-connect-and-talk-to timeapi.io to set time-stamp on my linuxmint.com-operating-system-computer
automatically , my location is usa->virginia-state->springfield-city and i use standard-time-zone on my computer i never-use day-light-time-zone
on my computer , so person on different location need to modify this bash-script to set correct-time-stamp
on their computer : wortel.ucoz.com/set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh .
[addition 28 oct 2023 5:47 pm est-not-edt]
this bash-script set time more accurately than 'set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh' but still less accurate than 'ntpdate'
because worldtimeapi.org give-away unix-time-in-second-since-1-jan-1970 so there is smaller-amount-of-parsing-job :
wortel.ucoz.com/set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh .
[/addition 28 oct 2023 5:47 pm est-not-edt]
code which need to be modified : variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' .
timeapi.io , worldtimeapi.org : has list-of-url-address-value-choice for variable 'url' depending-on location .
different-possibly-inter-island-internet-data-journey from usa->virginia-state->springfield-city to : timeapi.io , worldtimeapi.org :
find 'worldtimeapi.org' , 'timeapi.io' in wortel.ucoz.com/traceroute.htm .
example how to use set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh , set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh ( faster because-of using unix-time-in-second-since-1-jan-1970 ,
so there is smaller-amount-of text-parsing-job ) :
(1)modify variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' inside bash-script-file : set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh , set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh
(2)bash>chmod u+x set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
bash>chmod u+x set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh
need to do that 1-time .
(3)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
if 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-computer is different-from 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-timeapi.io-or-worldtimeapi.org
then somehow sometime date-time is-being-set-incorrectly like 1-hour-exessively-forward or 1-hour-excessively-backward .
(4)bash>./set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
or
bash>./set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh
[addition 18 apr 2024 2:51 pm est]
set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh is better for now because set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh use unix-time and
unix-time seems get automatic-1-hour-forward-modification for time-zone edt/day-light-time-zone
so please use set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh , avoid set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh .
[/addition 18 apr 2024 2:51 pm est]
[addition 5 dec 2024 1:11 am est]
wortel.ucoz.com/set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh is updated , this error which happen because 'date' command can not accept hour 0
for input , and can accept hour 12 for input , is already fixed :
a@1 11:30 AM ~ data-data/bash-script/set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
[sudo] password for a:
-downloading timeapi.io/api/Time/current/zone?timeZone=Asia/Jakarta#7_may_2023_11_39_pm_est_not_edt ...
-sending-command [wget -U 'visitor-internet-page-browser = firefox-101.0.1 | visitor-identity = facebook.com/arnon.jaya | visitor-operating-system = linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon' --timeout=10 --tries=1 --no-check-certificate --quiet timeapi.io/api/Time/current/zone?timeZone=Asia/Jakarta#7_may_2023_11_39_pm_est_not_edt --output-document=timeapi-io-output-current-time.htm] ....
date: invalid date ‘5 dec 2024 0:44:31.832000 am ’
-fail during setting date to 5 dec 2024 0:44:31.832000 am failed-command-inside-bracket-without-bracket : [date '+%-d %b %Y %-H:%-M:%-S:%-N %P %Z' -s '5 dec 2024 0:44:31.832000 am '] ...
[/addition 5 dec 2024 1:11 am est]
[/addition 17 oct 2023 10:39 pm est-not-edt]
[addition 19 oct 2023 4:51 pm est-not-edt]
'new code for updating time'-manually with looking at clock nearby : wortel.ucoz.com/time-update-manual.sh
example how to use time-update-manual.sh :
(1)bash>chmod u+x time-update-manual.sh
need to do that 1-time .
(2)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
if 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-computer is different-from 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-timeapi.io-or-worldtimeapi.org
then somehow sometime date-time is-being-set-incorrectly like 1-hour-exessively-forward or 1-hour-excessively-backward .
(3)bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm
(4)check date , time , time-zone :
bash>timedatectl
[/addition 19 oct 2023 4:51 pm est-not-edt]
[addition 20 oct 2023 4:25 am est-not-edt] end 20 oct 2023 4:31 am est-not-edt
problem : sending-this-linux-command during (non-day-light-time-zone/standard-time-zone/normal-time-zone)-time-period ,
will produce error-msg 'date : invalid date ... '
bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm edt
tired of memorising when to use 'edt' , when to use 'est' time-zone , wanting to change to 'wib' time-zone with linux-command
bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm wib
but that also produce error-msg 'date : invalid date ... '
how to change time-zone ?
solution :
need to change time-zone , how to change time-zone ?
(1)find new time-zone-value with linux-command :
bash>timedatectl list-timezones
or
bash>ls /usr/share/zoneinfo | more
(2)bash>sudo timedatectl set-timezone new-time-zone-value
example : bash>sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Jakarta
[addition 20 mar 2024 11:27 am est]
bash>sudo timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
[/addition 20 mar 2024 11:27 am est]
(3)apparently-writing time-zone is not necessary :
bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm
[source : linuxize.com/post/how-to-set-or-change-timezone-on-ubuntu-18-04/ from 'timezone' in 'date command returns the date in the default system timezone . To use a different timezone set the environment variable TZ to the desired timezone.' in linuxize.com/post/linux-date-command/ from google ( linux different time zone date invalid date ) result 5 -> People also ask -> How to specify timezone in Linux date command? ]
command 'tzselect' only temporarily-change time-zone . [simplified-source : "If you choose tzselect then time-zone-variable will revert to time-zone-value being set in 'cat /etc/timezone' file after a reboot . " in hostinger.com/tutorials/how-to-change-timezone-in-ubuntu/ from google ( tzselect vs timedatectl set-timezone ) result 1 ]
[addition 20 oct 2023 5:32 am est-not-edt]
warning : if using linux-command 'date' to set time-stamp with wrong time-zone
then linux-command 'date' will quietly-set wrong-time-stamp without producing error-msg .
wrong time-zone has meaning : 3-alphabet-time-zone-value which is different from 3-alphabet-'time zone'-value
inside output-of-linux-command 'timedatectl' .
lacking time-zone like this is good enough : 'bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm' .
if wanting to scribe 3-alphabet-time-zone then do :
bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm wib' where 'wib' = 3-alphabet-'time zone'-value inside
inside output-of-linux-command 'timedatectl' :
a@1 04:02 AM ~ timedatectl
Local time: Thu 2023-10-26 04:02:09 WIB
Universal time: Wed 2023-10-25 21:02:09 UTC
RTC time: Wed 2023-10-25 21:02:09
Time zone: Asia/Jakarta (WIB, +0700)
Network time on: no
NTP synchronized: no
RTC in local TZ: no
a@1 04:02 AM ~ timedatectl
maybe there is no excuse to sribe 3-alphabet-time-zone .
example-1-from-total-1 :
a@1 04:30 PM ~ myfiles/time-update-manual.sh 20 oct 2023 5:31 am edt
setting to time: 20 oct 2023 5:31 am edt
[sudo] password for a:
command-inside-bracket-without-bracket [sudo date '+%-d %b %Y %-H:%-M %P %Z' -s '20 oct 2023 5:31 am edt']
produce msg-inside-bracket-without-bracket : [20 Oct 2023 16:31 pm WIB]
sudo hwclock --systohc
[sudo] password for a:
a@1 04:31 PM ~ date
Fri Oct 20 16:31:07 WIB 2023
a@1 04:31 PM ~ sudo timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
[sudo] password for a:
a@1 05:32 AM ~ myfiles/time-update-manual.sh 20 oct 2023 5:33 am edt
setting to time: 20 oct 2023 5:33 am edt
[sudo] password for a:
command-inside-bracket-without-bracket [sudo date '+%-d %b %Y %-H:%-M %P %Z' -s '20 oct 2023 5:33 am edt']
produce msg-inside-bracket-without-bracket : [20 Oct 2023 5:33 am EDT]
sudo hwclock --systohc
[sudo] password for a:
a@1 05:33 AM ~ date
Fri Oct 20 05:33:03 EDT 2023
a@1 05:33 AM ~
[addition 20 oct 2023 5:32 am est-not-edt]
[/addition 20 oct 2023 4:25 am est-not-edt]
27 march 2018 8:4 pm edt
problem : firefox has custom minimum font size set then vertical spacing
in the text is lacking,
so a text overlap another text underneath.
solution : avoid setting minimum font size to enlarge font,
use zoom to enlarge font.
webpages remember the zoomed font size.
source :
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/936830
from google (firefox font vertical spacing) result 3
9 april 2018 10:38 pm edt
problem : google-chrome's bookmark file location
solution :
~/.config/google-chrome/Default/Bookmarks
https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/chrome/r2JcioHgpyA
from
google (linux google chrome bookmark file location) result 3
11 april 2018 12:7 pm edt
problem :
mp3 files has album tag, title tag, according to puddletag software.
then those mp3 files is being transfered to sandisk m250 mp3 player
then sandisk m250 mp3 player shows 'unknown' album, 'unknown' title
for those mp3 files
solution :
check sandisk m250 mp3 player's menu -> setting -> usb -> set to 'msc'.
avoid 'autodetect' usb setting.
if computer's file explorer address bar shows the word 'mtp....'
during showing sandisk m250 mp3 player's files
then umount that sandisk m250 mp3 player, set that
sandisk m250 mp3 player's usb setting to 'msc' (not 'autodetect')
then connect that sandisk m250 mp3 player to computer again.
sandisk m250 mp3 player's usb setting 'mtp', 'autodetect'
will show 'unknown' album, 'unknown' title mp3 tags.
sandisk m250 mp3 player's usb setting 'msc'
will show the correct album, title mp3 tags.
changing puddletag software's edit -> preference -> tags -> ID3 options
does not take effect immediately, puddletag's user
must change an mp3 file's tag to some meaningless text
then save then change that mp3 file's tag to a desired text
then save again then the new ID3 options will take effect for
that mp3 file.
use command line software 'id3v2' to check whether puddletag has
written the desired tag to an mp3 file.
cat /var/log/syslog shows this messages during connecting sandisk m250
player with usb setting 'autodetect', not 'msc', which is bad.
Apr 11 11:48:55 b kernel: [ 1233.645774] usb 1-1.4: USB disconnect, device number 4
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.435999] usb 1-1.4: new high-speed USB device number 5 using ehci-pci
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.545625] usb 1-1.4: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=7400
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.545627] usb 1-1.4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.545629] usb 1-1.4: Product: SanDisk Sansa m250
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.545631] usb 1-1.4: Manufacturer: SanDisk APIC
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.545632] usb 1-1.4: SerialNumber: 0740001731D2C2CA061214134052012A
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.546832] usb-storage 1-1.4:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
Apr 11 11:49:08 b kernel: [ 1246.547027] scsi host4: usb-storage 1-1.4:1.0
Apr 11 11:48:59 b colord-sane: io/hpmud/pp.c 627: unable to read device-id ret=-1
Apr 11 11:49:08 b org.gtk.vfs.MTPVolumeMonitor[1411]: (process:1582): GVFS-MTP-WARNING **: device (null) has no BUSNUM property, ignoring
Apr 11 11:49:08 b org.gtk.vfs.Daemon[1411]: PTP: reading event an error 0x02ff occurredDevice 0 (VID=0781 and PID=7400) is a SanDisk Sansa m230/m240.
Apr 11 11:49:12 b colord-sane: io/hpmud/pp.c 627: unable to read device-id ret=-1
right-click sandisk-m250-folder then click 'eject' prior detaching usb-drive
from computer.[16 apr 2019 8:53 am edt]
11 april 2018 12:22 pm edt
problem :
how to scroll gnome terminal to previous page ?
solution :
Shift +( PgUp / PgDown )
source :
'Shift +( PgUp / PgDown )'
in
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/80117/how-to-scroll-in-a-terminal-by-line-in-gnome-terminal-2-31-3
from google (scroll gnome terminal) result 3
11 april 2018 12:35 pm edt
problem :
can not delete mp3 files inside sandisk m250 mp3 player,
from linux.
solution :
umount then mount that sandisk m250 mp3 player
then try delete mp3 files inside sandisk m250 mp3 player again.
if mp3 files was transfered to sandisk m250 mp3 player
with usb setting 'autodetect', 'mtp'
then those mp3 files is viewable during
connecting sandisk m250 mp3 player to computer
with usb setting 'autodetect', 'mtp'.
if mp3 files was transfered to sandisk m250 mp3 player
with usb setting 'msc'
then those mp3 files is viewable during
connecting sandisk m250 mp3 player to computer
with usb setting 'msc'.
right-click sandisk-m250-folder then click 'eject' prior detaching usb-drive
from computer.[16 apr 2019 8:53 am edt]
27 april 2018 7:28 pm edt
problem :
geany : make tab consists of 1 space
so it is possible to move a paragraph 1 space to the right with 1 key press.
solution
edit->preferences->editor tab->indentation tab :
set :
width = 1
type = spaces
source :
'Indents the current line or selection by one tab or by spaces
in the amount of the tab width setting.'
in
https://wiki.geany.org/howtos/sorted_keyboard_shortcuts
from google (geany add space to a paragraph) result 1
then highlight a paragraph then
press 'tab' to move that paragraph to the right
[obsolete] [reason] fail [/reason]
problem :
geany : turn off syntax highlighting for .htm file,
make all text's color black
solution :
1. tools->configuration file->filetype_extensions.conf [revised 2 nov 2018 12:14 pm edt]
1)find something like :
HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl; [added 29 oct 2018 3:57 pm edt]
put # in the beginning so :
#HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl;
2)find '[Extensions]'
3)copy that '#HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl;'
to above code '[Extensions]' for backup
4)in underneath '[Extensions]' :
delete '*.htm' from 'HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl;''
filetype_extensions.conf must have 'HTML=' underneath '[Extensions]'
2. close .htm file then open that .htm file
closing and opening geany, still require closing and opening that .htm file [added 2 nov 2018 12:17 pm edt]
source : https://github.com/geany/geany/issues/1596 from google (geany turn off syntax highlighting) result 1
[/obsolete]
[obsolete] 2 nov 2018 12:14 pm edt
1. tools->configuration file->filetype_extensions.conf
1)find something like :
HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl; [added 29 oct 2018 3:57 pm edt]
put # in the beginning so :
#HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl;
2)find '[Extensions]'
3)move '#HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl;'
to above code '[Extensions]'
simply putting comment # in the beginning of the text
'HTML=*.htm;*.html;*.shtml;*.hta;*.htd;*.htt;*.cfm;*.tpl;' in step 1
won't turn off syntax highlighting. [added 29 oct 2018 4:6 pm edt]
[/obsolete]
7:48 pm edt
problem :
geany : replace tab with spaces
solution :
edit->preferences->files tab->replace tabs with space
2 may 2018 9:46 am edt
problem :
linuxmint in original setting, use remote server to
set local time, turn off that.
because the user manually run time_update_manual.sh
to update local time.
sometimes remote server gives the wrong local time.
solution :
a@b ~ $ timedatectl status
Local time: Wed 2018-05-02 09:44:30 EDT
Universal time: Wed 2018-05-02 13:44:30 UTC
RTC time: Thu 2016-02-11 16:55:26
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
Network time on: yes
NTP synchronized: no
RTC in local TZ: no
a@b ~ $ timedatectl set-ntp off
a@b ~ $ timedatectl status
Local time: Wed 2018-05-02 09:45:26 EDT
Universal time: Wed 2018-05-02 13:45:26 UTC
RTC time: Thu 2016-02-11 16:56:21
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
Network time on: no
NTP synchronized: no
RTC in local TZ: no
a@b ~ $
source :
'timedatectl status', 'sudo timedatectl set-ntp on'
in
https://askubuntu.com/questions/920598/disable-network-time-synchronization-in-ubuntu-16-04
from google (turn off ntpdate) result 2
addition 6 may 2018 9:28 am edt ----
if running 'timedatectl status' shows
Network time on: no
NTP synchronized: yes
then do
sudo systemctl stop ntp (for stopping ntp)
sudo systemctl disable ntp (for preventing systemd from starting ntp
in the future)
systemctl is-enabled ntp (for checking current status for ntp)
source :
'With systemd, the two commands are:'
in
https://askubuntu.com/questions/29663/how-do-i-disable-ntpd
from google (turn off ntp daemon) result 1
addition 8 may 2018 3:49 pm edt ----
problem :
systemd says ntp.service is 'disabled'
(running : systemctl list-unit-files
shows : ntp.service's status disabled)
but
ntpdate still run during boot, updating current local time.
solution :
recommended :
linuxmint menu -> preferences ->
date & time -> click 'unlock' -> set 'network time' to 'off'
network time [ |off] means off
network time [on| ] means on
source : https://superuser.com/questions/982280/how-to-disable-time-synchronization-in-linux-mint
from google (disable ntpdate) result 5
addition 8 may 2018 7:4 pm edt ----
1. linuxmint menu -> preferences -> date & time ->network time = off
a@b ~ $ sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep ntp
[sudo] password for a:
ntp.service disabled
result :
time will not be updated automatically
2. linuxmint menu -> preferences -> date & time ->network time = off
a@b ~ $ sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep ntp
[sudo] password for a:
ntp.service enabled
result :
linuxmint menu -> preferences -> date & time ->network time
is set to 'on' automatically
time will be updated automatically
3. linuxmint menu -> preferences -> date & time ->network time = on
a@b ~ $ sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep ntp
[sudo] password for a:
ntp.service disabled
result :
time will not be updated automatically
linuxmint menu -> preferences -> date & time ->network time
is set to 'off' automatically
not recommended :
'To disable ntpdate on an Ubuntu system without removing it you
could simply update /etc/default/ntpdate and add the word exit
as the first line or change the NTPSERVERS variable to be empty.'
in
https://serverfault.com/questions/103224/disable-time-synchronization-on-ubuntu
from
google (disable ntpdate) result 2
to run on ntpdate to sync local time with time server :
sudo systemctl enable ntp
addition 6 may 2018 10:51 am edt ----
'systemd' is a software which replace 'init/sysvinit' because
'init/sysvinit' starts boot-softwares sequentially,
'systemd' starts boot-softwares simulatenously
source :
1. 'one of the major drawbacks of init is that
it starts tasks serially, waiting for each to finish loading
before moving on to the next'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init#Replacements_for_init
from google (init) result 2
2. 'The SysV init runlevel system provides a standard process
for controlling which programs init launches'
in
https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Installation_Guide-en-US/s1-boot-init-shutdown-sysv.html
from google (SysVinit) result 4
3. gentoo wiki says
'init/sysvinit' has parallel service startup feature, just like systemd :
source :
'Parallel service startup '
in
https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Comparison_of_init_systems
from
google (linux init boot time sysvinit vs openrc vs systemd) result 3
but that contradicts
1. 'While SysVinit is easy to work with and modify
because of its use of shell scripts to start and stop system services,
using sequential shell scripts also makes SysVinit inherently slow and
provides no opportunities for starting unrelated services in parallel'
2. 'systemd system startup mechanism provides significant improvements
in parallelizing system startup by understanding the underlying
resources that various services require and use.
systemd also makes it easier to track and manage resources
for related processes by using the control groups (cgroups)
mechanism that has been supported in the Linux kernel
since later versions of the 2.6 kernel.'
in
https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-customize-monitor-linux/index.html
from google (sysvinit parallel startup) page 1 last result
and contradicts
https://superuser.com/questions/602632/making-sysvinit-load-everything-in-parallel-why-does-this-even-work
from
google (sysvinit parallel startup) result 1
so maybe sysvinit does not have parallel startup feature actually.
4. debian likes traditional init/sysvinit,
debian thinks that boot speed is not important
source :
'Boot speed may not be important enough to justify a new init system'
in
https://wiki.debian.org/Debate/initsystem/sysvinit
from google (sysvinit) result 3
addition 6 may 2018 10:15 am edt ---
problem : use systemd to :
shows all service names, show service detail and status
solution :
run
systemctl list-unit-files
systemctl status ntp
example :
this shows ntp is off, ssh is on :
a@b ~ $ systemctl status ntp
● ntp.service - LSB: Start NTP daemon
Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/ntp; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
May 06 09:47:48 b systemd[1]: Stopped LSB: Start NTP daemon.
May 06 09:48:02 b systemd[1]: Stopped LSB: Start NTP daemon.
May 06 09:48:03 b systemd[1]: Stopped LSB: Start NTP daemon.
a@b ~ $ systemctl status ssh
● ssh.service - OpenBSD Secure Shell server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/ssh.service; enabled; vendor preset: enab
Active: active (running) since Sun 2018-05-06 09:47:53 EDT; 30min ago
Process: 1220 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES
Main PID: 971 (sshd)
CGroup: /system.slice/ssh.service
└─971 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
May 06 09:48:02 b systemd[1]: Reloading OpenBSD Secure Shell server.
May 06 09:48:02 b sshd[971]: Received SIGHUP; restarting.
May 06 09:48:02 b systemd[1]: Reloaded OpenBSD Secure Shell server.
source :
https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SysVinit_to_Systemd_Cheatsheet
from
google (systemd list services) result 3
[addition 25 nov 2024 2:42 am est]
problem : 'systemctl list-unit-files' does not show all service .
solution : 'systemctl list-units' [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/1195595/systemctl-list-unit-files-does-not-show-my-service from google ( systemctl list-unit-files not showing all service ) result 1 ]
[/addition 25 nov 2024 2:42 am est]
6 may 2018 9:10 am edt
problem :
/var/log/syslog contains message :
'Unknown username "geoclue" in message bus configuration file'
solution :
'edit
the file /etc/dbus-1/system.d/net.hadess.SensorProxy.conf
and comment-out the part that refers to the user geoclue.'
in
'Regarding the "geoclue" message, it might be a bug in
the iio-sensor-proxy package that should depend on
the geoclue-2.0 package. To get rid of the error message
you can install geoclue-2.0. Another option is to edit
the file /etc/dbus-1/system.d/net.hadess.SensorProxy.conf
and comment-out the part that refers to the user geoclue.'
in
https://github.com/dnschneid/crouton/issues/3372
from google (Unknown username "geoclue" in message bus configuration file) result 1
14 may 2018 1:4 pm edt
problem : some linux command to show drive's filesystem type in linux
solution :
a@b ~ $ df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 387M 11M 376M 3% /run
/dev/sda1 ext2 19G 5.8G 12G 34% /
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 30M 1.9G 2% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda5 ext2 441G 54G 365G 13% /home
cgmfs tmpfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs tmpfs 387M 36K 387M 1% /run/user/1000
a@b ~ $ lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda2
├─sda5 ext2 48b40e38-cba7-476b-841a-e16ac48d6a58 /home
├─sda1 ext2 79f7bc2b-e512-4a91-8d29-a488fcc51b05 /
└─sda6 swap 4b907982-1f15-4720-85f8-781314880c0d [SWAP]
source :
'df -Th', 'lsblk -f'
in
https://www.tecmint.com/find-linux-filesystem-type/
problem (30 may 2018 5:58 pm edt):
linuxmint change datetime to some unwanted datetime.
detail :
statement in /var/log/syslog : May 14 23:59:33 b kernel: [ 2625.330916] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
change datetime to unwanted datetime...
in this syslog, i manually set the datetime to May 14 23:17:00
then datetime is being set to May 15 00:04:33 automatically, unwantedly
i use ext2 not ext4
/var/log/syslog:
Feb 11 11:28:37 b rtkit-daemon[1351]: Supervising 4 threads of 2 processes of 1 users.
Feb 11 11:28:37 b pulseaudio[1422]: [pulseaudio] pid.c: Daemon already running.
Feb 11 11:28:41 b /cinnamon-killer-daemon: Bound Cinnamon restart to Escape.
Feb 11 11:28:43 b obexd[1463]: OBEX daemon 5.37
Feb 11 11:28:47 b colord-sane: io/hpmud/pp.c 627: unable to read device-id ret=-1
Feb 11 11:29:02 b pulseaudio[1350]: [pulseaudio] bluez5-util.c: GetManagedObjects() failed: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.NoReply: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken.
May 14 23:17:00 b systemd[1021]: Time has been changed
May 14 23:17:00 b systemd[1]: Time has been changed
May 14 23:17:01 b systemd[1]: Starting Stop ureadahead data collection...
May 14 23:17:01 b systemd[1]: Stopped Read required files in advance.
May 14 23:17:01 b systemd[1]: Started Stop ureadahead data collection.
May 14 23:17:10 b dbus[672]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.bluez' unit='dbus-org.bluez.service'
May 14 23:17:26 b kernel: [ 98.474015] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:17:26 b kernel: [ 98.510213] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:17:26 b kernel: [ 98.546236] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:17:31 b kernel: [ 103.230467] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3235889: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3240283
May 14 23:17:37 b kernel: [ 109.050166] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:17:53 b CRON[1766]: (root) CMD ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly)
May 14 23:18:10 b kernel: [ 142.174751] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:19:11 b kernel: [ 202.672522] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3129367: comm TaskSchedulerBa: deleted inode referenced: 3129508
May 14 23:20:45 b kernel: [ 297.001946] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_mb_generate_buddy:758: group 476, block bitmap and bg descriptor inconsistent: 6426 vs 6420 free clusters
May 14 23:21:04 b kernel: [ 316.416199] EXT4-fs (sda5): error count since last fsck: 8400
May 14 23:21:04 b kernel: [ 316.416201] EXT4-fs (sda5): initial error at time 1517081433: ext4_lookup:1609: inode 3129367
May 14 23:21:04 b kernel: [ 316.416203] EXT4-fs (sda5): last error at time 1526354445: ext4_mb_generate_buddy:758
May 14 23:24:40 b dbus[672]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.bluez' unit='dbus-org.bluez.service'
May 14 23:27:10 b kernel: [ 681.669218] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:30:58 b systemd[1]: Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories...
May 14 23:30:58 b systemd-tmpfiles[2171]: [/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/var.conf:14] Duplicate line for path "/var/log", ignoring.
May 14 23:30:58 b systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
May 14 23:33:33 b kernel: [ 1064.688058] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:33:48 b kernel: [ 1080.525619] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_mb_generate_buddy:758: group 887, block bitmap and bg descriptor inconsistent: 31747 vs 31634 free clusters
May 14 23:35:36 b kernel: [ 1188.124453] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:36:03 b kernel: [ 1214.816851] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:36:53 b kernel: [ 1264.859197] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:37:43 b kernel: [ 1314.900217] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:38:36 b kernel: [ 1368.147822] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:45:05 b kernel: [ 1757.040499] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:46:12 b kernel: [ 1824.106304] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:46:42 b kernel: [ 1854.395976] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:47:03 b kernel: [ 1875.461844] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:48:33 b kernel: [ 1965.207026] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:49:12 b kernel: [ 2004.508384] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:50:07 b kernel: [ 2059.221283] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:51:08 b kernel: [ 2120.220236] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:51:39 b kernel: [ 2151.413791] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:52:09 b kernel: [ 2181.219973] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:54:23 b kernel: [ 2314.994176] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:56:58 b kernel: [ 2470.135698] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 23:59:33 b kernel: [ 2625.330916] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:04:33 b kernel: [ 2925.549725] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:14:48 b systemd[1]: Started CUPS Scheduler.
May 15 00:16:22 b kernel: [ 3634.760868] perf: interrupt took too long (2510 > 2500), lowering kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to 79500
May 15 00:17:01 b CRON[3209]: (root) CMD ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly)
May 15 00:19:17 b kernel: [ 3808.897070] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:19:18 b dbus[672]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.bluez' unit='dbus-org.bluez.service'
May 15 00:19:19 b kernel: [ 3811.582023] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:19:20 b kernel: [ 3811.874884] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:19:20 b kernel: [ 3811.914905] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:19:20 b kernel: [ 3812.027600] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3235889: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3240283
May 15 00:19:20 b kernel: [ 3812.261590] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:19:41 b kernel: [ 3833.510349] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:20:39 b kernel: [ 3891.491152] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:21:10 b kernel: [ 3922.497510] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3129367: comm TaskSchedulerBa: deleted inode referenced: 3129508
May 15 00:22:00 b kernel: [ 3972.079416] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:23:31 b kernel: [ 4063.374272] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:24:15 b kernel: [ 4107.654375] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:24:33 b dbus[672]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.hostname1' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service'
May 15 00:24:33 b systemd[1]: Starting Hostname Service...
May 15 00:24:33 b dbus[672]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.hostname1'
May 15 00:24:33 b systemd[1]: Started Hostname Service.
May 15 00:24:36 b org.gtk.vfs.Daemon[1203]: ** (gvfsd:1215): WARNING **: dbus_mount_reply: Error from org.gtk.vfs.Mountable.mount(): Failed to retrieve share list from server: Connection refused
May 15 00:24:36 b org.gtk.vfs.Daemon[1203]: ** (process:3580): WARNING **: Couldn't create directory monitor on smb://x-gnome-default-workgroup/. Error: The specified location is not mounted
May 15 00:26:17 b kernel: [ 4228.953512] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:26:41 b kernel: [ 4253.399122] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:27:57 b kernel: [ 4329.631516] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:28:18 b kernel: [ 4350.389798] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:28:45 b kernel: [ 4377.529659] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:30:14 b kernel: [ 4466.550518] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:31:34 b kernel: [ 4546.363532] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:31:59 b kernel: [ 4571.850629] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:32:25 b kernel: [ 4597.219535] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:33:16 b kernel: [ 4648.895445] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:34:15 b kernel: [ 4707.325193] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:34:41 b kernel: [ 4733.133374] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:36:19 b kernel: [ 4831.175582] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:41:18 b kernel: [ 5130.316773] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:41:52 b kernel: [ 5164.643447] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:42:14 b kernel: [ 5186.553630] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:42:44 b kernel: [ 5216.560146] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:45:55 b kernel: [ 5407.078821] perf: interrupt took too long (3148 > 3137), lowering kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to 63500
May 15 00:55:02 b kernel: [ 5954.602355] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:55:32 b kernel: [ 5984.558656] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:56:02 b kernel: [ 6014.572290] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:56:43 b kernel: [ 6055.756175] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:57:34 b kernel: [ 6106.245420] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 15 00:57:35 b kernel: [ 6107.656808] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:00:00 b systemd[1]: Time has been changed
May 14 13:00:00 b systemd[1021]: Time has been changed
May 14 13:07:55 b dbus[672]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.hostname1' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service'
May 14 13:07:55 b systemd[1]: Starting Hostname Service...
May 14 13:07:55 b dbus[672]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.hostname1'
May 14 13:07:55 b systemd[1]: Started Hostname Service.
May 14 13:09:27 b dbus[672]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.bluez' unit='dbus-org.bluez.service'
May 14 13:09:29 b kernel: [ 6843.405122] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:09:29 b kernel: [ 6843.442276] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:09:29 b kernel: [ 6843.471095] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:09:29 b kernel: [ 6843.627511] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3235889: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3240283
May 14 13:09:29 b kernel: [ 6843.839031] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:10:14 b kernel: [ 6888.798098] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:10:38 b kernel: [ 6912.412645] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:11:16 b kernel: [ 6950.605320] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:11:20 b kernel: [ 6954.340125] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3129367: comm TaskSchedulerBa: deleted inode referenced: 3129508
May 14 13:11:42 b kernel: [ 6976.801646] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3653807: comm TaskSchedulerFo: deleted inode referenced: 3653868
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Closed Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status /dev/rfkill Watch.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopping Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles...
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped target Printer.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped target Timers.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopping User Manager for UID 1000...
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped Stop ureadahead data collection 45s after completed startup.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped Daily apt activities.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopping RealtimeKit Scheduling Policy Service...
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped target Graphical Interface.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped target Multi-User System.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopping LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB...
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopped OpenVPN service.
May 14 13:11:59 b ModemManager[683]: Caught signal, shutting down...
May 14 13:11:59 b NetworkManager[704]: [1526317919.8586] ModemManager disappeared from bus
May 14 13:11:59 b ModemManager[683]: ModemManager is shut down
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Reached target Shutdown.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Starting Exit the Session...
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Stopped target Default.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Stopped target Basic System.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Stopped target Timers.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Stopped target Paths.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Stopped target Sockets.
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1021]: Received SIGRTMIN+24 from PID 5183 (kill).
May 14 13:11:59 b systemd[1]: Stopping Modem Manager...
May 14 13:11:59 b rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="8.16.0" x-pid="697" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] exiting on signal 15.
solution :
maybe install debian stable, testing because linuxmint is based
on debian unstable or cid
source :
1. 'Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)
2. Debian always has at least 3 releases in active maintenance:
"stable", "testing" and "unstable".
1. stable
The "stable" distribution contains the latest officially
released distribution of Debian.
This is the production release of Debian, the one which
we primarily recommend using.
The current "stable" distribution of Debian is version 9,
codenamed stretch. It was initially released as version 9 on June 17th, 2017
and its latest update, version 9.4, was released on March 10th, 2018.
2. testing
The "testing" distribution contains packages that haven't been accepted
into a "stable" release yet, but they are in the queue for that.
The main advantage of using this distribution is that it has more
recent versions of software.
See the Debian FAQ for more information on what is "testing"
and how it becomes "stable".
The current "testing" distribution is buster.
3. unstable
The "unstable" distribution is where active development of Debian occurs.
Generally, this distribution is run by developers and those who
like to live on the edge.
The "unstable" distribution is always called sid.
in
https://www.debian.org/releases/
more info :
find 'problem : which linux distro is good ?' in this text
30 may 2018 6:10 pm edt
problem : how to multitask in linux console
solution :
Switch between virtual consoles by pressing Ctrl-Alt and hitting a key between F1 and F6.
Ctrl-Alt-F7 will usually take you back to the graphical X server.
Pressing the key combination will take you to a login prompt.
You can log in and run a command, then switch away –
the command will continue running in the background,
so you can have several different terminal sessions going at the same time.
The “tty1” text here indicates that this is the terminal located at
Ctrl-Alt-F1, tty2 would be at F2.
To start a process in the background, add the & character after its command.
Every job we start gets its own job ID. Run the jobs command to view
the list of currently running jobs. The + sign indicates the job
that was last associated with the shell, while the – sign indicates
the job that was second-to-last associated with the shell.
The fg command allows you to bring a background job to the foreground,
attaching it to the current shell.
Running fg or another job-related command without specifying a job will
use the last-associated job – the one with a + sign in the jobs list.
You can also specify a job number. For example, the following command
will bring job 1 back to the foreground:
fg %1
End a process normally and it will vanish from the list of running jobs.
If you want to detach a job from the current shell, use the ^Z –
that is, Ctrl-Z – keyboard shortcut.
GNU Screen is a “full-screen window manager” that lets you use
multiple shells in a single terminal. It may not be installed by default –
it isn’t on Ubuntu. On Ubuntu or Debian, use the following command
to install Screen:
sudo apt-get install screen
Press Ctrl-a and then d to detach from Screen. You’ll be back to the normal terminal.
To reattach to screen, run the screen -r command. You’ll be back to the same terminal as before.
There’s a lot more you can do with screen. For example, create a new “window” (terminal) in screen by pressing Ctrl-a, then c. Once you have multiple windows, press Ctrl-a twice to switch between them. You can also press Ctrl-a, then “ to see a list of windows.
Select a window in the list and press Enter to switch to it.
To disconnect (but leave the session running)
Hit Ctrl + A and then Ctrl + D in immediate succession.
You will see the message [detached]
To reconnect to an already running session
screen -r
To reconnect to an existing session, or create a new one if none exists
screen -D -r
To create a new window inside of a running screen session
Hit Ctrl + A and then C in immediate succession. You will see a new prompt.
To switch from one screen window to another
Hit Ctrl + A and then Ctrl + A in immediate succession.
To list open screen windows
Hit Ctrl + A and then W in immediate succession
source :
1. https://www.howtogeek.com/111417/how-to-multitask-in-the-linux-terminal-3-ways-to-use-multiple-shells-at-once/
from google (linux multi console) result 1 (8 aug 2017 10:39 am)
2. https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/ubuntu/keep-your-ssh-session-running-when-you-disconnect/
from 'using GNU Screen' in
https://www.howtogeek.com/111417/how-to-multitask-in-the-linux-terminal-3-ways-to-use-multiple-shells-at-once/
from google (linux multi console) result 1 (8 aug 2017 10:39 am)
30 may 2018 6:28 pm edt
problem : turn on auto complete, bash completion feature in debian
solution :
(1) >sudo apt-get install bash-completion
(2)(option-1) make all user can do bash-completion :
(1)>sudo nano /etc/profile
(2)write to file /etc/profile :
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
. /etc/bash_completion
fi
[addition 28 nov 2024 6:13 pm est]
(3)find which file set environment-variable 'PATH' ? linuxmint.com->18.2 use file '/etc/environment' to set 'PATH' [source : https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=180380 from google ( linuxmint set path ) result 1 ]
, debian-11 use file '/etc/profile' to set 'PATH' .
scribe code like : PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games"
and delete-or-convert-to-become-comment any code which look like : ( i put '#' in beginning to convert that code to become comment )
#if [ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]; then
# PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
#else
# PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games"
#fi
[/addition 28 nov 2024 6:13 pm est]
(4)>source /etc/profile
or re-login
(option-2) make certain user can do bash-completion :
(1)>sudo nano /home/user-name/.bash_profile
or >sudo nano /home/user-name/.bashrc ( for linuxmint.com )
(2)write to file /home/user-name/.bash_profile or write to file /home/user-name/.bashrc
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
. /etc/bash_completion
fi
[addition 28 nov 2024 6:13 pm est]
(3)find which file set environment-variable 'PATH' ? linuxmint.com->18.2 use file '/etc/environment' to set 'PATH' [source : https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=180380 from google ( linuxmint set path ) result 1 ]
, debian-11 use file '/etc/profile' to set 'PATH' .
scribe code like : PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games"
and delete-or-convert-to-become-comment any code which look like : ( i put '#' in beginning to convert that code to become comment )
#if [ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]; then
# PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
#else
# PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games"
#fi
[/addition 28 nov 2024 6:13 pm est]
(4)>source /home/user-name/.bash_profile
or >source /home/user-name/.bashrc
or re-login
[source : (1)www.howtoforge.com/how-to-add-bash-completion-in-debian from google (linux debian turn on auto complete feature) result 1 (2)www.cyberciti.biz/faq/installing-adding-bash-auto-completion-debian-linux/ from google ( debian bash completion vs linuxmint bash completion ) result 5 ]
30 may 2018 9:37 am edt
problem : geany : move vertical green line in right side, column 72
solution :
printer will not print character written in column 72 and
beyond column 72.
that green line is a reminder to put character written in column 72
to the next line.
to move that vertical green line :
edit -> preference -> editor -> display -> under 'long line marker'
put different number
23 june 2018 3:35 pm edt
problem : make firefox-60.0.2 stop giving search-keyword-suggestions
solution : go to url : about:config
set
browser.urlbar.suggest.searches = false
source :
'browser.urlbar' in
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1170688
from google (firefox turn off address bar search suggestion)
8 july 2018 3:55 pm edt
problem : a place to test wikipedia edit
solution :
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit
13 aug 2018 2:57 pm edt
problem : wikipedia-tag/wiki-tag/wiki-mark
for requesting better reference
solution :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Sources_that_are_usually_not_reliable
from 'In 1906, Aaron Aaronsohn's discovery of wild emmer wheat growing in Rosh Pinna (Israel) created a stir in the botanical world.[8][better source needed]'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmer#History
from
'emmer wheat'
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&oldid=818004120#Origin
from 'view history' in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat
17 aug 2018 11:45 am edt
problem : wikipedia-markup-language
solution : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet
from
'Cheatsheet' in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki#Editing
from
wikipedia-search (wikimarkup)
17 aug 2018 12:41 pm edt
problem : wikipedia-markup for 'citation needed'
solution :
{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=August 2018}}
in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
from
'Wikipedia:Citation needed' in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_needed
from wikipedia-search (citation needed)
31 aug 2018 4:16 pm edt
problem : geany : can not replace newline with other-character
solution : check 'use multi-line matching'
geany regex help :
1. /usr/share/doc/geany/html/index.html#regular-expressions
2. https://www.geany.org/manual/gtk/glib/glib-regex-syntax.html
12 sep 2018 10:14 am edt
problem : wikipedia-markup for line-break/new-line/newline
solution :
{{break}} = one <br />
{{break|5}} = <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Break from 'break' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext#Line_breaks from 'Help:Wikitext' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet
12 sep 2018 10:25 am edt | 11:17 am edt reword to #[[User:username]]#
problem : wikipedia-markup for saying username
solution : [[User:username]]
21 sep 2018 4:40 pm edt
problem : wikipedia-markup for space repetition
solution : {{spaces|1}} produces
{{spaces|5}} produces
source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spaces from '{{nbsp}}' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Px2 from '{{Px2}}' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pad from 'achieved using the {{pad}} template.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext#Indent_text
5 oct 2018 12:39 pm edt | 12:48 pm edt add #go to line '173761'# | 12:49 pm edt add #use xed to go to line '173761'#
problem : geany can not open syslog.
xed say 'there was a problem opening the file syslog
the file you opened has some invalid characters. if you
continue editing this file you could corrupt this document.
you can also choose another character encoding and try again.'
solution :
1. wait for xed to show the invalid characters/letters then
delete those invalid characters/letters
or
1. close xed
run command :
a@b ~/myfiles $ grep -axvn '.*' syslog
173761:g�>(
&>�6%>�>���=�35=R
�2�<Feb 11 11:28:14 b rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="8.16.0" x-pid="690" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start
a@b ~/myfiles $
2. use xed to go to line '173761' then delete those strange characters/letters
3. use geany, xed, etc to reopen syslog
source : 1. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29465612/how-to-detect-invalid-utf8-unicode-binary-in-a-text-file from google (detect invalid utf8 character) result 1
2. https://www.fileformat.info/info/charset/UTF-8/list.htm from google (utf8 character)
a line written prior that invalid-character/invalid-letter :
Sep 28 14:03:57 b kernel: [ 8703.616992] EXT4-fs error (device sda5): ext4_lookup:1609: inode #3129529: comm Cache2 I/O: deleted inode referenced: 22446588
14 oct 2018 11:35 am edt | 11:41 am edt add word 'example :'
problem : download a website, download websites
solution :
1)download websites : example :
1.1)create file all_red_lipstick.htm contain :
https://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-14-lipstick/ravishing-rougehttps://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-matte-ink-liquid-lipstick/voyager
https://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-matte-ink-liquid-lipstick/pioneer
https://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-24-liquid-lipstick/very-cranberry
https://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-24-liquid-lipstick/all-day-cherry
1.2)execute:wget -i all_red_lipstick.htm -v
2)download a website to a file name according to your choice:
execute:wget https://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-matte-ink-liquid-lipstick/voyager -v -O voyager.htm
3)download a website to a file name same as the last url portion
execute:wget https://www.maybelline.com/lip-makeup/lipstick/superstay-matte-ink-liquid-lipstick/voyager -v
28 oct 2018 9:52 am edt
problem:show harddisk temperature, cpu temperature
solution:command:
harddisk temperature:
hddtemp /dev/sda
command 'lsblk' show harddisk name 'sda'
cpu temperature:
sensors
28 oct 2018 6:16 pm edt | 7:22 pm edt add 'a@b ~ $ sudo -u postgres psql'
problem : install postgresql , backup database , restore database
solution:
1)apt-get install postgresql
optional:2)apt-get install pgadmin3
3)sudo -u postgres psql
\password postgres
4)run pgadmin3, use potgres' password to connect
source:https://serverfault.com/questions/110154/whats-the-default-superuser-username-password-for-postgres-after-a-new-install from google (postgresql initial username) result 1
5)transfer data from dump_file to database 'bbb' ( restore ) :
[obsolete]
[reason] [addition 12 jul 2024 12:41 pm est]
this restore-command is not working , producing error-message like 'pg_restore: [archiver (db)] could not execute query: ERROR: could not open extension control file "/usr/share/postgresql/9.5/extension/dblink.control": No such file or directory' .
and tar-command will not shrink file-size :
a@1 12:37 PM ~/myfiles/sourceforge.net tar -cf bbb2-postgresql-22-dec-2014.tar bbb2-postgresql-22-dec-2014.sql
a@1 12:37 PM ~/myfiles/sourceforge.net du -h bbb2-postgresql-22-dec-2014.tar
2.9M bbb2-postgresql-22-dec-2014.tar
a@1 12:38 PM ~/myfiles/sourceforge.net du -h bbb2-postgresql-22-dec-2014.sql
2.9M bbb2-postgresql-22-dec-2014.sql [/addition 12 jul 2024 12:41 pm est]
[/reason]
postgres=#CREATE DATABASE bbb;
bash>pg_restore -U postgres -W -h localhost -d bbb myfiles/backup-usb/backup/bbb.compress source:'In my case I needed to add host: localhost in the database.yml file. – Mihail Velikov Mar 16 '16 at 6:50' in https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18664074/getting-error-peer-authentication-failed-for-user-postgres-when-trying-to-ge from google (postgresql peer authentication failed) result 1
or
[/obsolete]
postgres=#CREATE DATABASE bbb;
bash>sudo -u postgres psql bbb < myfiles/backup-usb/backup/bbb2_22_december_2014.sql source:${}https://serverfault.com/questions/110154/whats-the-default-superuser-username-password-for-postgres-after-a-new-install from google (postgresql initial username) result 1 ${}https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/backup-dump.html#BACKUP-DUMP-RESTORE from google (psql restore backup) result 1
[addition 12 jul 2024 11:53 am est]
other backup-restore-example :
transfer data from database 'bbb' to file dump-file ( backup ) :
pg_dump -U postgres -W -h localhost bbb3 > ~/myfiles/sourceforge.net/bbb2-postgresql-test.sql
transfer data from file dump-file to database 'bbb' ( restore ) :
psql -U postgres -W -h localhost bbb4 < ~/myfiles/sourceforge.net/bbb2-postgresql-test.sql
[/addition 12 jul 2024 11:53 am est]
6)check status : /etc/init.d/postgresql status
7)some psql command :
1)create a database postgres=#CREATE DATABASE bbb;
2)connect to a database: postgres=#\c source:http://postgresguide.com/utilities/psql.html from google (psql commands) result 3
3)show all tables : postgres=#\d
4)show table's columns : postgres=#\d source:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/582657/how-do-i-discover-the-structure-of-a-postgresql-database from google (postgresql describe database) result 1
5)show data : select * from
use 'page-up', 'page-down' to scroll data, 'q' to quit seeing data
use 'up-arrow', 'down-arrow' to see previous command
6)a@b ~ $ sudo -u postgres psql
psql (9.5.14)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# \d
No relations found.
postgres=# \l
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE aaa;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# \c aaa
You are now connected to database "aaa" as user "postgres".
aaa=# create table test (id integer, name varchar(50));
CREATE TABLE
aaa=# select * from test;
id | name
----+------
(0 rows) source:https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/4317FE8C.7020803@axis.hu from google (ERROR: syntax error at or near "SELECT") result 2 [added 28 oct 2018 7:39 pm edt]
8)run psql: [added 28 oct 2018 9:54 pm edt | 10:6 pm edt add 'bash>']
bash>psql -U postgres -h localhost source:'In my case I needed to add host: localhost in the database.yml file. – Mihail Velikov Mar 16 '16 at 6:50' in https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18664074/getting-error-peer-authentication-failed-for-user-postgres-when-trying-to-ge from google (postgresql peer authentication failed) result 1
[addition 20 nov 2024 9:34 pm est]
problem : how to back-up mysql-database-name 'data'
solution : mysqldump --user=root --password=root --host=localhost --result-file=data.sql data
[source : http://160592857366.free.fr/joe/ebooks/ShareData/Learning%20MySQL.pdf from google ( mysql book pdf ) result 2 ]
problem : how to restore mysql-database-name 'data'
solution : mysql --user=root --password=root --host=localhost data < data.sql
[source : https://people.eecs.ku.edu/~saiedian/Teaching/746/MySQL/Docs/mysql_by_examples.pdf from google ( mysql performance_schema pdf ) page 2 number 10 ]
[/addition 20 nov 2024 9:34 pm est]
29 oct 2018 4:21 pm edt
problem: javascript String.substring(start, end) vs
String.substr(start, end)
solution:
String.substring(start, end)
returns the part of the string between start and end,
or to the end if end is omitted
String.substr()
The substr() method returns the part of a string between
start and end-number of characters after start
source:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/search?q=substring&topic=apps&topic=html&topic=css&topic=js&topic=api&topic=canvas&topic=svg&topic=webgl&topic=mobile&topic=webdev&topic=http&topic=webext&topic=standards from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/ search (substring)
10 nov 2018 12 pm est
problem: refresh firefox to refresh javascript
solution: press and hold 'shift' then click 'refresh'
11 nov 2018 10:28 am est
problem: copy text
solution:
1)use mouse to select text:
click a text then hold 'shift' then click other text
or use <- -> cursor to select text:
click a text then hold 'shift' then:
1)press -> or <- cursor or
2)press 'home' or press 'end' [added 14 nov 2018 8:57 am est]
2)hold 'ctrl' then press 'c' to copy that highlighted-text
3)click somewhere else then hold 'ctrl' then press 'v' to paste
that highlighted-text
to select all text:hold 'ctrl' then press 'a'
11 nov 2018 7:19 pm -> 7:22 pm est|7:33 pm est add 'https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html from google (java regex) result 1'
problem: greedy vs reluctant in regex
solution:
Enter your regex: .*foo // greedy quantifier
Enter input string to search: xfooxxxxxxfoo
I found the text "xfooxxxxxxfoo" starting at index 0 and ending at index 13.
Enter your regex: .*?foo // reluctant quantifier
Enter input string to search: xfooxxxxxxfoo
I found the text "xfoo" starting at index 0 and ending at index 4.
I found the text "xxxxxxfoo" starting at index 4 and ending at index 13.
Enter your regex: .*+foo // possessive quantifier
Enter input string to search: xfooxxxxxxfoo
No match found.
source:1)https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/regex/quant.html from google (regex greedy vs reluctant) result 2
2)https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html from google (java regex) result 1
problem:regex matching html-tag [added 8 dec 2018 9:1 am est]
solution:(1)<.*?> source:irc.freenode.net channel #java#
may not work for ''
(2)<(.|\n)*?> should work for all html-tag including ' | ' [26 dec 2018 3:35 pm est]source:'Any character (may or may not match line terminators)' in https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html from google (java regex) result 1
12 nov 2018 8:35 pm est|17 nov 2018 7:14 am est|17 nov 2018 7:16 am est reword '00d6' to 'd6'#reword '00f6' to 'f6'#reword '04d2' to '4d2'#reword '04d3' to '4d3'
problem:how to type umlaut character in linux?
solution:
Ö : hold 'ctrl' and hold 'shift' then press 'u' then release 'ctrl' and 'shift' then type d6
ö : hold 'ctrl' and hold 'shift' then press 'u' then release 'ctrl' and 'shift' then type f6
Ӓ : hold 'ctrl' and hold 'shift' then press 'u' then release 'ctrl' and 'shift' then type 4d2
ӓ : hold 'ctrl' and hold 'shift' then press 'u' then release 'ctrl' and 'shift' then type 4d3
Ɔ : Ɔ (186)
ɔ : ɔ (254)
source:1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters#12_nov_2018_8_25_pm_est from google ( unicode character )
2)https://www.geany.org/manual/current/#inserting-unicode-characters from google (geany help insert unicode character) result 2 from geany-top-horizontal-menu->help->help
3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_O from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel#16_nov_2018_9_1_pm_est from 'Vowel' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Vowels from 'International Phonetic Alphabet' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA#16_nov_2018_9_pm_est
20 nov 2018 5:32 pm est
problem:how to send email to many email-address?
solution:email-to:,,
28 nov 2018 12:45 pm est
problem:printf format
solution:%i or %d| int
%c | char
%f | float (see also the note below)
%s | string
'use a width (%3d) to say that we want three digits (positions) reserved for the output.
The result is that two “space characters” are placed before printing the character.'
source:https://www.codingunit.com/printf-format-specifiers-format-conversions-and-formatted-output from google(printf tutorial)result 1
28 nov 2018 1:47 pm est
problem:produce assembly code from c code
solution:gcc -S test_asm.c
produce test_asm.s containing assembly-code
source:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/137038/how-do-you-get-assembler-output-from-c-c-source-in-gcc from google (produce asm from c code) result 1
problem:compile assembly code
solution:gcc test_asm.s -o test_asm
source:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3314919/compile-run-assembler-in-linux from google (run assembly code asm) result 3
problem:write hello-world program using assembly code for linux[5 dec 2018 4:59 pm est]
solution:
1)create hello.asm containing:
section .text
global _start ;must be declared for linker (ld)
_start: ;tell linker entry point
mov edx,len ;message length
mov ecx,msg ;message to write
mov ebx,1 ;file descriptor (stdout)
mov eax,4 ;system call number (sys_write)
int 0x80 ;call kernel
mov eax,1 ;system call number (sys_exit)
int 0x80 ;call kernel
section .data
msg db 'Hello, world!',0xa ;our dear string
len equ $ - msg ;length of our dear string
2)sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nasm
nasm -f elf64 hello.asm
3)ld -s -o hello hello.o
source:1)https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Assembly-HOWTO/hello.html
2)http://asm.sourceforge.net/intro/hello.html
from google(hello world assembly language)result 7,1
3)'nasm -f elf64 hello.asm' in https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4252227/error-when-trying-to-run-asm-file-on-nasm-on-ubuntu from google(ld: i386 architecture of input file `hello.o' is incompatible with i386:x86-64 output)result 1
28 nov 2018 5 pm=>5:45 pm est
problem:single precision decimal vs double precision decimal
solution:single means 32 bit,double means 64 bit.double-precision can store larger decimal.
single:S EEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
0 1 8 9 31 <-- total 32 bit
double:S EEEEEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
0 1 11 12 63 <--- total 64 bit
1)S means sign-bit to show positive or negative
2)next 8 character/bit are the exponent bits, 'E', and
3)last 23 'F' are fraction,fraction-synonym is mantissa.
source:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/801117/whats-the-difference-between-a-single-precision-and-double-precision-floating-p from google(single precision vs double precision)result 1
how to convert decimal to ieee-754 number?
https://www.wikihow.com/Convert-a-Number-from-Decimal-to-IEEE-754-Floating-Point-Representation from google(convert decimal to ieee 754)result 3
10 dec 2018 8:25 am est
problem:turn-off firefox-notification during visiting website
solution:
To disable Web Push and stop the "Enable notifications?" prompt on every webpages:
1)In the address bar, type about:config and press Enter.
The about:config "This might void your warranty!" warning page may appear.
Click I accept the risk! to continue to the about:config page.
2)Search for the dom.webnotifications.enabled preference.
3)Double-click on the search result to change the value from true to false.
4)Search for the dom.push.enabled preference.
5)Double-click on the search result to change the value from true to false.
source:https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/push-notifications-firefox#w_how-do-i-disable-web-push-completely from google(firefox give webite notification)result 1
10 dec 2018 8:29 am est
problem:check whether certain website has firefox-notification turned-on
solution:
1)Click the 'menu' button then 'Preferences'.
2)Select the 'Privacy & Security' panel and scroll down to the 'Permissions' section.
3)Click the 'Setting' button on right-side of 'Notifications'.source:https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/push-notifications-firefox#w_how-do-i-disable-web-push-completely from google(firefox give webite notification)result 1
13 dec 2018 10:51 pm est:
problem:turn off/shutdown firefox-auto-update:
1)Select the 'Menu' Button button in the upper-right corner then choose 'Options'
2)Select 'General' on the left pane.
3)Scroll down to the 'Firefox Updates' section.
4)Select one of the following options as desired:
1)Automatically install updates
2)Check for updates, but let me choose whether to install them
3)Never check for updates
5)Check or uncheck the “Use a background service to install updates' option as
desired.
source:https://www.technipages.com/enable-disable-automatic-updates-in-firefox from google(turn off firefox auto update)result 5
14 dec 2018 9:11 pm est|9:15 pm est add 'then press '->' arrow to scroll left-side':
problem:horizontal-scroll whole-text-content in linux-terminal,not just current-line
example:horizontal-scroll ascii-art-text-file and keep that ascii-art-text-file look intact.
solution:1)less -S filename.txt
2)then press '->' arrow to scroll left-side
source:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28086980/less-how-to-scroll-horizontally-by-a-screen-full from google(linux terminal text editor scroll content horizontal)result 3
26 dec 2018 8:3 pm est:
problem:make firefox,chromium,stop sending word being typed on address-bar,to google.com automatically
to get search-keyword-suggestion from google.com
solution:(1)firefox: click menu -> preferences -> left-menu 'search' -> uncheck 'provide search suggestion'
(2)chromium:click setting -> search 'privacy' -> turn-off 'use a prediction service....' [2 jan 2019 8:51 pm est]
28 dec 2018 12:13 pm est:
problem:firefox's history show history for today only.history for previous month disappear
solution:if computer's current datetime is wrong then set computer's current datetime correctly
1 jan 2019 5:21 pm est:
problem:youtube-subtitle-font-color is grey,difficult to read
solution:click youtube-video-bottom-right-menu 'setting' -> click 'english' on subtitle:'english' -> options -> set font-opacity=100%
source:https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/103543/fix-youtube-captions-that-have-abnormally-low-contrast from google(chromium youtube subtitle color grey)result 1
2 jan 2019 8:51 pm est:insert 'chromium' to 'problem:make firefox,chromium,stop sending word being typed on address-bar,to google.com automatically'
4 jan 2019 10:1 pm est:insert 'put blank-space to make like'
13 jan 2019 12:12 pm est:
problem:youtube.com show comment without newline,even though 'enter' key was pressed to make newline during writing that comment.
solution:instead of pressing 'enter',hold 'shift' then press 'enter' to make newline.
18 jan 2019 8:22 am est:#insert# 'Open the Preferences window, then Network->Identify as' in https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/change-http-headers-in-midori-browser-4175554666/ from google(midori user agent string)result 5
18 jan 2019 9:11 am est:#insert# my user-agent-string:www.facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux) AppleWebKit/538.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.86 Safari/538.15 Midori/0.5
31 jan 2019 12:23 pm est:
problem:firefox show pdf then use firefox's save-page-as to save that pdf,make pdf-file being saved,
damaged
solution:use 'download' icon on firefox-pdf-viewer to save that pdf.
1 may 2019 5:40 pm edt:
problem:change linux-bash-prompt in linuxmint,which usually look like 'username@hostname ~$'
solution:PS1 is variable-name for linux-bash-prompt
(1)just for 1 user-account:edit /home//.bashrc
(1.1)modify code which begin with 'PS1=
by adding any variable:[source:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-linux-unix-bash-shell-setup-prompt.html from google(linux change bash prompt)result 2]
\a : an ASCII bell character (07)
\d : the date in “Weekday Month Date” format (e.g., “Tue May 26”)
\D{format} : the format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an empty format results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required
\e : an ASCII escape character (033)
\h : the hostname up to the first ‘.’
\H : the hostname
\j : the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
\l : the basename of the shell’s terminal device name
\n : newline
\r : carriage return
\s : the name of the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion following the final slash)
\t : the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\T : the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
\@ : the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
\A : the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
\u : the username of the current user
\v : the version of bash (e.g., 2.00)
\V : the release of bash, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
\w : the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde
\W : the basename of the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde
\! : the history number of this command
\# : the command number of this command
\$ : if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
\nnn : the character corresponding to the octal number nnn
\\ : a backslash
\[ : begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt
\] : end a sequence of non-printing characters
(1.2)execute command 'source ~/.bashrc' to make sure there is no syntax-error
(2)for all user-account:
(2.1)edit /etc/bash.bashrc
modify code which begin with 'PS1=
by adding any variable like in list above:
(2.2)edit /etc/skel/.bashrc[source:'If you want each new user to have this file automatically, just change the output of the command to /etc/skel/.bash_profile' in http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/profile.html from google(how local .bashrc created)result 6]
because /etc/skel/.bashrc will become ~/.bashrc for newly-created-user-account.
comment following-code in /etc/skel/.bashrc to look like this:
#if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
# if [[ ${EUID} == 0 ]] ; then
# PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;31m\]\h\[\033[01;34m\$
# else
# PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\$
# fi
#else
# PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h \w \$ '
#fi
(2.3)execute command 'source /etc/bash.bashrc','source /etc/skel/.bashrc'
to make sure there is no syntax-error
(3)tips:execute command 'echo $PS1' to show current-value for variable PS1
PS1 is variable-name for linux-bash-prompt
1 may 2019 6:12 pm edt:
problem:create new linux-user-account
solution:(1)sudo useradd -m
-m means create home-directory in /home/
if -m is not written then
won't have home-directory,can not login to linux-gui,maybe can login only to linux-console.
source:execute command 'man useradd'
(2)sudo passwd
to set password for that
source:execute command 'man passwd'
15 may 2019 5:24 pm edt:
problem:google-chrome:export bookmark
solution:click bookmark-manager->organise->export bookmark to html.source:google(export chrome bookmark)
29 may 2019 7:59 pm edt:
problem:firefox use 100% cpu during startup opening blank-page
solution:
(1)set add-on to 'never activate' 1 by 1 and start firefox to see which add-on give 100% stress to cpu
in my case:add-on 'openh264 video codec provided by cisco systems inc' give 100% stress to cpu
[addition 18 sep 2019 10:8 am edt]
(2)making newest-firefox-version use old-firefox-version-browing-history, maybe give 100% stress to cpu
[/addition 18 sep 2019 10:8 am edt]
addition 1 jun 2019 3:49 pm edt-------------------
(3)maybe that firefox is a firefox which has been updated to newer version(an updated-firefox).
try download newest firefox-version then run that newest firefox-version separately.
so that newest firefox-version won't have bookmark,browing-history from
updated-firefox.
[obsolete]addition 30 may 2019 12:49 pm edt:
(2)ps aux | grep firefox
(3)kill -9
(4)start firefox
3->5 times then firefox does not give 100% stress to cpu anymore.
[/obsolete]
4 jun 2019 3:25 pm edt:
problem:where to download firefox-source-code ?
solution:
firefox-67:https://archive.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/67.0/source/
firefox-53:https://archive.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/53.0.3/source/
source:'The source code for a release can be found on the Archive server in the "source" subdirectory of the release you want to acquire. The directory structure on the server is as follows:https://archive.mozilla.org/pub/PROJECT/releases/RELEASE/source/ where the names in italics mean the following:PROJECT - The project name, such as firefox or thunderbird.RELEASE - The release, such as 53.0.3.For example, the source code for Firefox release 53.0.3 can be found at the following URL:https://archive.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/53.0.3/source/'
in https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Developer_guide/Source_Code/Downloading_Source_Archives
from google(firefox source code)
14 jun 2019 3:42 pm edt
problem:linuxmint boot to initramfs prompt (initramfs)
solution:
solution-1:
(1)e2fsck -Cy /dev/mapper/mint--vg-root
(2)exec /sbin/init <--- reboot
if that fail then try
solution-2:
(1)something like e2fsck -Cy /dev/mapper/mint--vg-root
but replace '/dev/mapper/mint--vg-root' with
similar info which was shown after executing 'exit' in step (1)
(2)exec /sbin/init <--- reboot
if that fail then try
solution-3:
(1)e2fsck -Cy /dev/sda1
(2)exec /sbin/init <--- reboot
source:https://prognotes.net/2018/04/linux-mint-initramfs-prompt-at-boot/ from google(linuxmint boot initramfs)result 1
if receive message 'fsck from util-linux 2.27.1' without further detail then try
solution-4:
(1)e2fsck -Cy /dev/sda1
(2)exec /sbin/init <--- reboot
source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/479859/ubuntu-recovery-says-fsck-from-util-linux-and-exits from google(fsck from util-linux 2.27.1 no more info)
18 jun 2019 5:57 pm edt:
problem:make linuxmint show boot-menu always
solution:(1)sudo nano /etc/default/grub
(2)put comment to this line to become: #GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=
(3)make sure this line exist: GRUB_TIMEOUT=10
(4)save /etc/default/grub
(5)sudo update-grub.source:https://askubuntu.com/questions/16042/how-to-get-to-the-grub-menu-at-boot-time/707308 from google(make grub2 always show menu)result 1
problem:add boot-parameter to grub
solution:(1)do solution for 'problem:make linuxmint show boot-menu always'
(2)wait for that boot-menu to show up then press 'e' to add boot-parameter to a text-line which start with 'linux ...'
add blank-space then add boot-parameter as last word on that text-line.
source:https://askubuntu.com/questions/19486/how-do-i-add-a-kernel-boot-parameter from google(add to kernel command line grub)
18 jun 2019 6:18 pm edt:
problem:reset root password/root-password without having user-account, recover root password/root-password, boot to single-user-mode to reset root-password(lose root-password,root password), gain physical-access to any linux-computer(not remote-access)
solution:
(1)do solution for 'problem:make linuxmint show boot-menu always'
(2)do solution for 'problem:add boot-parameter to grub'
to add boot-parameter init=/bin/sh
(3)ctrl x <---- to boot
(4)mount / -o remount,rw <----- mount harddisk directory /
(5)passwd root <---- set new password for root/set new root-password
(6)exec /sbin/init <---- reboot
source:https://linuxconfig.org/recover-a-forgotten-root-password-on-redhat-7-linux-selinux-system from 'https://linuxconfig.org/recover-a-fo...selinux-system' in https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/systemd-reboot-from-single-user-mode-4175592513/ from google(init=/bin/sh failed to connect to bus no such file or directory)result 3
problem:reset root password/root-password with having user-account
solution:sudo passwd root
18 jun 2019 6:42 pm edt:
problem:make linuxmint show progress during boot, instead of showing logo
solution:(1)sudo nano /etc/default/grub
(2)make look like this:
#GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=""
(3)save /etc/default/grub
[addition 28 nov 2024 10:42 pm est]
(4)for linuxmint.com->Lmde-6 :
edit '/etc/default/grub.d/50_lmde.cfg' to convert code 'GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"' to become comment . [source : (1)'cat /usr/sbin/update-grub $(which update-grub)' , 'grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg' in https://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=131120 from google ( test /etc/default/grub ) result 2 , ( grub-mkconfig not reading /etc/default/grub ) result 5 (2)'cat /proc/cmdline' in https://documentation.suse.com/smart/systems-management/html/task-modify-kernel-boot-parameter/index.html from google ( GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT version 2.06 ) result 2 -> ppl also ask -> Where to find GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT? (3)'grub-install --version' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/107486/how-to-know-the-version-of-grub from google ( get grub version ) result 1 ]
[/addition 28 nov 2024 10:42 pm est]
(5)sudo update-grub
source:https://askubuntu.com/questions/25022/how-to-enable-boot-messages-to-be-printed-on-screen-during-boot-up from google(make linuxmint show boot progress)
18 jun 2019 6:50 pm edt:#reword# gain access to any linux-computer #to# gain physical-access to any linux-computer(not remote-access)
18 jun 2019 8:31 pm edt:
problem:how to merge/unite many pdf-file to 1 pdf-file in linux ?
solution:pdfunite file1.pdf file2.pdf file3.pdf outputfile.pdf
if pdfunite is not recognised then
(1)sudo apt-get install poppler
(2)sudo apt-get install poppler-utils
(3)pdfunite file1.pdf file2.pdf file3.pdf outputfile.pdf
source:https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-merge-pdf-files-in-command-line-on-linux/ from google(linux concat pdf)result 2
18 jun 2019 8:34 pm edt:#insert# from google(linux concat pdf)result 2
19 jun 2019 10:32 am edt:#reword# reboot #to# exec /sbin/init <--- reboot
19 jun 2019 10:33 am edt:(1)#delete# (1)exit #under# solution-2: #under# problem:linuxmint boot to initramfs prompt (initramfs)
(2)#add# solution-4: #under# problem:linuxmint boot to initramfs prompt (initramfs)
19 jun 2019 1:27 pm edt:
problem:how to extract pdf-page from many-pdf-page
solution:pdfseparate -f -l many.pdf output.pdf
if pdfseparate is not recognised then
(1)sudo apt-get install poppler
(2)sudo apt-get install poppler-utils
source:(1/2)https://askubuntu.com/questions/221962/how-can-i-extract-a-page-range-a-part-of-a-pdf from google(linux remove pdf page)result 1
(2/2)'poppler' in 'man pdfseparate'
19 jun 2019 1:35 pm edt:#reword# if that fail then try #to# if receive message 'fsck from util-linux 2.27.1' without further detail then try
19 jun 2019 7:23 pm edt:
problem:run firefox-44 profile manager to make new profile
solution:firefox --new-instance --ProfileManager[source:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Firefox/Multiple_profiles from google(firefox 44 create profile)result 1]
19 jun 2019 7:30 pm edt:(1)#insert# /useragent #to# set user-agent/useragent string in firefox
(2)#insert# if 'general.useragent.override' does not exist then make string-variable 'general.useragent.override' then put value for 'general.useragent.override' variable
20 jun 2019 2:15 pm edt:
problem:linuxmint:enlarge font during boot
solution:
recommended:dpkg-reconfigure console-setup <-- this method won't enlarge font during very-early-boot-phase
not recommended:this method won't enlarge font during early-boot-phase:edit /etc/default/console-setup
available-font-size-option:'Valid font faces are' in https://www.systutorials.com/docs/linux/man/5-console-setup/ from google(8x16 font size)result 2
source:https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/how-change-your-linux-console-fonts from google(linux enlarge text on console)result 1
20 jun 2019 2:21 pm edt:#insert# <-- this method won't enlarge font during very-early-boot-phase
20 jun 2019 2:29 pm edt:
problem:linuxmint:enlarge font for grub-2-menu
solution:(1)sudo grub-mkfont --output=/boot/grub/fonts/dvsm30.pf2 \ --size=30 /usr/share/fonts/TTF/dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf
#or#
sudo grub-mkfont --output=/boot/grub/fonts/dvsm30.pf2 --size=30 /usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf
#or# .... #depending on file-location for DejaVuSansMono.ttf#
# \ means next-line, that command is long so need 2 line then \ means next-line:. there will be error-message, ignore those error-message #
(2)sudo nano /etc/default/grub
#then write# GRUB_FONT=/boot/grub/fonts/dvsm30.pf2 #then save and exit nano#
(3)sudo update-grub
(4)sudo reboot
source:(1)https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Make_GRUB_menu_%26_boot-up/down_fonts_bigger from google(linuxmint enlarge boot font)
(2)http://blog.wxm.be/2014/08/29/increase-font-in-grub-for-high-dpi.html from google(enlarge grub font)result 1
20 jun 2019 2:41 pm edt:#add# source:(1)https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Make_GRUB_menu_%26_boot-up/down_fonts_bigger from google(linuxmint enlarge boot font)
(2)http://blog.wxm.be/2014/08/29/increase-font-in-grub-for-high-dpi.html from google(enlarge grub font)result 1
20 jun 2019 3:26 pm edt:#add# available-font-size-option:'Valid font faces are' in https://www.systutorials.com/docs/linux/man/5-console-setup/ from google(8x16 font size)result 2
24 jun 2019 4:41 pm edt:
problem:convert many jpg-picture-file to 1 pdf-file
solution:(1)sudo apt-get install imagemagick
(2)convert image1.jpg image2.png image3.bmp output.pdf
[source:https://itsfoss.com/convert-multiple-images-pdf-ubuntu-1304/ from google(linux convert jpg to pdf)]
gimp can export jpg to pdf, print jpg to pdf but resulting pdf-size is bloated, 2-times-bigger than jpg-size[source:https://www.techwalla.com/articles/how-to-convert-jpg-to-pdf-in-gimp from google(gimp convert jpg image to pdf size) ]
12 aug 2019 7:33 pm edt:#reword# game-folder$./dosbox
#to# assume game-folder is inside game-folder-parent
(step-1)game-folder-parent$./dosbox
(step-2)dosbox>mount c game-folder
(step-3)doxbox>c:
(step-4)c:>game.exe
13 aug 2019 7:19 pm edt:
problem: offline-map for linux
solution:offfline-software:gosm, kde-marble, tangogps, gnome-map
offline-map-data:openstreetmap
disadvantage:(1)small-font, (2)maybe there is no street-view
source:
((1))https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Using_OpenStreetMap_offline from google(linux offline map)result 1
from
((1))'Apr 14, 2018 · Avoid Google Maps with GNOME Maps on GNU/Linux ... GNOME Maps is extremely simple to install, with most major distributions carrying the ...','GNU/Linux users have the handy GNOME Maps application at their disposal'
in https://www.ghacks.net/2018/04/14/avoid-google-maps-with-gnome-maps-on-gnu-linux/ from google(linux download googlemap)result 1 from google(linux download googlemap)result 1
((2))'Apr 15, 2016 · Sure, you can find all of these features (and more) in, say, Google Maps. However, you won't find a desktop version of Google Maps for Linux.'
in https://www.linux.com/learn/introduction-gnome-maps ifrom google(linux download googlemap)result 2
13 aug 2019 7:23 pm edt:(1)#insert# gnome-map
(2)#insert# 'GNU/Linux users have the handy GNOME Maps application at their disposal'
(3)#insert# https://www.ghacks.net/2018/04/14/avoid-google-maps-with-gnome-maps-on-gnu-linux/ from google(linux download googlemap)result 1
(3)#insert# https://www.linux.com/learn/introduction-gnome-maps
(4)#insert# disadvantage:maybe there is no street-view
13 aug 2019 7:38 pm edt:#insert# small-font
18 sep 2019 10:9 am edt:#add# (2)making newest-firefox-version use old-firefox-version-browing-history, maybe give 100% stress to cpu
17 oct 2019 3:51 pm edt:
problem:how to make windows-computer connect to remote-linux-computer ?
solution:(1)linux-computer run sshd/open-ssh-server
(2)windows-computer run ssh/open-ssh-client/putty:https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ from google(putty)result 1 from my friend nicky-sagitta-hiedajat
to connect to sshd/open-ssh-server on remote-linux-computer
19 oct 2019 4:59 pm edt:
problem:disabled-service in systemctl, will still be enabled if needed, how to make that disabled-service stay disabled even if needed ?
solution:sudo systemctl mask service-name
to undo:sudo systemctl unmask service-name
more command:find 'systemctl'
source:https://blog.fpmurphy.com/2014/03/disabling-systemd-service-unit.html
from 'so I mask it' in https://www.linux.com/tutorials/cleaning-your-linux-startup-process/ from google(pppd-dns.service)result 1 from 'pppd-dns.service' in my 'sytemctl list-unit-files'
static = can not enable because missing init-script [source:'service is missing the [Install] section in its init script, so you cannot enable or disable it.' in https://www.linux.com/tutorials/understanding-and-using-systemd/ from google(systemctl static)result 1]
to make a file containing service-list: sudo systemctl list-unit-files > /home/a/myfiles/service_list_19_oct_2019_5_21_pm_edt.txt
my current-service-list:
UNIT FILE STATE
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static
sys-kernel-config.mount static
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
acpid.path enabled
cups.path disabled
systemd-ask-password-console.path static
systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path static
systemd-ask-password-wall.path static
systemd-networkd-resolvconf-update.path static
accounts-daemon.service enabled
accounts.daemon.service masked
acpid.service disabled
alsa-restore.service static
alsa-state.service static
alsa-utils.service masked
anacron-resume.service enabled
anacron.service enabled
apt-daily.service static
autovt@.service enabled
avahi-daemon.service disabled
binfmt-support.service enabled
bluetooth.service disabled
bootlogd.service masked
bootlogs.service masked
bootmisc.service masked
brltty-udev.service static
brltty.service disabled
casper.service disabled
cgmanager.service enabled
cgproxy.service enabled
checkfs.service masked
checkroot-bootclean.service masked
checkroot.service masked
colord.service static
console-getty.service disabled
console-kit-daemon.service disabled
console-kit-log-system-restart.service static
console-kit-log-system-start.service static
console-kit-log-system-stop.service static
console-setup.service static
console-shell.service disabled
container-getty@.service static
cron.service enabled
cryptdisks-early.service masked
cryptdisks.service masked
cups-browsed.service disabled
cups.service disabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service static
dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service disabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service enabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.resolve1.service disabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.thermald.service enabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service static
dbus.service static
debug-shell.service disabled
display-manager.service enabled
dm-event.service disabled
dns-clean.service enabled
emergency.service static
friendly-recovery.service enabled
fuse.service masked
fwupd-offline-update.service static
fwupd.service static
fwupdate-cleanup.service static
geoclue.service static
getty-static.service static
getty@.service enabled
gpu-manager.service enabled
halt.service masked
hddtemp.service enabled
hostname.service masked
hwclock.service masked
ifup@.service static
iio-sensor-proxy.service static
initrd-cleanup.service static
initrd-parse-etc.service static
initrd-switch-root.service static
initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service static
kerneloops.service disabled
keyboard-setup.service disabled
killprocs.service masked
kmod-static-nodes.service static
kmod.service static
lightdm.service enabled
lm-sensors.service enabled
lvm2-lvmetad.service disabled
lvm2-lvmpolld.service disabled
lvm2-monitor.service enabled
lvm2-pvscan@.service static
lvm2.service masked
mintsystem.service enabled
ModemManager.service disabled
module-init-tools.service static
motd.service masked
mountall-bootclean.service masked
mountall.service masked
mountdevsubfs.service masked
mountkernfs.service masked
mountnfs-bootclean.service masked
mountnfs.service masked
network-manager.service enabled
networking.service enabled
NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled
NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled
NetworkManager.service enabled
ntp.service disabled
openvpn.service disabled
openvpn@.service disabled
plymouth-halt.service static
plymouth-kexec.service static
plymouth-log.service static
plymouth-poweroff.service static
plymouth-quit-wait.service static
plymouth-quit.service static
plymouth-read-write.service static
plymouth-reboot.service static
plymouth-start.service static
plymouth-switch-root.service static
plymouth.service static
polkitd.service static
postgresql.service disabled
postgresql@.service disabled
pppd-dns.service disabled
procps.service static
quotaon.service static
rc-local.service static
rc.local.service static
rc.service masked
rcS.service masked
reboot.service masked
rescue.service static
resolvconf.service enabled ['resolv.conf(5) file is managed dynamically by various network service daemons. This is the default, and is intended for laptops and other highly mobile systems which may connect to different networks. It also works well for many desktop and server systems, so long as the network infrastructure is perfect.' in https://wiki.debian.org/resolv.conf from google(resolv.conf service) ]
rmnologin.service masked
rsync.service disabled
rsyslog.service enabled
rtkit-daemon.service disabled
saned.service masked
saned@.service indirect
sendsigs.service masked
serial-getty@.service disabled
setvtrgb.service static
sigpwr-container-shutdown.service static
single.service masked
ssh.service disabled
ssh@.service static
stop-bootlogd-single.service masked
stop-bootlogd.service masked
syslog.service enabled
systemd-ask-password-console.service static
systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service static
systemd-ask-password-wall.service static
systemd-backlight@.service static
systemd-binfmt.service static
systemd-bootchart.service disabled
systemd-bus-proxyd.service static
systemd-exit.service static
systemd-fsck-root.service static
systemd-fsck@.service static
systemd-fsckd.service static
systemd-halt.service static
systemd-hibernate-resume@.service static
systemd-hibernate.service static
systemd-hostnamed.service static
systemd-hwdb-update.service static
systemd-hybrid-sleep.service static
systemd-initctl.service static
systemd-journal-flush.service static
systemd-journald.service static
systemd-kexec.service static
systemd-localed.service static
systemd-logind.service static
systemd-machine-id-commit.service static
systemd-modules-load.service static
systemd-networkd-resolvconf-update.service static
systemd-networkd-wait-online.service disabled
systemd-networkd.service disabled
systemd-poweroff.service static
systemd-quotacheck.service static
systemd-random-seed.service static
systemd-reboot.service static
systemd-remount-fs.service static
systemd-resolved.service disabled
systemd-rfkill.service static
systemd-suspend.service static
systemd-sysctl.service static
systemd-timedated.service static
systemd-timesyncd.service disabled
systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service static
systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service static
systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service static
systemd-udev-settle.service static
systemd-udev-trigger.service static
systemd-udevd.service static
systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service static
systemd-update-utmp.service static
systemd-user-sessions.service static
thermald.service enabled
udev-configure-printer@.service static
udev.service static
udisks2.service disabled
ufw.service disabled
umountfs.service masked
umountnfs.service masked
umountroot.service masked
upower.service disabled
urandom.service static
ureadahead-stop.service static
ureadahead.service enabled
usb_modeswitch@.service static
usbmuxd.service static
user@.service static
uuidd.service indirect
wacom-inputattach@.service static
wpa_supplicant.service disabled
x11-common.service masked
-.slice static
machine.slice static
system.slice static
user.slice static
acpid.socket enabled
avahi-daemon.socket disabled
cups.socket disabled
dbus.socket static
dm-event.socket enabled
lvm2-lvmetad.socket enabled
lvm2-lvmpolld.socket enabled
saned.socket disabled
ssh.socket disabled
syslog.socket static
systemd-bus-proxyd.socket static
systemd-fsckd.socket static
systemd-initctl.socket static
systemd-journald-audit.socket static
systemd-journald-dev-log.socket static
systemd-journald.socket static
systemd-networkd.socket disabled
systemd-rfkill.socket static
systemd-udevd-control.socket static
systemd-udevd-kernel.socket static
uuidd.socket enabled
basic.target static
bluetooth.target static
busnames.target static
cryptsetup-pre.target static
cryptsetup.target static
ctrl-alt-del.target disabled
default.target static
emergency.target static
exit.target disabled
final.target static
getty.target static
graphical.target static
halt.target disabled
hibernate.target static
hybrid-sleep.target static
initrd-fs.target static
initrd-root-fs.target static
initrd-switch-root.target static
initrd.target static
kexec.target disabled
local-fs-pre.target static
local-fs.target static
mail-transport-agent.target static
multi-user.target static
network-online.target static
network-pre.target static
network.target static
nss-lookup.target static
nss-user-lookup.target static
paths.target static
poweroff.target disabled
printer.target static
reboot.target disabled
remote-fs-pre.target static
remote-fs.target enabled
rescue.target disabled
rpcbind.target static
runlevel0.target disabled
runlevel1.target disabled
runlevel2.target static
runlevel3.target static
runlevel4.target static
runlevel5.target static
runlevel6.target disabled
shutdown.target static
sigpwr.target static
sleep.target static
slices.target static
smartcard.target static
sockets.target static
sound.target static
suspend.target static
swap.target static
sysinit.target static
system-update.target static
time-sync.target static
timers.target static
umount.target static
apt-daily.timer enabled
systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer static
ureadahead-stop.timer static
307 unit files listed.
19 oct 2019 5:21 pm edt:#add# to make a file containing service-list: sudo systemctl list-unit-files > /home/a/myfiles/service_list_19_oct_2019_5_21_pm_edt.txt
25 oct 2019 6:4 pm edt:
problem:linuxmint-service needed for reboot
solution:
tips:(1)maybe require doing : find 'problem:make linuxmint show progress during boot, instead of showing logo'
(2)how to enable lightdm : sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm
not 'sudo systemctl enable lightdm', not 'sudo systemctl restart lightdm' [source:(1/2)'sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm' in https://forum.odroid.com/viewtopic.php?t=34109 from google (systemctl enable lightdm fail) result 3 (2/2)'systemctl restart lightdm.service' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/721870/cant-start-lightdm-without-systemctl#3_jul_2020_12_20_pm_edt maybe from google (systemctl can not start lightdm)]
. systemd automatically-enable disabled-service if needed but systemd won't automatically-enable lightdm if needed
then linux-boot show boot-text showing service-list then show black-screen with blinking-cursor.
lightdm must be manually-enabled using that different-command 'sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm' then
problem about linux-boot show boot-text showing service-list then show black-screen with blinking-cursor, disappear.
during boot if systemd fail to start lightdm.service then systemd fail to start display-manager.service as well
simplified-output from 'sudo systemctl list-unit-files > /home/a/myfiles/service_list/e_25_oct_2019_5_59_pm_edt.txt'
19 enabled-service:
acpid.path enabled
anacron-resume.service enabled
anacron.service enabled
autovt@.service enabled
cron.service enabled
dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service enabled
display-manager.service enabled
getty@.service enabled
lightdm.service enabled
mintsystem.service enabled
network-manager.service enabled
networking.service enabled
NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled
NetworkManager.service enabled -> both network-manager and NetworkManager is needed to go online, if they dead then my-computer offline then i must run '/etc/network-manager start' to go online.
resolvconf.service enabled -> resolv.conf needed to run 'sudo /etc/init.d/resolvconf start' during boot. resolvconf convert host-name like www.google.com to google-ip-address during prior visiting www.google.com. 'DHCP client may request an address from this pool, and then use it on a temporary basis for communication on network' in https://manpages.debian.org/buster/isc-dhcp-client/dhclient.8.en.html from 'most common daemon which overwrites resolv.conf is dhclient(8) (from isc-dhcp-client).' in https://wiki.debian.org/resolv.conf https://wiki.debian.org/resolv.conf from google(resolv.conf service)
rsyslog.service enabled
syslog.service enabled
ureadahead.service enabled
acpid.socket enabled
25 oct 2019 6:29 pm edt:#reword# sudo systemctl list-unit-files > /home/a/myfiles/e_25_oct_2019_5_59_pm_edt.txt
#to# sudo systemctl list-unit-files > /home/a/myfiles/service_list/e_25_oct_2019_5_59_pm_edt.txt
8 jan 2020 11:49 am est:
problem:make linuxmint.com->18.2->cinnamon->desktop-wallpaper show nothing, no wallpaper-picture, show solid-color.
solution:right-click on desktop-wallpaper -> change desktop background -> setting -> picture aspect : no picture
18 mar 2020 1:38 pm edt:
problem:what button start mame-game ? (mame-0.160)
solution:press 'tab' -> input(general) -> user-interface -> press f2 (button for ui-(first)-tape-start)
example mame-game : (1)pacman : https://drive.google.com/file/d/16xUY-LMVIbZl5HA6UStiXhTEzM62_w_V/view
(2)ridge-racer : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sCdH8kXVwJggbIPvkovMaX_khFWYn9Se/view
(3)samurai-shodown 2 : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZBwApByXjO0VZ7-WiGlDxC8thVk4ZAbG/view#24_may_2020_6_51_pm_edt [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-samurai-shodown-ii-shin-samurai-spirits-haohma/100351.html from google (mame 0.160 samsho2) result 3]
(4)king-of-fighter-2000/kof-2k https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mUYGNoXuE20jSMkK7Jx6U1mHoNtz9PJP/edit#24_may_2020_7_1_pm_edt [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-the-king-of-fighters-2000/87346.html from https://wowroms.com/en/roms/list/MAME?search=kof from find 'https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-samurai-shodown-ii-shin-samurai-spirits-haohma/100351.html']
(5)ddonpach/dodonpachi-1 https://drive.google.com/open?id=15jzidRh9dVZDVFjfAY65jiUqyZNWWbox [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/dodonpachi/80377.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(6)ddpdfk/dodonpachi-daifukatsu https://drive.google.com/open?id=16W6shtftePoJMYbkfjht4o6s68s6HWEl [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-dodonpachi-dai-fukkatsu/80398.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(7)ddragon3b/double-dragon-3 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1P03vY6Jf30Hb5pkPmelM2QldWFNZqwkw [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/double-dragon-3-the-rosetta-stone-clone/80431.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(8)mp_shnb3/shinobi-3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cC0FfBzlZPPLNleziveWnzdfhJ_Fdnnu/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/shinobi-iii-mega-play/96395.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(9)superman https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S9xhwuEFMCk5PxtG4_b76iMB_WWDZMau/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/superman/108279.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
18 mar 2020 12:51 pm edt:
problem:show mame-config to show location for mame-game-rom-file:
solution:mame -showconfig
18 mar 2020 1:17 pm edt:
problem:show available mame-command
solution:mame -help
21 apr 2020 12:7 pm edt:#add# addition 21 apr 2020 12:3 pm edt
21 apr 2020 3:29 pm edt:#add# addition 21 apr 2020 3:27 pm edt
29 apr 2020 10:37 pm edt:
problem:embed photo to 1 html-file [source:(1/2)https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-embed-images-into-HTML from google (embedding picture to html file) from google-news-html-code (2/2)http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/base64-invocation.html#base64-invocation from bottom-text in 'linux>base64 --help']
solution:
(1)linux>base64 /home/a/Pictures/hanging_cable_zoom.jpg > electricity_pole.txt
(2)(optional, this make html-file small) convert electricity_pole.txt-text-content from multiple-line-text to 1 line-text
(2.1)make new-file read_file.c. read_file.c contain this text:
// [source:https://www.zentut.com/c-tutorial/c-read-text-file/ from google (c read file)]
#include
int main (int argc, char ** argv)
{
char *filename = NULL;
FILE *fp;
if (argc == 2)
filename = argv [ 1 ];
fp = fopen(filename, "r");
if (fp == NULL){
printf("Could not open file %s\n",filename);
return 1;
}
int c = 0;
c = fgetc ( fp );
while ( c != EOF )
{
if ( (char) c != '\n' )
printf ("%c", c);
c = fgetc ( fp );
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
(2.2)linux>gcc -o read_file read_file.c
(2.3)./read_file ~/myfiles/letters/electricity_pole.txt > ~/myfiles/letters/electricity_pole_1_line.txt
(3)write to html-file :
24 may 2020 6:52 pm edt:(1/2)#reword# problem:what button start mame-game ? #to# problem:what button start mame-game ? (mame-0.160)
(2/2)#add# (3)samurai-shodown 2 : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZBwApByXjO0VZ7-WiGlDxC8thVk4ZAbG/view#24_may_2020_6_51_pm_edt [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-samurai-shodown-ii-shin-samurai-spirits-haohma/100351.html from google (mame 0.160 samsho2) result 3]
24 may 2020 7:2 pm edt:(1/6)#add# (4)king-of-fighter-2000/kof-2k https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mUYGNoXuE20jSMkK7Jx6U1mHoNtz9PJP/edit#24_may_2020_7_1_pm_edt [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-the-king-of-fighters-2000/87346.html from https://wowroms.com/en/roms/list/MAME?search=kof from find 'https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-samurai-shodown-ii-shin-samurai-spirits-haohma/100351.html']
(2/6)#add# (5)ddonpach/dodonpachi-1 https://drive.google.com/open?id=15jzidRh9dVZDVFjfAY65jiUqyZNWWbox [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/dodonpachi/80377.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(3/6)#add# (6)ddpdfk/dodonpachi-daifukatsu https://drive.google.com/open?id=16W6shtftePoJMYbkfjht4o6s68s6HWEl [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/download-dodonpachi-dai-fukkatsu/80398.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(4/6)#add# (7)ddragon3b/double-dragon-3 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1P03vY6Jf30Hb5pkPmelM2QldWFNZqwkw [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/double-dragon-3-the-rosetta-stone-clone/80431.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(5/6)#add# (8)mp_shnb3/shinobi-3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cC0FfBzlZPPLNleziveWnzdfhJ_Fdnnu/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/shinobi-iii-mega-play/96395.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(6/6)#add# (9)superman https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S9xhwuEFMCk5PxtG4_b76iMB_WWDZMau/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/mame/superman/108279.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
26 may 2020 11:10 pm edt:
problem:kega-fusion (carpeludum.com/kega-fusion/ from google (kega fusion)) in linuxmint produce many error, icon-highlighted
disappear, can not load sega-rom
solution:(1)change theme, avoid any theme with prefix 'mint-x...'.
this linuxmint-theme-selection make kega-fusion-icon-highlight stay-visible :
window-borders 'simple'
icons 'mint-y'
controls 'mint-y'
(2)choose file->(load genesis / 32x rom), not file->(load mastersystem rom), to load sega-rom
some sega-rom : (1)shinobi-3 (unzip to get .md file. sega-rom-file is .md file) : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zVslq9uOglzQqAOcolTitpB-otupYIPX [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-shinobi-iii-return-of-the-ninja-master-usa/26381.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
kega-fusion->save-state-procedure is easier than mame->save-sate-procedure
kega-fusion->save-state : 'esc'->file->save-state
(2)streets-of-rage-3/sor-3:
sor-3-usa https://drive.google.com/file/d/13aRntyXuNe50kR-ET9xmxS554ElTneqq/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-streets-of-rage-3-usa/26503.html#2_jun_2020_8_31_pm_edt from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
sor-3-jp/bk-3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CNWWv1raKd6tEPIt-92y-k5-DS28WU8r/view?usp=sharing [source:https://download.wowroms.com/d/roms/g/LstcNfFXQ1OBOwCBZwH6/k1/e6c97049f3a35da/k2/33226b554c2f429 from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
sor-3-eu? https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RtJ7BBRUlwwuTFegMym9SamV3Zp7onVr/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-streets-of-rage-3-europe/26502.html#2_jun_2020_8_10_pm_edt from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
sor-3-asia? https://drive.google.com/file/d/11JxkofzzmtK1cx8Qgq7DNY80Sitwpbgy/view?usp=sharing [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-streets-of-rage-3-asia/26501.html#2_jun_2020_8_10_pm_edt from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(3)arrow-flash-jp-eu https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FQVN5qtV5jXyWi1uDAB0GAQnWSoLqwhT/view?usp=sharing [source:https://download.wowroms.com/d/roms/g/1NZ9RYpcZ8rWiOhOMi3A/k1/72dba9b09af0931/k2/dec29b50c869d3a from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
arrow-flash-usa-eu https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zlXIcyyKnlrXnHlNDJ0zWZh6NDxJQlNa/view?usp=sharing [source:https://download.wowroms.com/d/roms/g/17HaPkHg1A5BxbPSvflp/k1/3d95b91a2e14db9/k2/bf246dce1ddc13c from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
26 may 2020 11:26 pm edt:
(1/2)#add# (carpeludum.com/kega-fusion/ from google (kega fusion))
(2/2)#add# some sega-rom : (1)shinobi-3 (unzip to get .md file. sega-rom-file is .md file) : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zVslq9uOglzQqAOcolTitpB-otupYIPX [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-shinobi-iii-return-of-the-ninja-master-usa/26381.html from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
kega-fusion->save-state-procedure is easier than mame->save-sate-procedure
kega-fusion->save-state : 'esc'->file->save-state
2 jun 2020 8:35 pm edt:#add# (2)streets-of-rage-3/sor-3:
sor-3-usa https://drive.google.com/file/d/13aRntyXuNe50kR-ET9xmxS554ElTneqq/view?usp=sharing
sor-3-jp/bk-3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CNWWv1raKd6tEPIt-92y-k5-DS28WU8r/view?usp=sharing
sor-3-eu? https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RtJ7BBRUlwwuTFegMym9SamV3Zp7onVr/view?usp=sharing
sor-3-asia? https://drive.google.com/file/d/11JxkofzzmtK1cx8Qgq7DNY80Sitwpbgy/view?usp=sharing
2 jun 2020 8:45 pm edt:
(1/5)#add# [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-streets-of-rage-3-usa/26503.html#2_jun_2020_8_31_pm_edt from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(2/5)#add# [source:https://download.wowroms.com/d/roms/g/LstcNfFXQ1OBOwCBZwH6/k1/e6c97049f3a35da/k2/33226b554c2f429 from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(3/5)#add# [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-streets-of-rage-3-europe/26502.html#2_jun_2020_8_10_pm_edt from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(4/5)#add# [source:https://wowroms.com/en/roms/sega-genesis-megadrive/download-streets-of-rage-3-asia/26501.html#2_jun_2020_8_10_pm_edt from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
(5/5)#add# (3)arrow-flash-jp-eu https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FQVN5qtV5jXyWi1uDAB0GAQnWSoLqwhT/view?usp=sharing [source:https://download.wowroms.com/d/roms/g/1NZ9RYpcZ8rWiOhOMi3A/k1/72dba9b09af0931/k2/dec29b50c869d3a from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
arrow-flash-usa-eu https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zlXIcyyKnlrXnHlNDJ0zWZh6NDxJQlNa/view?usp=sharing [source:https://download.wowroms.com/d/roms/g/17HaPkHg1A5BxbPSvflp/k1/3d95b91a2e14db9/k2/bf246dce1ddc13c from find 'samurai-shodown 2']
6 jun 2020 7:44 pm edt:
problem : clean computer-keyboard and make computer-keyboard stay-clean
solution :
procedure to clean keyboard: (sakar.com iconcepts 90050ns : https://www.amazon.com/I-Concepts-90050N-107-Key-Keyboard/dp/B000NKANUE/ref=sr_1_9?dchild=1&keywords=iConcepts&qid=1591486920&s=pc&sr=1-9 from google (sakar.com iconcepts 90050ns) result 3)
(1)write keyboard-button-position on paper
(2)remove each keyboard-screw, keyboard-screw are located underneath keyboard.
if there is sticker underneath keyboard then remove sticker underneath keyboard.
because that sticker maybe hide keyboard-screw.
(3)open keyboard-housing.
there is 1 elastic-white-rubber underneath each keyboard-button.
remember elastic-white-rubber-position how 1 elastic-white-rubber touch keyboard-button.
insert all elastic-white-rubber to water-bucket. use soapy-finger to scrub each wet-elastic-white-rubber.
then insert all soapy-elastic-white-rubber to bucket-2
(4)from inside keyboard-housing : push each keyboard-button, to remove each keyboard-button.
insert all keyboard-button to water-bucket.
use soapy-finger to scrub each keyboard-button.
then insert soapy-keyboard-button to bucket-2.
now bucket-2 contain (1)soapy-elastic-white-rubber (2)soapy-keyboard-button.
fill bucket-2 with clean-water then stir (1)soapy-elastic-white-rubber (2)soapy-keyboard-button to separate
soap from elastic-white-rubber and keyboard-button.
repeat 1 or 2 time.
remove wet-keyboard-button from bucket-2 1 by 1,
use wet-finger to scrub each wet-keyboard-button, to make-sure each wet-keyboard-button doesn't have soap-residue.
put wet-keyboard-button, wet-elastic-white-rubber, in airy-room, to dessicate.
(5)inside keyboard-housing there are :
(1)1 keyboard-cable connected to 1 circuit-board : avoid washing those.
(2)some keyboard-size-white-transparent-sheet-with-circuit-drawing being stacked on top of each other :
avoid washing those. [source:(1/2)'Nah. I did it like 3 times and it all ended up in keyboard malfunctioning partially or even fully. I think that water leaves certain minerals on the surface and that's what causing it.' in https://www.techpowerup.com/forums/threads/cleaning-the-transparent-plastic-printed-circuits-inside-a-keyboard.163694/ from google (keyboard transparent plastic contact) result 6 (2/2)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-o8OgEeoZY&t=1m24s (How to Clean A Membrane Keyboard) from google (wash membrane keyboard) result 1 from 'Membrane keyboards are the more common of the two. With membrane keyboards, a thin membrane presses on a circuit layer, that registers the key pressed.' in https://www.computerlounge.co.nz/blog/tips-and-tricks/ultimate-keyboard-showdown-mechanical-vs-membrane-keyboards from google (keyboard membrane) result 5 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_keyboard from google (keyboard electrical contact layer) result 1 from 'Peel back the electrical contact layers' in https://www.explainthatstuff.com/computerkeyboards.html from google (keyboard component part name transparent conductor) result 4]
(6)use soapy-finger, tooth-brush to scrub keyboard-housing
(7)shake 1 keyboard-button to make-sure that keyboard-button is dry, and doesn't eject water-droplet.
use paper written on step (1) for a guide to install each keyboard-button to keyboard-housing.
(8)invertedly-suspend keyboard-housing-with-keyboard-button, with 2 packaging-box become like 2 pillar supporting
keyboard-housing-with-keyboard-button, without pressing any keyboard-button.
so keyboard-button face floor.
put each elastic-white-rubber on each keyboard-button, remember 'remember elastic-white-rubber-position how 1 elastic-white-rubber touch keyboard-button.'
assemble everything-else but use minimum screw-amount just to make keyboard-housing can close.
then test each keyboard-button with computer.
if some keyboard-button fail to show response then maybe because keyboard-size-white-transparent-sheet-with-circuit-drawing
has concave/air-pocket/bulge.
procedure to make keyboard stay-clean:
[obsolete]
[reason]
so maybe after frequent washing-with-soap :
silicone-flexible-keyboard can rupture/torn-apart as-well like transparent-keyboard-silicone-cover [/reason]
(1) maybe buy amazon.com/Sungwoo-Foldable-Silicone-Keyboard-Waterproof/dp/B06XHBQ4MB/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?
crid=25Y4UF5G5DT3J&keywords=sungwoo+foldable+silicone+keyboard&qid=1656597676&s=electronics&sprefix=sungwo%2Celectronics%2C72
&sr=1-1-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyUEtZMjc3MjcyTjA1JmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNDc4MjU3MVE0RUJUREpXWUFWSiZlbmNyeXB0
ZWRBZElkPUEwNjYwODgyMzNZVkZTTlVQUkE2QiZ3aWRnZXROYW1lPXNwX2F0ZiZhY3Rpb249Y2xpY2tSZWRpcmVjdCZkb05vdExvZ0NsaWNrPXRydWU=
[addition 4 jul 2022 10:26 pm edt]
but that amazon.com/Sungwoo-Foldable-Silicone-Keyboard-Waterproof/dp/B06XHBQ4MB/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?
crid=25Y4UF5G5DT3J&keywords=sungwoo+foldable+silicone+keyboard&qid=1656597676&s=electronics&sprefix=sungwo%2Celectronics%2C72
&sr=1-1-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUEyUEtZMjc3MjcyTjA1JmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwNDc4MjU3MVE0RUJUREpXWUFWSiZlbmNyeXB0
ZWRBZElkPUEwNjYwODgyMzNZVkZTTlVQUkE2QiZ3aWRnZXROYW1lPXNwX2F0ZiZhY3Rpb249Y2xpY2tSZWRpcmVjdCZkb05vdExvZ0NsaWNrPXRydWU=
says :
'Waterproof and dustproof: No additional keyboard cover skin required, food crumbs or dust can be easily cleaned thoroughly.
Clean the silicone keyboard with water, alcohol, or alcohol based disinfectant.'
#contradict#
comment
'comment-writer : tanner
comment-rating : 5 star
comment-title : 'so far so good' :
comment-content : 'The keyboard comes in a fairly small box all rolled up - which I like, because it shows me that I'm able to'
.......
'PS. If you're looking for a water-proof keyboard, I'm not sure that this is a great option. The package comes with a warning list,
which includes - Don't spill liquids on keyboard!'
[/addition 4 jul 2022 10:26 pm edt]
[/obsolete]
[obsolete]
[reason]
transparent-keyboard-silicone-cover maybe eventually torn-apart/rupture after receiving repeated finger-pressure during typing
[source :
(1)'Love that it's flat since my board is non standard. Very transparent. Nice thickness. Easy to rinse off.
Don't love that I've had it 4 days and it already has imprint impressions from the edge of the keys. I'm afraid they will punch through quickly.
Also, the fold crease (from how packaged) will not go away. I've stretched, washed, and laid flat. It's irritating, but not enough to return.'
in amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R16MRJBO83MUV9/ref=cm_cr_arp_d_viewpnt?ie=UTF8&ASIN=B01MXONFI1#R16MRJBO83MUV9
(2)(2.1)'However, my short nails kept tearing a hole near the "s" key, allowing moisture to get in again.'
(2.2)'silicone protector is starting to stretch on the left hand side, but not so much that it's causing issues. In retrospect,
now that I see how this silicone cover works, I might have been able to take a 4mil plastic bag and tape it around the keyboard
and it wouldn't have torn'
in amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R3TEEOUD6SWR8G/ref=cm_cr_arp_d_viewpnt?ie=UTF8&ASIN=B01MXONFI1#R3TEEOUD6SWR8G
]
[/reason]
(1)insert clean-computer-keyboard to transparent-plastic-bag maybe like
(1)bestbuy.com/site/targus-universal-keyboard-cover-for-extra-large-laptops-3-pack-clear/6471244.p?skuId=6471244
(2)12 x 20 https://www.walmart.com/ip/Take-Disposable-Grocery-Polyethylene-Vegetables-Fruit-Produce-Plastic-1220P-Bags-Out-Clear-12x20-Inch-Bags-SafePro-Roll-400-Piece-Roll-Food/303987018
from https://www.walmart.com/c/kp/clear-plastic-bags row 3 col last
(3)20 x 16 https://www.walmart.com/ip/Plastic-Cellophane-Bags-20-x-16-in-Clear-6ct/54167715
from https://www.walmart.com/c/kp/clear-plastic-bags row 1 col 1
my computer-keyboard-size : 17.5 inch x 6 inch [source:https://www.amazon.com/I-Concepts-90050N-107-Key-Keyboard/dp/B000NKANUE/ref=sr_1_9?dchild=1&keywords=iConcepts&qid=1591486920&s=pc&sr=1-9 from google (sakar.com iconcepts 90050ns) result 3]
(2)wash that plastic-bag sometime in the future. clean-water-usage should be minimum.
doing 'procedure to clean keyboard:' need prodigal-clean-water
[/obsolete]
12 jun 2020 5:49 pm edt:
problem : how 1-button-mouse do right-click ? 1-button-mouse is easier to clean than multiple-button-mouse
solution : press and hold the "Control" key on keyboard, then click the mouse. [source:'How do I right click with only one button? On the keyboard press and hold the "Control" key, then click the mouse. Note: mice with two buttons can do this to. Hold the "Control" key, then left click the mouse.' in https://as.vanderbilt.edu/vuit/computer_services/faqs/mac/Right_Click.php from google (how 1 button mouse right click) result 1]
[obsolete]
[reason] maybe because ~/.bash_history says
i do: sudo mount /dev/sdb1 ~/myfiles/mount_place
then i do: sudo dd if=linuxmint-19.3-cinnamon-64bit.iso of=/dev/sdb1 oflag=direct bs=1048576
but i can not reproduce that error-msg 'invalid magic number', 'invalid signature', 'Failed to load ldlinux.c32'
[/reason]
15 jun 2020 8:28 pm edt:
problem : format usb-drive for making usb-live-linuxmint.com/usb-for-install-linux
solution :
sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -I /dev/sdb
avoid using find 'sudo mke2fs /dev/sdb'
[addition 15 jun 2020 8:51 pm edt]
using find 'sudo mke2fs /dev/sdb' to format that usb-drive, will make booting usb-live-linuxmint.com, produce error :
(1)'invalid magic number' under efi-boot
(2)'invalid signature' under efi-boot
(3)'Failed to load ldlinux.c32' under legacy-bios-boot
[addition 15 jun 2020 9:24 pm edt]
[source for complete-error-message:(1/6)https://askubuntu.com/questions/1081472/vmlinuz-4-18-12-041812-generic-has-invalid-signature from google (error casper/vmlinuz has invalid signature) (2/6)https://www.reddit.com/r/linux4noobs/comments/96dktl/invalid_magic_number_and_you_need_to_load_the/ from google (linux boot invalid magic number) (3/6)https://askubuntu.com/questions/1225300/why-do-i-get-an-invalid-magic-number-boot-error-for-5-x-kernels-but-not-4-x from google (linux boot invalid magic number) (4/6)https://askubuntu.com/questions/942289/cant-boot-ubuntu-usb-invalid-magic-number from google (linux boot invalid magic number) (5/6)https://askubuntu.com/questions/289030/invalid-magic-number from google (linux boot invalid magic number) (6/6)https://askubuntu.com/questions/985612/running-ubuntu-from-a-usb-failed-to-load-ldlinux-c32 from google (can not load ldlinux. c32)]
[/addition 15 jun 2020 9:24 pm edt]
[/addition 15 jun 2020 8:51 pm edt]
[/obsolete]
15 jun 2020 8:31 pm edt:
problem : linuxmint.com bottom-horizontal-tool-bar disappear
solution :
(1)reboot
(2)if reboot still doesn't make linuxmint.com->bottom-horizontal-tool-bar appear then
(1)press-and-hold ctrl, alt then press 't' to show linux-gnome-terminal
(2)/usr/share/cinnamon/cinnamon-settings/cinnamon-settings.py panel [source:https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=257031 from google (linuxmint cinnamon task manager disappear) result 1]
15 jun 2020 8:36 pm edt:
problem : efi-system-partition-size for linux
solution : 100 mb => 250 mb [source:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DiskSpace from google (boot efi size) result 1]
15 jun 2020 8:39 pm edt:
problem : primary vs logical partition
solution : maximum 4 primary-partition is allowed.
infinite logical-partition is allowed.
15 jun 2020 8:44 pm edt:#add# addition 15 jun 2020 8:42 pm edt
15 jun 2020 8:52 pm edt:#add# addition 15 jun 2020 8:51 pm edt
15 jun 2020 9:24 pm edt:#add# addition 15 jun 2020 9:24 pm edt
16 jun 2020 9:33 am edt:
#reword#
3. %>sudo hostname b
display current hostname :
%>hostname
b
#to#
3. %>sudo hostname
to display current hostname
16 jun 2020 2:52 pm edt:#make obsolete# problem : format usb-drive for making usb-live-linuxmint.com/usb-for-install-linux
27 jun 2020 12:22 pm edt:
problem : find which program make heavy-cpu-stress
solution :
(1)find pid-number
%>top [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13968/show-top-five-cpu-consuming-processes-with-ps from google (linux ps heavy cpu load) result 1]
(2)find detail-program-name for that pid-number (optional)
%>ps aux
(3)kill that program which make heavy-cpu-stress
%>kill -9 pid-number
27 jun 2020 12:27 pm edt:
(1/2)#reword# (2)find detail-program-name for that pid-number
#to# (2)find detail-program-name for that pid-number (optional)
(2/2)#add# (3)kill that program which make heavy-cpu-stress
%>kill -9 pid-number
27 jun 2020 1:54 pm edt:#add# [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13968/show-top-five-cpu-consuming-processes-with-ps from google (linux ps heavy cpu load) result 1]
2 jul 2020 11:41 pm edt:
#add#
tips:(1)maybe require doing : find 'problem:make linuxmint show progress during boot, instead of showing logo'
(2)how to enable lightdm : sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm
not 'sudo systemctl enable lightdm', not 'sudo systemctl restart lightdm' [source:'sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm' in https://forum.odroid.com/viewtopic.php?t=34109 from google (systemctl enable lightdm fail) result 3]
3 jul 2020 12:23 pm edt:
problem : make systemd show enabled service
solution : a@2 11:38 AM ~ sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled [source:https://askubuntu.com/questions/795226/how-to-list-all-enabled-services-from-systemctl from google (systemctl list enabled service)]
3 jul 2020 12:29 pm edt:
(1)#add# 'systemctl restart lightdm.service' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/721870/cant-start-lightdm-without-systemctl#3_jul_2020_12_20_pm_edt maybe from google (systemctl can not start lightdm)
(2)#add# systemd automatically-enable disabled-service if needed but systemd won't automatically-enable lightdm if needed
then linux-boot show boot-text showing service-list then show black-screen with blinking-cursor.
lightdm must be manually-enabled using that different-command 'sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm' then
problem about linux-boot show boot-text showing service-list then show black-screen with blinking-cursor, disappear.
3 jul 2020 12:44 pm edt:#add# during boot if systemd fail to start lightdm.service then systemd fail to start display-manager.service as well
8 jul 2020 7:24 pm edt:
problem : change work-space/workspace
solution : (1)ctrl + alt + left-arrow or
(2)ctrl + alt + right-arrow
23 jul 2020 3:37 pm edt:
problem : leaving message to web-server-administrator
solution :
(1)%>wget -U 'facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|wget' --spider localhost
add this message :
127.0.0.1 - - [23/Jul/2020:15:31:33 -0400] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 311 "-" "facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|wget"
to /var/log/apache2/access.log
(2)%>wget -U 'facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|wget' --spider localhost/test.html
add this message :
127.0.0.1 - - [23/Jul/2020:15:32:15 -0400] "HEAD /test.html HTTP/1.1" 200 283 "-" "facebook.com/arnon.jaya|operating system=linuxmint 18.2 sonya cinnamon|wget"
to /var/log/apache2/access.log
23 jul 2020 6:39 pm edt:#add# addition 23 jul 2020 6:38 pm edt
30 jul 2020 3:18 pm edt:
problem : linux-gui make cpu-usage 100 % , slowing-down linux-gui until almost freeze
solution :
(solution-1)(1)ctrl + alt + f1 --> ( to quit then go to linux-command-prompt ) [source:askubuntu.com/questions/320666/how-do-i-kill-the-x-server maybe from google (linux quit lightdm)]
(2)wait...
(3)login (login-process maybe slow, wait...)
(4)pkill firefox [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14479/killall-gives-me-no-process-found-but-ps from google ( killall no process found ) from 'killall' in https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
(5)sudo reboot
(solution-2)ctrl + alt + back-space to quit x then relogin to x [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
(solution-3)SysRq maybe is on keyboard-button 'print screen'.
(1)Alt+SysRq+U remount filesystems as read-only (optional) [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
(2)Alt+SysRq+B forcefully reboot [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
30 jul 2020 7:57 pm edt:
(1)#reword# [source:forgotten-website from google (...) ]
#to# [source:askubuntu.com/questions/320666/how-do-i-kill-the-x-server maybe from google (linux quit lightdm)]
(2)#reword# (3)sudo reboot
#to# (3)login (login-process maybe slow, wait...)
(4)sudo reboot
30 jul 2020 8 pm edt:#reword# ( to go to linux-command-prompt ) #to# --> ( to quit then go to linux-command-prompt )
31 jul 2020 6 pm edt:#make obsolete# geany : turn off syntax highlighting for .htm file,
6 sep 2020 6:53 pm edt:
(1/2)#add# killall firefox [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
(2/2)#add#
(solution-2)ctrl + alt + back-space to quit x then relogin to x [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
(solution-3)SysRq maybe is on keyboard-button 'print screen'.
(1)Alt+SysRq+U remount filesystems as read-only (optional) [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
(2)Alt+SysRq+B forcefully reboot [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
9 sep 2020 11:12 pm edt:#reword# (4)killall firefox [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
#to# (4)pkill firefox [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14479/killall-gives-me-no-process-found-but-ps from google ( killall no process found )]
9 sep 2020 11:16 pm edt:#reword# (4)pkill firefox [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14479/killall-gives-me-no-process-found-but-ps from google ( killall no process found )]
#to# (4)pkill firefox [source:https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14479/killall-gives-me-no-process-found-but-ps from google ( killall no process found ) from 'killall' in https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/what-to-do-when-a-linux-desktop-freezes from google ( linux memory full hang reboot ) result 2]
14 oct 2020 8:57 pm edt: end 9:1 pm edt
problem : show harddisk/hard-disk's temperature, cpu's temperature in computer with microsoft.com->windows-operating-system
solution: download-and-run : http://www.almico.com/speedfan452.exe
from click 'The latest version is SpeedFan 4.52.' in http://www.almico.com/sfdownload.php
from google ( speedfan ), ( windows hddtemp ), ( hddtemp ), ( windows 10 check hard disk temperature )
hard-disk's operating-temperature : 0 -> 60 celcius
hard-disk's non-operating-temperature : -40 -> 70 celcius. [source : Temperature, Operating (°C) 0 to 60. Temperature, Nonoperating (°C) -40 to 70 in http://www.tomshardware.com/forum/297065-32-minimum-hard-drive-temperature from google (harddisk platter storage temperature) result 7]
29 oct 2020 12:2 pm edt:#add# addition 29 oct 2020 11:59 am edt
10 nov 2020 7:39 am est:#add# addition 10 nov 2020 7:38 am est
10 nov 2020 11:53 am est:#add# addition 10 nov 2020 11:52 am est
28 nov 2020 5:8 pm est:
problem : zoom/enlarge text on firefox , shrink text on firefox
solution :
(1)zoom/enlarge text on firefox : press-and-hold control then : press = or press +
(2)shrink text on firefox : press-and-hold control then press -
28 nov 2020 6:32 pm est:
problem : Linux : see current-cpu-frequency. [source:https://askubuntu.com/questions/218567/any-way-to-check-the-clock-speed-of-my-processor from google ( show current cpu frequency ) result 1]
solution :
(1) 'lscpu' -->start-addition 28 nov 2020 7:11 pm est
example :
a@2 06:57 PM ~ lscpu
etc...
CPU MHz: 1599.884
CPU max MHz: 2500.0000
CPU min MHz: 1600.0000
etc...
(2) 'cat /proc/cpuinfo'
example:
a@2 07:01 PM ~ cat /proc/cpuinfo
etc...
cpu MHz : 1676.788
etc... -->end-addition 28 nov 2020 7:11 pm est
(3)'cpufreq-info' but need : apt-get install cpufrequtils
example:
a@2 06:32 PM ~ cpufreq-info
cpufrequtils 008: cpufreq-info (C) Dominik Brodowski 2004-2009
Report errors and bugs to cpufreq@vger.kernel.org, please.
analyzing CPU 0:
driver: intel_pstate
CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
maximum transition latency: 0.97 ms.
hardware limits: 1.60 GHz - 2.50 GHz
available cpufreq governors: performance, powersave
current policy: frequency should be within 1.60 GHz and 2.50 GHz.
The governor "powersave" may decide which speed to use
within this range.
current CPU frequency is 1.60 GHz.
a@2 06:33 PM ~
28 nov 2020 7:14 pm est:
(1/3)#add# -->start-addition 28 nov 2020 7:11 pm est #until# -->end-addition 28 nov 2020 7:11 pm est
(2/3)#reword# command show current-cpu-frequency. #to# but need : apt-get install cpufrequtils
(3/3)#add# [source:https://askubuntu.com/questions/218567/any-way-to-check-the-clock-speed-of-my-processor from google ( show current cpu frequency ) result 1]
5 dec 2020 5:42 pm est:
problem : sudo some-time doesn't request password,
sudo some-time request password.
make sudo always request password
solution :
(1)sudo visudo
(2)Defaults timestamp_timeout=0 # 0 means always ask password
[source : (1/2)https://askubuntu.com/questions/309202/how-often-is-the-password-asked-for-sudo-commands-where-can-i-set-it-up from google ( sometimes sudo ask for password ) result 2 (2/2)https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/382060/change-default-sudo-password-timeout from google ( sudo timeout ) result 3]
9 dec 2020 11:58 am est:#under# problem : turn on auto complete, bash completion feature in debian
#reword#
1. sudo apt-get install bash-completion
2. add that to bash profile
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
. /etc/bash_completion
fi
#to#
(1) >sudo apt-get install bash-completion
(2)(option-1) make all user can do bash-completion :
(1)>sudo nano /etc/profile
(2)write to file /etc/profile :
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
. /etc/bash_completion
fi
(3)>source /etc/profile
or re-login
(option-2) make certain user can do bash-completion :
(1)>sudo nano /home/user-name/.bash_profile
or >sudo nano /home/user-name/.bashrc ( for linuxmint.com )
(2)write to file /home/user-name/.bash_profile or write to file /home/user-name/.bashrc
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
. /etc/bash_completion
fi
(3)>source /home/user-name/.bash_profile
or >source /home/user-name/.bashrc
or re-login
7 mar 2021 2:6 pm est:#add# addition 7 mar 2021 2:5 pm est
============================================================================================================================================================
13 apr 2021 9:48 am edt:
problem : helpful tool to know computer-server-web-site location ?
solution :
[addition 21 jul 2021 8:15 am edt]
warning : toolsip.org automatically-show google-map so find 'usa-country->california-night-time-only' , 'burn-and-kill many bird'.
(1)to find location for computer-server 'en.wikipedia.org' :
visit : https://toolsip.org/ip/en.wikipedia.org
produce output : usa->virginia-state->ashburn-city->wikimedia-foundation-inc->text-lb.eqiad.wikimedia.org/208.80.154.224:54122
[source : https://toolsip.org/ip/172.70.32.4 from google ( hostname 172.70.32.4 ) result 1]
[addition 21 jul 2021 8:28 am edt]
https://toolsip.org/ip/toolsip.org :
ohio-state->dublin-city->amazon.com-inc->ec2-3-128-70-72.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com/3.128.70.72
[/addition 21 jul 2021 8:28 am edt]
[/addition 21 jul 2021 8:15 am edt]
(2)example :
a@2 09:27 AM ~ traceroute walmart.com ( tracert walmart.com in microsoft.com->windows )
traceroute to walmart.com (161.170.230.170), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 Fios_Quantum_Gateway.fios-router.home (192.168.1.1) 0.492 ms 0.580 ms 0.784 ms
2 * * *
3 ae3305-20.WASHDCDN-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.136) 18.221 ms ae3305-21.ARTNVAFC-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.138) 21.399 ms 16.642 ms
4 0.ae1.BR1.IAD8.ALTER.NET (140.222.239.77) 19.847 ms 19.767 ms 0.ae2.BR1.IAD8.ALTER.NET (140.222.239.79) 18.274 ms
5 * * *
6 * * *
7 * ae7.cs1.atl10.us.eth.zayo.com (64.125.24.229) 47.974 ms *
8 * * *
9 ae10.er1.dfw79.us.zip.zayo.com (64.125.30.65) 49.239 ms 44.402 ms 49.169
final-meaningful-output show 'dfw79' , dfw is dallas-fort-worth-iata-airport-code , so walmart.com's location is near
dfw-airport
[addition 9 jun 2021 1:47 pm edt]
(3)a@2 01:19 PM ~ traceroute perkinsrestaurants.com doesn't give helpful information about computer-server-web-site-location.
traceroute to perkinsrestaurants.com (75.2.60.5), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 Fios_Quantum_Gateway.fios-router.home (192.168.1.1) 0.419 ms 0.617 ms 0.811 ms
2 * * *
3 ae3305-21.ARTNVAFC-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.138) 35.130 ms ae3305-20.WASHDCDN-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.136) 15.069 ms ae3305-21.ARTNVAFC-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.138) 14.351 ms
4 0.ae9.GW13.IAD8.ALTER.NET (140.222.225.63) 15.873 ms 0.ae10.GW13.IAD8.ALTER.NET (140.222.225.219) 16.006 ms 15.907 ms
5 204.148.170.58 (204.148.170.58) 16.624 ms 16.670 ms 16.751 ms
other way :
---https://sitereport.netcraft.com/?url=https://www.perkinsrestaurants.com
says computer-server-web-site-location is maybe in germany->frankfurt , uk->ireland , usa->new-york-state->new-york-city.
Netblock Owner DigitalOcean, LLC
Hosting company Amazon - EU Central (Frankfurt) datacenter
Hosting country de
Nameserver ns01.worldspice.net
Nameserver organisation whois.wildwestdomains.com
Netblock owner IP address OS Web server Last seen
IPv4 address (206.189.50.215)
IP range Country Name Description
0.0.0.0-255.255.255.255 N/A IANA-BLK The whole IPv4 address space
↳ 206.0.0.0-206.255.255.255 United States NET206 American Registry for Internet Numbers
↳ 206.189.0.0-206.189.255.255 United States DIGITALOCEAN-206-189-0-0 DigitalOcean, LLC
↳ 206.189.50.215 United States DIGITALOCEAN-206-189-0-0 DigitalOcean, LLC
IPv6 address (2a05:d014:275:cb00:c26c:5b6d:e2c8:e5a)
IP range Country Name Description
::/0 N/A ROOT Root inet6num object
↳ 2a00::/11 European Union EU-ZZ-2A00 RIPE NCC
↳ 2a00::/12 Netherlands EU-ZZ-2A00 RIPE Network Coordination Centre
↳ 2a05:d000::/25 Ireland IE-AMAZON-20150219 Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd
↳ 2a05:d014:275:cb00:c26c:5b6d:e2c8:e5a Ireland IE-AMAZON-20150219 Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd
DigitalOcean, LLC 101 Ave of the Americas 10th Floor New York NY US 10013 161.35.218.92 unknown Netlify 7-Jun-2021
[/addition 9 jun 2021 1:47 pm edt]
============================================================================================================================================================
30 apr 2021 6:6 am edt:#add# addition 30 apr 2021 6:4 am edt
============================================================================================================================================================
7 jun 2021 5:48 pm edt:
problem :
gdb's error-message is not helpful , not telling what c-program-code-line-number produce error-message ,
example :
a@2 06:52 PM ~/myfiles/c gcc generate_math_mem_multi_array_2.c -o generate_math_mem_multi_array_2
a@2 06:52 PM ~/myfiles/c gdb ./generate_math_mem_multi_array_2
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/a/myfiles/c/generate_math_mem_multi_array_2
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x0000000000400701 in main ()
(gdb)
solution :
a@2 05:50 PM ~/myfiles/c gcc generate_math_mem_multi_array_2.c -g -o generate_math_mem_multi_array_2 --> -g -o must be in that order. -o -g will produce error.
a@2 06:52 PM ~/myfiles/c gdb ./generate_math_mem_multi_array_2
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/a/myfiles/c/generate_math_mem_multi_array_2
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x0000000000400701 in main (
argc_=,
argv_=) at generate_math_mem_multi_array_2.c:45
45 {
(gdb)
so '-g -o' make gdb produce more helpful error-message.
'at generate_math_mem_multi_array_2.c:45' means during code 'int main (int argc_ , char ** argv_)' ,
apparently means there is over-size array-size which is too big then causing 'segmentation fault' error.
i shrink that array-size then 'segmentation fault' error vanish.
[addition 8 jun 2021 5:14 pm edt]
example-code-1 seg_fault.c :
//File: seg_fault.c. Author: zentut.com. Description: Read text file line by line and output it to the screen.
#include
#include
#include
int global_max = 1000000000;
//int global_max = 5;
int global_count = 5;
int main (int argc_ , char ** argv_)
//int main ()
{
int addition_result [ 1001 ] [ 1001 ];
int minus_result [ 1001 ] [ 1001 ];
int division_int_result [ 1001 ] [ 1001 ] ;
int division_left_over [ 1001 ] [ 1001 ];
int multiplication_result [ 1001 ] [ 1001 ];
int division_result_multiplication_result [ 1001 ] [ 1001 ] ;
printf ( "test\n" );
int i = 0; int mu, a, mi;
while ( i <= global_count )
{
//printf ("generating row %i\n", i);
int j = 0;
//fputs ( "[", output_stream );
while ( j <= global_count )
{
multiplication_result [ i ] [ j ] = i * j;
addition_result [ i ] [ j ] = i + j;
minus_result [ i ] [ j ] = i - j;
j++;
}
i++;
}
return 0;
}
//end-of-code seg_fault.c ;;
compile-command : a@2 05:12 PM ~/myfiles/c gcc seg_fault.c -g -o seg_fault
gdb-command : gdb ./seg_fault
example-code-2 seg_fault_2.c :
//File: seg_fault_2.c. Author: zentut.com. Description: Read text file line by line and output it to the screen.
#include
#include
#include
int global_max = 1001;
//int global_max = 5;
int global_count = 5;
int main (int argc_ , char ** argv_)
//int main ()
{
int addition_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int minus_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int division_int_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ] ;
int division_left_over [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int multiplication_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int division_result_multiplication_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ] ;
printf ( "test\n" );
int i = 0; int mu, a, mi;
while ( i <= global_count )
{
//printf ("generating row %i\n", i);
int j = 0;
while ( j <= global_count )
{
multiplication_result [ i ] [ j ] = i * j;
addition_result [ i ] [ j ] = i + j;
minus_result [ i ] [ j ] = i - j;
j++;
}
i++;
}
return 0;
}
//end-of-code seg_fault_2.c ;;
compile-command : gcc seg_fault_2.c -g -o seg_fault_2
gdb-command : gdb ./seg_fault_2
changing '1001' to '5' , make 'segmentation fault' error vanish.
[/addition 8 jun 2021 5:14 pm edt]
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jun 2021 9:47 am edt:
#reword# gdb output is not clear , error-message is not helpful , example :
#to# gdb's error-message is not helpful , not telling what c-program-code-line-number produce error-message ,
example :
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jun 2021 9:54 am edt:#add# addition 8 jun 2021 9:54 am edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jun 2021 10 am edt:#add# addition 8 jun 2021 9:59 am edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jun 2021 10:1 am edt:
problem : use gdb to debug c-program which accept command-line-argument. gdb's documentation.
solution :
use gdb to debug c-program which accept command-line-argument :
(gdb) show args
Argument list to give program being debugged when it is started is "".
(gdb) set args v 5
(gdb) show args
Argument list to give program being debugged when it is started is "v 5".
(gdb)
gdb's documentation : http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/
gnu.org-location : usa->massachusetts-state->boston-city , so not using 'ivanpah'-solar-electricity which kill bird. [ source : find 'ivanpah' , 'boston' in a@2 09:42 AM ~ traceroute gnu.org. traceroute to gnu.org (209.51.188.148), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets (1) Fios_Quantum_Gateway.fios-router.home (192.168.1.1) 0.379 ms 0.545 ms 0.772 ms (2) * * * (3) ae3305-21.ARTNVAFC-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.138) 14.406 ms ae3305-20.WASHDCDN-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.136) 15.767 ms ae3305-21.ARTNVAFC-MSE01-AA-IE1.verizon-gni.net (100.41.23.138) 14.325 ms (4) 0.ae1.BR1.IAD8.ALTER.NET (140.222.239.77) 17.318 ms 0.ae2.BR1.IAD8.ALTER.NET (140.222.239.79) 17.405 ms 17.314 ms (5) * * * (6) * * * (7) TWDX-level3-100G.Boston1.Level3.net (4.53.60.66) 20.839 ms 22.897 ms 22.947 ms (8) bbr02-et-0-0-29.bos01.twdx.net (198.160.62.2) 21.863 ms bbr02-et-0-0-7.bos01.twdx.net (198.160.62.0) 20.479 ms 20.276 ms (9) dcr03-hu-0-8-0-0.bsn04.twdx.net (198.160.62.201) 20.642 ms 20.244 ms 19.969 ms (10) mass-ix.fsf.org (206.53.143.61) 19.203 ms 18.873 ms 28.844 ms (11) wildebeest.gnu.org (209.51.188.148) 28.726 ms 29.227 ms 28.373 ms a@2 09:51 AM ~ ]
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jun 2021 5:14 pm edt:#add# addition 8 jun 2021 5:14 pm edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
9 jun 2021 1:47 pm edt:#add# addition 9 jun 2021 1:47 pm edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
9 jun 2021 5:21 pm edt:
problem : running c-program produce output '*** stack smashing detected ***'
solution :
that means trying to put value to array_item whose array_index exceed maximum_array_index
max_array_index = 10;
'int i=0; int array [ max_array_index ];
while ( i <= max_array_index )'
should be changed to
'int i=0;
while ( i < max_array_index )'
================================================================================================================================================================================================
9 jun 2021 5:57 pm edt: end 6:38 pm edt
problem : for c , c++ : gcc or g++ ? which is better ? use both.
(1) execute-command : gcc mult_array_interference_test.c -g -o mult_array_interference_test
execute-command : mult_array_interference_test > mult_array_interference_test.txt
find in mult_array_interference_test.txt : 'calculation minus_result [ i=10 ] [ j=4 ] = 10 - 4 = 6'
show :
8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0
calculation minus_result [ i=10 ] [ j=4 ] = 10 - 4 = 6
9--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 6
which means there is problem :
'calculation minus_result [ i=10 ] [ j=4 ] = 10 - 4 = 6'
convert '8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0'
to '9--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 6'
then running-process of 'mult_array_interference_test' , doesn't produce error-message , making user
think everything is fine , but actually there was problem 'which means there is problem :'.
(2) execute-command : g++ mult_array_interference_test.c -g -o mult_array_interference_test
execute-command : mult_array_interference_test > mult_array_interference_test.txt
but mult_array_interference_test.txt contain
8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0
calculation minus_result [ i=10 ] [ j=4 ] = 10 - 4 = 6
9--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0
which means everything appear fine ,
problem 'convert '8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0'
to '9--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 6''
doesn't happen.
but in the end there is error-message '*** stack smashing detected ***'
solution :
(1)'while ( i <= global_max )' should become 'while ( i < global_max )'
(2)'while ( j <= global_max )' should become 'while ( j < global_max )'
gcc doesn't produce error-message even-though there is logical-error 'convert '8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0'.
g++ produce error-message '*** stack smashing detected***' but
g++ doesn't show which code-line-number causes error-message '*** stack smashing detected***' and
g++ doesn't show logical-error 'convert '8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0'.
gdb behave like g++ , gdb produce error-message '*** stack smashing detected***'
but gdb doesn't say which code-line-number causes error-message '*** stack smashing detected***'.
so maybe use gcc , maybe use g++.
//File: mult_array_interference.c. Author: zentut.com. Description: Read text file line by line and output it to. the screen.
#include
#include
#include
const int global_max = 10;
void calculate ( int [ 1 ], int [ 1 ] );
void divide ( int, int, int [ 1 ], int [ 1 ], int [ 1 ] );
void print_2_d_array ( char * , int [ global_max ] [ global_max ] );
void init_2_d_array ( int a [ global_max ] [ global_max ] );
int main (int argc_ , char ** argv_)
//int main ()
{
int c = 0;
//int max = 100;
//int max = 10001;
int max = 50;
int addition_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int minus_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int division_int_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ] ;
int division_left_over [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int multiplication_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ];
int division_result_multiplication_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ] ;
init_2_d_array ( addition_result );
init_2_d_array ( minus_result );
init_2_d_array ( division_int_result );
init_2_d_array ( division_left_over );
init_2_d_array ( multiplication_result );
init_2_d_array ( division_result_multiplication_result );
max = 5;
int division_int_result_arr [ 1 ]; division_int_result_arr [ 0 ] = 0 ;
int division_left_over_arr [ 1 ]; division_left_over_arr [ 0 ] = 0 ;
int division_result_multiplication_arr [ 1 ]; division_result_multiplication_arr [ 0 ] = 0 ;
//divide ( 3, 2, division_result, division_left_over, division_result_multiplication );
//int max = 1001;
int i = 0; int mu, a, mi;
while ( i <= global_max )
{
int j = 0;
while ( j <= global_max )
{
//printf ("calculating %i / %i , %i x %i , %i + %i , %i - %i , start\n" , i , j , i , j , i , j , i , j);
//printf ( "1--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
division_int_result_arr [ 0 ] = -1;
division_left_over_arr [ 0 ] = -1;
division_result_multiplication_arr [ 0 ] = -1;
divide ( i , j , division_int_result_arr , division_left_over_arr , division_result_multiplication_arr );
printf ( "%i / %i = %i , division_result_multiplication_arr=%i\n" ,
i , j , division_int_result_arr [ 0 ] , division_result_multiplication_arr [ 0 ] );
printf ( "division_result_multiplication_result [ %i ] [ %i ] = %i\n" , i , j ,
division_result_multiplication_arr [ 0 ] );
division_result_multiplication_result [ i ] [ j ] = division_result_multiplication_arr [ 0 ];
printf ( "2--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
division_int_result [ i ] [ j ] = division_int_result_arr [ 0 ];
printf ( "3--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
printf ( "4--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
//printf ("now i=%i , j=%i" , i , j);
//division_left_over [ i ] [ j ] = 1;
division_left_over [ i ] [ j ] = division_left_over_arr [ 0 ];
printf ( "5--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
multiplication_result [ i ] [ j ] = i * j;
printf ( "6--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
addition_result [ i ] [ j ] = i + j;
printf ( "7--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
printf ( "calculation addition_result [ i=%i ] [ j=%i ] = %i + %i = %i\n" ,
i , j , i , j , addition_result [ i ] [ j ] );
printf ( "8--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
minus_result [ i ] [ j ] = i - j;
printf ( "calculation minus_result [ i=%i ] [ j=%i ] = %i - %i = %i\n" ,
i , j , i , j , minus_result [ i ] [ j ] );
printf ( "9--addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
//printf ("calculating %i / %i , %i x %i , %i + %i , %i - %i , end\n" , i , j , i , j , i , j , i , j);
//mu = i * j;
//a = i + j;
//mi = i - j;
//{dr:'0', dL:'0', dmu:'0', mu:'0', a:'0', mi:'0'}
//fprintf ( output_stream, "{dr:'%i', dL:'%i', drm:'%i', mu:'%i', a:'%i', mi:'%i'}",
//division_result [ 0 ], division_left_over [ 0 ], division_result_multiplication [ 0 ], mu, a, mi );
j++;
}
i++;
}
addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = 0;
printf ( "10---addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
addition_result [ 10 ] [ 5 ] = 15;
printf ( "11---addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] = %i\n" , addition_result [ 0 ] [ 0 ] );
//print_2_d_array ( division_int_result [ global_max ] [ global_max ] );
print_2_d_array ( (char*) "division_int_result" , division_int_result );
print_2_d_array ( (char*) "addition_result" , addition_result );
return 0;
}
void init_2_d_array ( int a [ global_max ] [ global_max ] )
{
int i = 0; int j = 0;
while ( i < global_max )
{
j = 0;
while ( j < global_max )
{
a [ i ] [ j ] = -1;
j++;
}
i++;
}
}
//void print_2_d_array ( char * label , int a [ global_max ] [ global_max ] )
void print_2_d_array ( char * label , int a [ global_max ] [ global_max ] )
{
printf ( "print_2_d_array ( label=%s , int a [ global_max=%i ] [ global_max=%i ] ) start---\n" ,
label , global_max , global_max );
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
int global_max_minus_1 = global_max - 1;
int width = 3;
printf ( " " );
while ( j < global_max )
{
printf ( "%*i" , width , j );
if ( j < global_max )
{
printf ( " , " );
}
j++;
}
printf ( " , end\n" );
printf ( "---------------------------------------------------------------------------end\n" );
while ( i < global_max )
{
printf ( "%*i : " , width , i );
j = 0;
while ( j < global_max )
{
printf ( "%*i ( %i , %i )" , width , a [ i ] [ j ] , i , j );
if ( j < global_max )
{
printf ( " , " );
}
j++;
}
printf ( " , end\n" );
i++;
}
printf ( "print_2_d_array ( label=%s , int a [ global_max=%i ] [ global_max=%i ] ) end---\n" , label , global_max , global_max );
}
/*
int d [ 1 ]; int e [ 1 ];
d [ 0 ] = 3; e [ 0 ] = 3;
calculate ( d, e );
printf ( "d=%i, e=%i \n", d [ 0 ], e [ 0 ]);
*/
/*
char s [ 100 ];
strcpy ( s, "test 1" );
strcpy ( s, "abcd" );
a [ 0 ] [ 0 ].division_result = 1;
*/
//printf ( "test %s %i\n", s, a [ 0 ] [ 0 ].division_result );
/*
int division_result [ 1 ]; division_result [ 0 ] = 0 ;
int division_left_over [ 1 ]; division_left_over [ 0 ] = 0 ;
int multiplication_result [ 1 ]; multiplication_result [ 0 ] = 0 ;
divide ( 3, 2, division_result, division_left_over, multiplication_result );
printf ("3 / 2 = result=%i, left_over=%i, division_result_multiplication=%i\n",
division_result [ 0 ], division_left_over [ 0 ], multiplication_result [ 0 ] );
*/
//fclose ( output_stream );
void calculate ( int a [ 1 ], int b [ 1 ] )
{
a [ 0 ] = 1;
b [ 0 ] = 2;
}
void divide ( int n1, int n2, int division_result [ 1 ], int division_left_over [ 1 ], int multiplication_result [ 1 ] )
{
int debug = 0;
if ( n1 == 0 )
{
multiplication_result [ 0 ] = 0;
division_left_over [ 0 ] = 0;
division_result [ 0 ] = 0 ;
return;
}
else if ( n1 == 0 && n2 == 0)
{
multiplication_result [ 0 ] = 0;
division_left_over [ 0 ] = 0;
division_result [ 0 ] = 0 ;
return;
}
else if ( n2 == 0 && n1 != 0)
{
multiplication_result [ 0 ] = 0;
division_left_over [ 0 ] = n1;
division_result [ 0 ] = 0 ;
return;
}
if ( debug ) //p ('divide_int ( ', n1, ' , ', n2, ' ) start---');
printf ( "divide_int ( n1=%i, n2=%i ) start---\n", n1, n2 );
//var n1 = parseInt ( n1 ) ; var n2 = parseInt ( n2 ) ;
int h = 0 ; int i = 0 ;//kalo ga ada 'var' ya h dianggap h dari function lain seperti global-variable,jadi ancur.
int left_over = 0;
while ( h < n1 )
//while ( smaller_than_number_string ( h , n1 ) == true )
{
if ( debug ) //p ('divide_int ( ', n1, ' , ', n2, ' ) : ', h , ' < ', n1 );
printf ("divide_int ( n1=%i, n2=%i ) : h=%i < i=%i\n", n1, n2, h, n1 );
//h = add_int_int ( h , n2 ) ;
h = h + n2;
if(debug)//p('h=',h); //alert('h='+h);
printf ("h=%i\n",h);
i++;
}
if ( debug == 1 ) //p ('divide_int ( ', n1, ' , ', n2, ' ) : 1');
printf ( "divide ( n1=%i, n2=%i, division_result=%i, division_left_over=%i, division_result_multiplication=%i ) : 1\n",
n1, n2, division_result [ 0 ], division_left_over [ 0 ], multiplication_result [ 0 ] );
//if (h > n1)
//var compare_result = compare ( h , n1 );
//if ( debug ) p ('divide_int : compare_result = ', compare_result);
//if ( compare_result == -1 )
//if ( greater_than_number_string ( h , n1 ) )
if ( h > n1 )
{
if ( debug ) //p (h, ' > ', n1);
printf ( "%i > %i\n", h, n1);
i--;
h = h - n2 ;
left_over = n1 - h ;
}
if ( debug ) //p ('divide_int ( ', n1, ' , ', n2, ' ) : 2');
printf ( "divide_int ( n1=%i , n2=%i ) : 2\n", n1, n2 );
division_result [ 0 ] = i;
division_left_over [ 0 ] = left_over;
multiplication_result [ 0 ] = h;
if ( debug )
//p ('divide_int ( ', n1, ' , ', n2, ' ) end---division_result=', result.division_result, ', multiplication_result=', h, ', left_over=', left_over);
printf ( "divide_int ( %i, %i ) end---division_result= %i, division_result_multiplication=%i, left_over=%i\n",
n1, n2, division_result [ 0 ], multiplication_result [ 0 ], division_left_over [ 0 ] );
}
================================================================================================================================================================================================
29 jun 2021 7:3 pm edt: end 8 jul 2021 12:44 pm edt
problem : c++ code
string a = "abc";
string b = "" + a [ 0 ];
cout << "b=" << b << endl; //produce output 'b=::_M_insert_aux'
a@2 07:13 PM ~/myfiles/c g++ test.c -g -o test
a@2 07:14 PM ~/myfiles/c ./test
b=::_M_insert_aux
solution :
string a = "abc";
string b;
b = b + a [ 0 ];
cout << "b=" << b << endl; //produce output 'b=a'
a@2 07:13 PM ~/myfiles/c g++ test.c -g -o test
a@2 07:14 PM ~/myfiles/c ./test
b=a
================================================================================================================================================================================================
7 jul 2021 3:21 pm edt:#add# addition 7 jul 2021 3:17 pm edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
7 jul 2021 3:19 pm edt:#convert to lower-case# 18 september 2017 13:20 edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
7 jul 2021 6:3 pm edt: end 8 jul 2021 12:43 pm edt
problem : c++ code
string a = 'a'; //test.c:251:14: error: conversion from ‘char’ to non-scalar type ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string}’ requested "string a = 'a';"
cout << "a=" << a << endl;
return 0;
solution :
string a;
a = 'a';
cout << "a=" << a << endl;
return 0;
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jul 2021 12:33 pm edt:#add# addition 8 jul 2021 12:31 pm edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jul 2021 12:39 pm edt:#add# addition 8 jul 2021 12:37 pm edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
8 jul 2021 12:46 pm edt:
#reword# problem : gcc or g++ ? which is better ? use both.
#to# problem : for c , c++ : gcc or g++ ? which is better ? use both
================================================================================================================================================================================================
11 jul 2021 9:9 am edt: end 9:41 am edt
problem : unite many file to 1 file , extract file to many file ( dis-unite 1 united-file to many file )
solution :
examples:
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
tar -cf archive.tar folder
tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
tar -xvjf archive.tar.bz2 -C directory-name # extract file and put those file to directory-name
zip -r file.zip folder-1 1.txt #create file.zip which contain : folder-1 , 1.txt
zip -sf file.zip #see file inside file.zip
unzip file.zip #extract file.zip
unzip file.zip -d #extract-folder #extract file.zip to extract-folder
zip -r file.zip new-folder-1 new-folder-2 new-file-1.txt #add new-folder-1 , new-folder-2 , new-file-1.txt to file.zip
zip -d test.zip 3.txt test1/\* #delete 3.txt , delete folder test1 , from test.zip.
[source : run-command : man zip > man_zip.txt then run-command : nano man_zip.txt , to read man_zip.txt]
tips which allow user to know what is new inside file.zip :
put readme.txt inside file.zip , readme.txt contain history showing date-time and newly-added-folder-name
================================================================================================================================================================================================
12 jul 2021 8:15 am edt:
#add# unzip file.zip -d #extract-folder #extract file.zip to extract-folder
================================================================================================================================================================================================
13 jul 2021 4:4 pm edt:
#add# zip -r file.zip new-folder-1 new-folder-2 new-file-1.txt #add new-folder-1 , new-folder-2 , new-file-1.txt to file.zip
================================================================================================================================================================================================
13 jul 2021 4:7 pm edt:
#reword# problem : unite many file to 1 file , extract file to many file
#to# problem : unite many file to 1 file , extract file to many file ( dis-unite 1 united-file to many file )
================================================================================================================================================================================================
13 jul 2021 4:38 pm edt:
#add# zip -d test.zip 3.txt test1/\* #delete 3.txt , delete folder test1 , from test.zip.
================================================================================================================================================================================================
13 jul 2021 4:42 pm edt:
#reword# zip -r file.zip folder #create file.zip
#to# zip -r file.zip folder-1 1.txt #create file.zip which contain : folder-1 , 1.txt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
13 jul 2021 8:11 pm edt:
#add# tips which allow user to know what is new inside file.zip :
put readme.txt inside file.zip , readme.txt contain history showing date-time and newly-added-folder-name
================================================================================================================================================================================================
14 jul 2021 12:53 pm edt:
#add# [source : run-command : man zip > man_zip.txt then run-command : nano man_zip.txt , to read man_zip.txt]
================================================================================================================================================================================================
14 jul 2021 8:35 pm edt:
problem : how to read user-manual/manual-page for linux-command 'zip' in file rather-than run-command 'man zip' ?
solution :
(1)run-command : man zip > man_zip.txt
(2)run-command : nano man_zip.txt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
21 jul 2021 8:17 am edt:#add# addition 21 jul 2021 8:15 am edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
21 jul 2021 8:19 am edt:
#reword# (2)a@2 01:19 PM ~ traceroute perkinsrestaurants.com doesn't give helpful information about computer-server-web-site-location.
#to# (3)a@2 01:19 PM ~ traceroute perkinsrestaurants.com doesn't give helpful information about computer-server-web-site-location.
================================================================================================================================================================================================
21 jul 2021 8:21 am edt:
#reword#
(1)example :
a@2 09:27 AM ~ traceroute walmart.com ( tracert walmart.com in microsoft.com->windows )
#to#
(2)example :
a@2 09:27 AM ~ traceroute walmart.com ( tracert walmart.com in microsoft.com->windows )
================================================================================================================================================================================================
21 jul 2021 8:32 am edt:#add# addition 21 jul 2021 8:28 am edt
================================================================================================================================================================================================
21 jul 2021 8:37 am edt:
#add# warning : toolsip.org automatically-show google-map so find 'usa-country->california-night-time-only' , 'burn-and-kill many bird'.
================================================================================================================================================================================================
2 sep 2021 3:46 pm edt:
#reword# ctrl-o y enter save changes.
#to# ctrl-o then press 'enter' to save changes ctrl-o then press 'enter' to save changes .
================================================================================================================================================================================================
2 sep 2021 5:40 pm edt:#add# since starting , sometimes using nano since 2 sep 2021 5:33 pm edt(utc-4)
================================================================================================================================================================================================
2 sep 2021 5:46 pm edt: end 6:7 pm edt
#reword# ctrl-o then press 'enter' to save changes ctrl-o then press 'enter' to save changes .
#to# save changes and stay inside nano : ctrl-o then press 'enter'
================================================================================================================================================================================================
2 sep 2021 6:5 pm edt:(1/2)#simplify# nano editor command cheat sheet
(2/2)#delete under# nano editor command cheat sheet #:#
[addition 21 apr 2020 3:27 pm edt]
nano:find matching-bracket: alt-]
[/addition 21 apr 2020 3:27 pm edt]
================================================================================================================================================================================================
3 sep 2021 10:20 am edt:#add# save changes and quit nano : ctrl-x
3 sep 2021 10:32 am edt:
#reword#
nano editor command cheat sheet
nano cheat sheet
#to#
nano-editor.org editor command cheat sheet
nano-editor.org cheat sheet
================================================================================================================================================================================================
22 sep 2021 6:31 pm edt:#add# addition 22 sep 2021 6:29 pm edt
======================
25 oct 2021 5:26 am edt:#add# [addition 25 oct 2021 5:24 am edt]
========================
25 oct 2021 5:47 am edt:
problem : apt-get install , produce error http://... ... is a broken link ...
solution :
apt-get update
then repeate 'apt-get install' command
=======================
25 oct 2021 7:35 pm edt:
(1/2)#reword# ar p mypackage.deb data.tar.gz | tar zx
#to# tar p mypackage.deb data.tar.gz | tar zx
(2/2)#reword# ar p mypackage.deb data.tar.gz | tar zt
#to# tar p mypackage.deb data.tar.gz | tar zt
========================
25 oct 2021 7:41 pm edt:#add# [addition 25 oct 2021 7:40 pm edt]
========================
26 oct 2021 9:30 am edt:#add# [source : forgotten-person in mirc.com or hexchat.org ; irc-network www.dal.net or freenode.org , channel/chat-room #debian#]
========================
11 jan 2022 2:27 am est:
#add#
bestbuy.com/site/targus-universal-keyboard-cover-for-extra-large-laptops-3-pack-clear/6471244.p?skuId=6471244
===============================
28 jan 2022 4:28 am est:
problem : how to know memory-usage , cpu-usage , inside Linuxmint.com->cinnamon-desktop-manager ?
solution : (1) right-click on bottom-bar where clock show-up but on bottom-bar-portion where there is no icon .
(2) left-click 'add applets to the panel'
(3) download-and-install : (1)simple-memory-monitor
(2)simple-cpu-monitor for 1 cpu
(3)cpu-frequency-applet for multiple cpu ( photo : cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/70 )
===============================
28 jan 2022 4:35 am est:
#add# left-click 'add applets to the panel'
==================
28 jan 2022 4:39 am est:
#reword# (2)simple-cpu-monitor
#to# (2)simple-cpu-monitor for 1 cpu
(3)cpu-frequency-applet for multiple cpu ( photo : cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/70 )
===========================
13 may 2022 5:3 pm edt:
problem : in linux/linuxmint.com :
show file-list with sort-order according-to modification-time ( -t ) with most-current modification-time rank 1 ;
human-readable ( -h ) ;
show : modification-time , owner-user-name , owner-group , owner-access-entitlement ( -l ) ;
show file-list then press 'space-bar' to show next file-list ( | more ). [source : send linux-command 'man ls' to linux-computer ]
solution : ls -lth | more
========================================
[addition 22 jun 2022 9:16 pm edt]
problem : show file-list with sort-order according to file-name .
solution : ls -lh | more
[/addition 22 jun 2022 9:16 pm edt]
==========================
13 may 2022 5:17 pm edt:
problem : linux's pdf-reader is what ?
solution : xreader which is derivative/descendant of evince
github.com/linuxmint/xreader/issues
=============================
13 may 2022 9:9 pm edt:
problem : linux's image-viewer/picture-viewer is what ?
solution : xviewer
==============================
27 may 2022 10:26 am edt: end 11:16 am edt
problem : example which internet-page-address/web-page-address/web-page-url , email-address ,
is impostor/fish-bait , genuine/good/real/trust-worthy/high-credibility ?
solution :
for amazon.com ( online-shop ) , bestbuy.com ( physical-and-online-shop-and-computer-recycler ) ,
newegg.com ( online-computer-shop ) , t-mobile.com ( cell-phone-communication-service-seller ) ,
mastercard.com ( debit-and-credit-combo-payment-card ) :
(1)impostor/fish-bait email-address example :
support@1mastercard.com , support@aamazon.com , support@t-mobile.1.com , support@t-mobi1e.com ,
card@newegg.1.com
(2)genuine/good/real/trust-worthy/high-credibility email-address example :
support@www-1.bestbuy.com , support@www1.bestbuy.com , card@1.newegg.com , , card@1.2.3.newegg.com ,
support@mastercard.com , support@amazon.com , support@t-mobile.com
(3)impostor/fish-bait internet-page-address example :
http://1amazon.com/credit-card-entry-form , http://amaz0n.com/credit-card-entry-form ,
http://www-mastercard.com/activate-new-credit-card-form , http://t-mob1le.com/pay-as-u-go-renewal ,
http://t.mobile.com/pay-as-u-go-renewal
(4)genuine/good/real/trust-worthy/high-credibility internet-page-address example :
http://www-us.mastercard.com/credit-card-entry-form , http://1.mastercard.com/new-credit-card-form ,
http://1.2.3.mastercard.com/new-credit-card-form , http://www3.amazon.com/new-credit-card-form ,
http://amazon.com/new-credit-card-form , http://t-mobile.com/pay-as-u-go-renewal
=======================
28 may 2022 3:32 am edt:
problem : how to modify host-name/hostname in linux-computer ?
solution : [source : man hostname]
(1) make file /etc/hosts contain something like this : ( sudo nano /etc/hosts , then control+x , then type 'y' , then press 'enter' )
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.0.1 1.2.3.a 1
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters:
(2) make file /etc/hostname contain something like this : ( sudo nano /etc/hostname , then control+x , then type 'y' , then press 'enter' )
1
(3) ping 1.2.3.a , to test does local-computer recognise full host-name/hostname '1.2.3.a' or not
a@1 02:38 AM ~ ping 1.2.3.a
PING 1.2.3.a (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.026 ms
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.037 ms
^C
--- 1.2.3.a ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1021ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.026/0.031/0.037/0.007 ms
(4) if internet is dead and : we don't know our ip-address is static-ip/use-certain-ip-address or is dynamic-ip/use-any-ip-address then
sudo dhclient
example :
a@1 03:19 AM ~ ping www.google.com
connect: Network is unreachable
a@1 03:21 AM ~ sudo dhclient
[sudo] password for a:
a@1 03:21 AM ~ ping www.google.com
PING www.google.com (142.250.80.36) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from lga34s34-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.80.36): icmp_seq=1 ttl=119 time=23.2 ms
64 bytes from lga34s34-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.80.36): icmp_seq=2 ttl=119 time=14.5 ms
--- www.google.com ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 14.597/18.937/23.278/4.342 ms
=======================================================
22 jun 2022 9:18 pm edt:#add# [addition 22 jun 2022 9:16 pm edt]
============================
30 jun 2022 11:11 am edt: end 4 jul 2022 10:1 pm edt
#add# maybe buy amazon.com/Sungwoo-Foldable-Silicone-Keyboard-Waterproof/dp/B06XHBQ4MB/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?
=======================
4 jul 2022 9:55 pm edt:
problem : during starting hexchat.org-irc-client : hexchat.org-irc-client automatically-connect to some irc-network
solution : click on top-left-menu : 'hexchat' -> 'network-list' -> inside network-list-box : click-to-select 1 network -> click 'edit'
-> uncheck 'connect to this network automatically'
==========================================
4 jul 2022 10:10 pm edt:uploaded to wortel.ucoz.com/howto.htm
==========================================
4 jul 2022 10:25 pm edt:#add# [addition 4 jul 2022 10:26 pm edt]
================================================
4 jul 2022 10:28 pm edt:uploaded to wortel.ucoz.com/howto.htm
=============================================
12 jun 2022 10:18 am edt: end 14 jul 2022 10:7 pm edt:
problem : newly-updated firefox show blank white-color-age during visiting certain internet-page
example : facebook.com/some-company-business-public-page show blank white-color-page ,
tramontina.com->individual-kitchen-knife show blank white-color-page .
[addition 19 feb 2023 11 pm est]
, zipformplus.com ( web-site for signing pdf-like-document which show agreement-text like apartment-rental-price-agreement-text .
[source : apartment-rental-price-agreement-text from my mother mrs-lili-oei/ui's realtor :
showingnew.com/berithmacfarlane . showingnew.com/berithmacfarlane is also my sister's mrs-deborah-tan's realtor ]
[/addition 19 feb 2023 11 pm est]
solution : maybe that means newly-updated firefox can not use firefox-browsing-history-record ( /home/a/.mozilla/profile-name/places.sqlite )
from previous firefox-version .
so download latest-firefox from firefox.com , run that latest-firefox with newly-created-profile-name .
each profile-name contain firefox-browsing-history-record .
running 'firefox' without '-P profile-name' , make firefox run with default/automatic-factory-setting profile-name 'default-release' .
procedure to make latest-firefox show those internet-page ( facebook.com/some-company-business-page , tramontina.com->individual-kitchen-knife )
which was appearing like blank white-color page :
(1) download latest-firefox from firefox.com
(2) create new firefox-internet-browing-profile : send this command to Linux-bash-prompt : 'firefox --ProfileManager'
example new profile name : 'firefox-101-0-1'
(3) run firefox with newly-created-profile-name 'firefox-101-0-1' , send this command to Linux-bash-prompt : 'firefox -P firefox-101-0-1'
(4) visit that certain internet-page which was appearing like blank white-color-page .
now that certain internet-page ideally can appear normally . but firefox-browsing-history-record is new , does not have
firefox-browsing-history-record from previous firefox version .
procedure to see firefox-browing-history-record from previous firefox-version : (optional)
how to make that latest firefox run with firefox-browsing-history-record from previous firefox-version
then see firefox-browsing-history-record ?
(1)find which firefox-browsing-history-record-file has latest browsing-record :
'nano firefox_history_copy.sh' , write this file-content :
#/bin/sh
#to run : prompt>source firefox_history_copy.sh
echo 'copy firefox-history'
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/9dwzihhy.default-release-6/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/9dwzihhy.default-release-6_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/9pfw10md.default-release-10/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/9pfw10md.default-release-10_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/delsp81u.default-release-5/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/delsp81u.default-release-5_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/famkc3v1.default-release-13/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/famkc3v1.default-release-13_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/gqb1xfu1.default-release-11/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/gqb1xfu1.default-release-11_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/kbxn3n50.default-release-14/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/kbxn3n50.default-release-14_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/swmjhd7p.default-release-9/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/swmjhd7p.default-release-9_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/te4tpm7v.default-firefox-44/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/te4tpm7v.default-firefox-44_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/w0mp58go.default-release-3/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/w0mp58go.default-release-3_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/x74oxar8.default-release-4/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/x74oxar8.default-release-4_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/xfvt72t2.default-release-8/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/xfvt72t2.default-release-8_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/xx87fdt0.default-release-2/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/xx87fdt0.default-release-2_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/3b0lbp89.useragent=arnon/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/3b0lbp89.useragent=arnon_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/8cn7gal8.useragent=arnon-firefox-67/places.sqlite
/home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/8cn7gal8.useragent=arnon-firefox-67_places.sqlite
cp /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/zdkuwgkq.default-release/places.sqlite /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history/zdkuwgkq.default-release
(2) make that firefox_history_copy.sh become executable-file :
'chmod u+x firefox_history_copy.sh'
(3) run that firefox_history_copy.sh to copy all firefox-history-file to 1 directory .
so copy many places.sqlite from /home/a/.mozilla/firefox/many-profile-name/places.sqlite
to /home/a/myfiles/letters/firefox-history :
'source ./firefox_history_copy.sh'
(4) show list of firefox-history-file , usually largest file-size has latest firefox-browsing-history-record .
a@1 08:52 PM ~/myfiles ls letters/firefox-history/ -lht | more
total 176M
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 40M Jun 12 09:08 zdkuwgkq.default-release_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 10M Jun 12 09:08 8cn7gal8.useragent=arnon-firefox-67_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 10M Jun 12 09:08 3b0lbp89.useragent=arnon_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 xx87fdt0.default-release-2_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 xfvt72t2.default-release-8_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 x74oxar8.default-release-4_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 w0mp58go.default-release-3_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 10M Jun 12 09:08 te4tpm7v.default-firefox-44_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 swmjhd7p.default-release-9_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 kbxn3n50.default-release-14_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 gqb1xfu1.default-release-11_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 famkc3v1.default-release-13_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 delsp81u.default-release-5_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 9pfw10md.default-release-10_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:08 9dwzihhy.default-release-6_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:03 8ncrf9ld.default-release-12_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:03 7szhrdvk.default-release-1_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:03 53at0hmt.default-release-7_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:03 2durycp3.default-release-15_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:03 vwehhw65.default-release-16_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 20M Jun 12 09:03 qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent=arnon-1605642215177_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 09:02 mwad0hks_places.sqlite
-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 5.0M Jun 12 08:09 places.sqlite
(5) so largest firefox-browsing-history-record-file is : '-rw-r--r-- 1 a a 40M Jun 12 09:08 zdkuwgkq.default-release_places.sqlite'
run latest firefox with that firefox-browsing-history-record-file :
a@1 08:42 PM ~/myfiles/firefox/firefox-101.0.1 ./firefox-bin -P default-release
(6) if using latest-firefox with firefox-browsing-history-record-file from previous firefox-version
then do not visit new internet-page which will add new internet-(url/uniform-resource-locator)-address
to firefox-browing-history-record-file 'places.sqlite' from previous firefox-version .
because latest-firefox often can not add new internet-url-address to firefox-browing-history-record-file from previous firefox-version ,
producing problem : latest-firefox become non-responsive , cpu-usage become 100 % ,
firefox-browing-history-record-file 'places.sqlite' inside directory/folder /home/a/.mozilla/profile-name/
revert to initial-size/original-size/factory-setting-size so firefox-browing-history-record from previous firefox-version
is gone/discarded .
so back-up that firefox-browing-history-record-file 'places.sqlite' inside directory/folder /home/a/.mozilla/profile-name/
( copy that firefox-browing-history-record-file /home/a/.mozilla/profile-name/places.sqlite
to some other directory/folder for back-up file )
================================
25 jul 2022 3:27 pm edt:
problem : Linux's text-only internet-browser is what software ?
solution : Lynx
=============================
4 sep 2022 5:14 pm edt:
#reword# show file-list with order according-to modification-time ( -t ) with most-current modification-time rank 1 ;
#to# show file-list with sort-order according-to modification-time ( -t ) with most-current modification-time rank 1 ;
#reword# Find 10 largest file in linux
#to# Find 10 largest file in linux with sort-order according to file-size in descending order
==================================
11 nov 2022 10:57 pm est:
problem : rename file-name which contain ';'
solution : example : rename 'Fisika ; listrik magnet dan optik 537.pdf' to 'fisika_listrik_magnet_optik_537.pdf'
a@1 10:55 PM ~/myfiles/letter/pdf mv Fisika\ \;\ listrik\ magnet\ dan\ optik\ 537.pdf fisika_listrik_magnet_optik_537.pdf
==================================
2 dec 2022 4:59 pm est: end 3 dec 2022 10:13 pm est
problem : Linuxmint.com->cinnamon-gui-manager->calendar-date-format for date-time on bottom-right-corner-of-screen inside cinnamon-gui-manager
solution :
#date-format# , #dateformat#
---foragoodstrftime.com
Friday , Dec 02 : %A , %b %d
12 / 02 / 2022 : %m / %d / %Y
12 - 2 - 22 21:42 : %m - %e - %y %H:%M
Dec 2 , 9:42 PM : %b %e , %l:%M %p
December 2022 : %B %Y
Dec 02 , 2022 : %b %d , %Y
Fri , 2 Dec 2022 21:42:28 +0000 : %a , %e %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z
2022-12-02T 9:42:28+0000 : %Y-%m-%dT%l:%M:%S%z
09:42:28 PM : %I:%M:%S %p
21:42:28 : %H:%M:%S
2 Dec 2022 21:42:28 PM : %e %b %Y %H:%M:%S %p
02.12.22 : %d.%m.%y
Friday , 02 Dec 2022 9:42 PM : %A , %d %b %Y %l:%M %p
Fri 2 Dec 2022 9:42 pm+0000 : %a %e %b %Y %l:%M %p %z
===========================
3 dec 2022 9:52 pm est: end 10:12 pm est
problem : in Linux :
how to safely-copy/clone file to new clone-file without accidentally-over-write existing file ?
how to safely-rename file to new file-name without accidentally-over-write existing file which has same file-name ?
solution :
to copy file ( to create clone-file with different file-name ) :
(1)cp -i origin_file clone_file [source : man cp ]
(2)press 'y' to continue with over-write , press 'n' to cancel .
to rename file : (1)mv -i current_file_name new_file_name [source : man mv ]
(2)press 'y' to continue with over-write , press 'n' to cancel .
opinion : option '-i' ideally-become (initial/default)-setting for Linux-command '/bin/cp' , '/bin/mv' .
[addition 26 aug 2023 8:41 pm est-not-edt]
how to make linuxmint.com->18.2-sonya automatically-think 'cp' command has meaning 'cp -i' , 'mv' command has meaning 'mv -i' :
(1)on end-of-file /etc/bash.bashrc : scribe this code :
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 'cp' command has meaning 'cp -i' , 'mv' command has meaning 'mv -i' :
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
alias cp='cp -iv' # Preferred 'cp' implementation
alias mv='mv -iv' # Preferred 'mv' implementation
[source : ---gist.github.com/thanhp175/c26c84dc8b407bd09377154aa6d86fd7 from google ( create system wide alias mv mv -i ) result 1 ]
(2)do linux-command 'reboot' ( maybe needed ) or do linux-command 'source /etc/bash.bashrc'
[/addition 26 aug 2023 8:41 pm est-not-edt]
==============================
5 jan 2023 9:18 pm est:#add# [addition 5 jan 2023 9:17 pm est]
==============================
13 jan 2023 9:48 pm est: end 14 jan 2023 12:4 am est
problem : is there any linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format in internet , bundled in tar-format ?
solution :
(1)my linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format :
drive.google.com/file/d/1Eb3FX0Tu3vfqa8FUAKx5y38Y2WwO6Ldk/view?usp=drive_link
has zip-file containing linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format .
(2)find 'tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.'
to extract that tar-file then use pdf-reader to read those linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format .
using those linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format to study linuxmint.com which is free-of-invoice ,
maybe divert attention from drug-addiction , cigarette-addicition , to : unix-system-administration , c-programming .
example how unix-system-admin-skill can become useful :
(1)creating online-usb-drive ( ftp-server ) , which decrease risk-of-losing usb-drive ( sometimes usb-drive-owner buy usb-drive then
store usb-drive in forgotten-storage ) .
(2)creating web-hosting
example : possible scenario with 1,000 ssh-server . procedure :
(1) with operating-system linuxmint.com create multiple ssh-server with host-name : s-1 , s-2 , s-3 , etc ...
(2) if there is 100,000 member then there is 100,000 user-account in all shh-server .
so s-1 has 100,000 user-account , s-2 has 100,000 user-account , etc ...
every-time admin see internet-page traffic showing all server is fully-occupied , no vacancy : that admin build new computer to become new ssh-server ,
with empty file , but contain 100,000 user-account .
that computer has mother-board which can have many pci-network-card , can have multiple ip-address ,
so maybe can have more than 10 maximum-ssh-connection , maybe 1 pci-network-card ( 1 ip-address ) can accept 10 maximum-ssh-connection .
(3) set maximum-ssh-connection , maximum ftp-connection s-1 to 10 .
(4) if 11-th user-account wanting to connect-via-ssh to s-1 then 11-th user-account get ssh-reply-time-out .
11-th user-account visit internet-page 'traffic' which is being served from host-name 'traffic'
to see which ssh-server is vacant , not getting maximum-ssh-connection .
(5) 11-th user-account see s-9 is not fully-occupied , has vacancy , according to internet-page 'traffic' .
11-th user-account connect-via-ssh to s-9 . 11-th user-account transfer-via-scp his/her file from s-1 to s-9 .
then start working with that file on s-9 with nano-editor.org .
(6) every server in those 1,000 server , contain 100,000 user-account .
every user has responsibility to remember/memorise which server-number contain that user's file .
every server-number has apache-internet-server , so user can have multiple internet-page :
s-1/~user-11/homepage.htm , s-9/~user-11/homepage.htm , s-11/~user-11/homepage.htm
maybe there are server with focus-duty : accepting internet-page-visitor , so those server is only for internet-server :
host-name is-1 , is-2 , ( meaning internet-server-1 , internet-server-2 ) .
(7) user can use irrsi-irc-client in any ssh-server then chat with ssh-client like putty .
(8) maybe in the future there is internet-page-with-login which show which computer-name contain file-name which belong to certain user-account .
(9) if computer-server is hacked and suffer file-corruption and need re-installation then staff just re-install operating-system ,
put 100,000 user-account . staff does not do backup-recovery .
[addition 18 jan 2023 8:48 pm est]
(10) kvm-switch can make 1 keyboard-and-mouse-and-computer-monitor , control maximum maybe 5 computer-desktop .
[source : i know kvm-switch from my previous job-position in iastate.edu->veterinary-diagnostics-laboratory ]
[/addition 18 jan 2023 8:48 pm est]
maybe group-of-linuxmint.com-computer can have 7.6 billion unix-user-account , can stabilise world-economy
( 0 economy-growth , 0 instability , 0 unexpected-forest-fire/non-slash-and-burn-agriculture-fire ) .
because earth-population : 7.6 billion people [source : google ( earth population ) ] .
i use linuxmint.com so i have bias/leaning-to/has-preference-under-pressure-because-i-have-no-complain-even-though-boring-sometimes
toward linuxmint.com . i choose linuxmint.com which has apt/debian-package-management because apt/debian-package-management is 1-st package-management
in unix-history . pkgng/pkg/freebsd.org-package-management exist starting 20 jan 2014 . [source : 'pkg' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD#4_apr_2022_4_21_am_edt ]
my 1-st-linux-distro is redhat.com .
because i study computer-programming in cs.iastate.edu which use redhat.com .
then i see gentoo.org has popularity-ranking-1 in distrowatch.com . i know distrowatch.com from slashdot.org .
redhat.com did not have package-management for a while then eventually
redhat.com maybe copy-cat debian-package-management and produce yum .
debian.org has nice package-management but debian.org-installation was not user-friendly ,
ubuntu.com is debian.org-with-sugar-coat , linuxmint.com is ubuntu.com-with-more-sugar-coat .
[addition 6 oct 2024 9:6 pm est]
linuxmint.com->18.2 sonya installation , install ext-4 , even-though i already select ext-2 .
maybe e2fsck ext-4 , need time-duration longer than e2fsck ext-2 .
[/addition 6 oct 2024 9:6 pm est]
i play user-friendly-video-game on microsoft.com-windows and that's why i seek user-friendly-linux .
but now i realise sugar-coated-user-friendly-linux linuxmint.com maybe has more curse than bare-bone-linux debian.org , 'devuan.org' .
just like having car with complicated double-wishbone-suspension
produce higher curse ( more complicated life-destiny ) than having car with simpler strut-suspension .
maybe full-time-cow-meat-consumer can not use linux-with-nice-package-manager linuxmint.com , debian.org , ubuntu.com , redhat.com .
maybe peta.org is correct about vegan-propaganda . there is vegan-cookie now to help ppl become vegan .
sometimes i feel doomed if i see left-over cow-meat , chicken-meat ( which my mother sometimes cook ) about to go to garbage-container ,
because that means i'm destined to consume that cow-meat , chicken-meat because that cow-meat , chicken-meat already has
cooking-gas/hydro-carbon-gas/propane-methane-butane-gas-expenditure-receipt .
discarding cooked-animal-flesh , maybe equal-to discarding cooking-gas/hydro-carbon-gas/propane-methane-butane-gas .
maybe
(1)linux-programmer with history-working-in-redhat.com like ingo-molnar [source : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r ]
(2)qt.io/qt-c-library-maker which is being used by linux's kde.org-desktop-manager , Eirik--Chambe-Eng
[source : Eirik--Chambe-Eng's facebook-photo show him with birth-day-samuel-german-chocolate-mousse-cake ( samuel-german is person's name not-related-to german-country . [source : 'samuel german' in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_chocolate_cake#29_dec_2022_10_pm_est ] . ) on table in-front-of him : facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154064483389057&set=pb.513774056.-2207520000.&type=3
and other photo showing fish , lamb but not cow-meat .
eirik--chambe-eng saying qt-stuff
(1)https://www.facebook.com/eirik.chambeeng/posts/pfbid0JA64ZP4ndVScycvK8J3EQnwQ9g2En3vE2jbRvaDezqWsdARkDks9JoUEb3DZzMbpl
(2)https://www.facebook.com/eirik.chambeeng/posts/pfbid0FJrSNk9n1N9GwdYJDGEVCfye773G71WMhVqAcdCWyfcdvDSnza2o8DRPfnzt5Jdnl
[source : 'Eirik Chambe-Eng' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)#History_of_Qt from 'qt (software)'
in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QT#29_dec_2022_2_42_pm_est ] ]
(3)gnu.org-c-library-programmer aurélien-jarno-computer [source : aurel32.net/info/machines.php.en from google ( Jarno Aurélien ) result 1 ]
(4)dictator-programmer with history-working-in redhat.com-company , GoldmanSachs.com : ulrich-drepper : https://urchin.earth.li/~twic/Ulrich_Drepper_Is_A_.html
from google ( ulrich drepper ) result 5 from 'Ulrich Drepper', 'dictator' in blog.aurel32.net/47 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library#cite_ref-aur_21-0
does not consume cow-meat , does not consume chicken-meat , and consume cheese-pizza , consume chicken-egg
then somehow automatically-curse redhat.com-with-kde.org-desktop-manager-user which consume cow-meat .
maybe someday sony-playstation release sony-bsd which is sony-playstation-operating-system .
i use gentoo.org then i realise gentoo.org consume high electricity-ampere to produce high cpu-usage during compiling software
during every software-install .
i realise debian-package-management has nice-feature like gentoo.org-package-management but without-compile so cpu-usage remain low so
debian-package-management produce efficient electricity-ampere-expenditure .
==============================
18 jan 2023 8:49 pm est:#add# [addition 18 jan 2023 8:48 pm est]
==============================
8 feb 2023 11:30 am est:#add# [addition 8 feb 2023 11:27 am est]
==============================
9 feb 2023 2:34 pm est:
problem : linux-command 'sudo systemctl unmask service-name' do nothing .
example :
linux-command 'sudo systemctl unmask hwclock' do nothing .
linux-command 'systemctl list-unit-files' show 'hwclock'-service-status is still 'mask' .
solution :
a@1 02:40 PM ~ file /lib/systemd/system/hwclock.service
/lib/systemd/system/hwclock.service: symbolic link to /dev/null
a@1 02:40 PM ~
and that has meaning hwclock.service point to /dev/null , which has meaning hwclock.service point to nothing .
so create /lib/systemd/system/hwclock.service , with file-content :
make-sure /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh , contain something like :
so to run hwclock , use other way other than 'sudo systemctl unmask service-name'
[source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/804946/systemctl-how-to-unmask from google ( debian unmask hwclock ) result 1 ]
====================================
9 feb 2023 2:41 pm est:#add# addition 9 feb 2023 2:27 pm est
19 feb 2023 11:4 pm est:#add# [addition 19 feb 2023 11 pm est]
==========================================
23 apr 2023 4:45 pm est-not-edt :
problem : how to find gateway-ip-address or router-ip-address
solution : arp -n
[addition 27 nov 2024 11:24 pm est]
problem : find ip-address-list in network
solution : nmap -sP 192.168.1.* [source : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13669585/how-to-get-a-list-of-all-valid-ip-addresses-in-a-local-network from google ( list ip on my network ) result 4 ]
[/addition 27 nov 2024 11:24 pm est]
==========================================
7 may 2023 11:30 pm est-not-edt :
problem : url-internet-browser which show current-time in (simple/minimalist)-non-java-script-format ? #current-time#
solution :
(1) usa->new-york-city : timeapi.io/api/Time/current/zone?timeZone=America/New_York#7_may_2023_11_29_pm_est_not_edt
(2) indonesia->jakarta-city : timeapi.io/api/Time/current/zone?timeZone=Asia/Jakarta#7_may_2023_11_39_pm_est_not_edt
[source : (1)timeapi.io/swagger/index.html from google ( Free current time API ) result 2 from bottom-page-related-searches 'free current time api' from google ( current time rest web service )
(2)timeapi.io/documentation/iana-timezones from timeapi.io->resources->iana-timezones ]
std = standard-time-zone , dst = daylight-time-zone
iana-time-zone-keyword UTC-offset-(STD) UTC-offset-(DST) Abbreviation-(STD) Abbreviation-(DST)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Africa/Abidjan +00:00 GMT
Africa/Accra +00:00 GMT
Africa/Addis_Ababa +03:00 EAT
Africa/Algiers +01:00 CET
Africa/Asmara +03:00 EAT
Africa/Asmera +03:00 EAT
Africa/Bamako +00:00 GMT
Africa/Bangui +01:00 WAT
Africa/Banjul +00:00 GMT
Africa/Bissau +00:00 GMT
Africa/Blantyre +02:00 CAT
Africa/Brazzaville +01:00 WAT
Africa/Bujumbura +02:00 CAT
Africa/Cairo +02:00 EET
Africa/Casablanca +01:00 +00:00 +01 +00
Africa/Ceuta +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Africa/Conakry +00:00 GMT
Africa/Dakar +00:00 GMT
Africa/Dar_es_Salaam +03:00 EAT
Africa/Djibouti +03:00 EAT
Africa/Douala +01:00 WAT
Africa/El_Aaiun +01:00 +00:00 +01 +00
Africa/Freetown +00:00 GMT
Africa/Gaborone +02:00 CAT
Africa/Harare +02:00 CAT
Africa/Johannesburg +02:00 SAST
Africa/Juba +02:00 CAT
Africa/Kampala +03:00 EAT
Africa/Khartoum +02:00 CAT
Africa/Kigali +02:00 CAT
Africa/Kinshasa +01:00 WAT
Africa/Lagos +01:00 WAT
Africa/Libreville +01:00 WAT
Africa/Lome +00:00 GMT
Africa/Luanda +01:00 WAT
Africa/Lubumbashi +02:00 CAT
Africa/Lusaka +02:00 CAT
Africa/Malabo +01:00 WAT
Africa/Maputo +02:00 CAT
Africa/Maseru +02:00 SAST
Africa/Mbabane +02:00 SAST
Africa/Mogadishu +03:00 EAT
Africa/Monrovia +00:00 GMT
Africa/Nairobi +03:00 EAT
Africa/Ndjamena +01:00 WAT
Africa/Niamey +01:00 WAT
Africa/Nouakchott +00:00 GMT
Africa/Ouagadougou +00:00 GMT
Africa/Porto-Novo +01:00 WAT
Africa/Sao_Tome +00:00 GMT
Africa/Timbuktu +00:00 GMT
Africa/Tripoli +02:00 EET
Africa/Tunis +01:00 CET
Africa/Windhoek +02:00 CAT
America/Adak -10:00 -09:00 HST HDT
America/Anchorage -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
America/Anguilla -04:00 AST
America/Antigua -04:00 AST
America/Araguaina -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Catamarca -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Cordoba -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Jujuy -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/La_Rioja -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Mendoza -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Salta -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/San_Juan -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/San_Luis -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Tucuman -03:00 -03
America/Argentina/Ushuaia -03:00 -03
America/Aruba -04:00 AST
America/Asuncion -04:00 -03:00 -04 -03
America/Atikokan -05:00 EST
America/Atka -10:00 -09:00 HST HDT
America/Bahia -03:00 -03
America/Bahia_Banderas -06:00 CST
America/Barbados -04:00 AST
America/Belem -03:00 -03
America/Belize -06:00 CST
America/Blanc-Sablon -04:00 AST
America/Boa_Vista -04:00 -04
America/Bogota -05:00 -05
America/Boise -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
America/Buenos_Aires -03:00 -03
America/Cambridge_Bay -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
America/Campo_Grande -04:00 -04
America/Cancun -05:00 EST
America/Caracas -04:00 -04
America/Catamarca -03:00 -03
America/Cayenne -03:00 -03
America/Cayman -05:00 EST
America/Chicago -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Chihuahua -06:00 CST
America/Coral_Harbour -05:00 EST
America/Cordoba -03:00 -03
America/Costa_Rica -06:00 CST
America/Creston -07:00 MST
America/Cuiaba -04:00 -04
America/Curacao -04:00 AST
America/Danmarkshavn +00:00 GMT
America/Dawson -07:00 MST
America/Dawson_Creek -07:00 MST
America/Denver -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
America/Detroit -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Dominica -04:00 AST
America/Edmonton -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
America/Eirunepe -05:00 -05
America/El_Salvador -06:00 CST
America/Ensenada -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
America/Fort_Nelson -07:00 MST
America/Fort_Wayne -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Fortaleza -03:00 -03
America/Glace_Bay -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
America/Godthab -03:00 -02:00 -03 -02
America/Goose_Bay -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
America/Grand_Turk -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Grenada -04:00 AST
America/Guadeloupe -04:00 AST
America/Guatemala -06:00 CST
America/Guayaquil -05:00 -05
America/Guyana -04:00 -04
America/Halifax -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
America/Havana -05:00 -04:00 CST CDT
America/Hermosillo -07:00 MST
America/Indiana/Indianapolis -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Indiana/Knox -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Indiana/Marengo -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Indiana/Petersburg -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Indiana/Tell_City -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Indiana/Vevay -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Indiana/Vincennes -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Indiana/Winamac -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Indianapolis -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Inuvik -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
America/Iqaluit -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Jamaica -05:00 EST
America/Jujuy -03:00 -03
America/Juneau -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
America/Kentucky/Louisville -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Kentucky/Monticello -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Knox_IN -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Kralendijk -04:00 AST
America/La_Paz -04:00 -04
America/Lima -05:00 -05
America/Los_Angeles -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
America/Louisville -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Lower_Princes -04:00 AST
America/Maceio -03:00 -03
America/Managua -06:00 CST
America/Manaus -04:00 -04
America/Marigot -04:00 AST
America/Martinique -04:00 AST
America/Matamoros -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Mazatlan -07:00 MST
America/Mendoza -03:00 -03
America/Menominee -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Merida -06:00 CST
America/Metlakatla -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
America/Mexico_City -06:00 CST
America/Miquelon -03:00 -02:00 -03 -02
America/Moncton -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
America/Monterrey -06:00 CST
America/Montevideo -03:00 -03
America/Montreal -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Montserrat -04:00 AST
America/Nassau -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/New_York -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Nipigon -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Nome -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
America/Noronha -02:00 -02
America/North_Dakota/Beulah -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/North_Dakota/Center -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Nuuk -03:00 -02:00 -03 -02
America/Ojinaga -06:00 CST
America/Panama -05:00 EST
America/Pangnirtung -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Paramaribo -03:00 -03
America/Phoenix -07:00 MST
America/Port_of_Spain -04:00 AST
America/Port-au-Prince -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Porto_Acre -05:00 -05
America/Porto_Velho -04:00 -04
America/Puerto_Rico -04:00 AST
America/Punta_Arenas -03:00 -03
America/Rainy_River -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Rankin_Inlet -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Recife -03:00 -03
America/Regina -06:00 CST
America/Resolute -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Rio_Branco -05:00 -05
America/Rosario -03:00 -03
America/Santa_Isabel -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
America/Santarem -03:00 -03
America/Santiago -04:00 -03:00 -04 -03
America/Santo_Domingo -04:00 AST
America/Sao_Paulo -03:00 -03
America/Scoresbysund -01:00 +00:00 -01 +00
America/Shiprock -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
America/Sitka -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
America/St_Barthelemy -04:00 AST
America/St_Johns -03:30 -02:30 NST NDT
America/St_Kitts -04:00 AST
America/St_Lucia -04:00 AST
America/St_Thomas -04:00 AST
America/St_Vincent -04:00 AST
America/Swift_Current -06:00 CST
America/Tegucigalpa -06:00 CST
America/Thule -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
America/Thunder_Bay -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Tijuana -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
America/Toronto -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
America/Tortola -04:00 AST
America/Vancouver -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
America/Virgin -04:00 AST
America/Whitehorse -07:00 MST
America/Winnipeg -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
America/Yakutat -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
America/Yellowknife -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
Antarctica/Casey +11:00 +11
Antarctica/Davis +07:00 +07
Antarctica/DumontDUrville +10:00 +10
Antarctica/Macquarie +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Antarctica/Mawson +05:00 +05
Antarctica/McMurdo +12:00 +13:00 NZST NZDT
Antarctica/Palmer -03:00 -03
Antarctica/Rothera -03:00 -03
Antarctica/South_Pole +12:00 +13:00 NZST NZDT
Antarctica/Syowa +03:00 +03
Antarctica/Troll +00:00 +02:00 +00 +02
Antarctica/Vostok +06:00 +06
Arctic/Longyearbyen +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Asia/Aden +03:00 +03
Asia/Almaty +06:00 +06
Asia/Amman +03:00 +03
Asia/Anadyr +12:00 +12
Asia/Aqtau +05:00 +05
Asia/Aqtobe +05:00 +05
Asia/Ashgabat +05:00 +05
Asia/Ashkhabad +05:00 +05
Asia/Atyrau +05:00 +05
Asia/Baghdad +03:00 +03
Asia/Bahrain +03:00 +03
Asia/Baku +04:00 +04
Asia/Bangkok +07:00 +07
Asia/Barnaul +07:00 +07
Asia/Beirut +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Asia/Bishkek +06:00 +06
Asia/Brunei +08:00 +08
Asia/Calcutta +05:30 IST
Asia/Chita +09:00 +09
Asia/Choibalsan +08:00 +08
Asia/Chongqing +08:00 CST
Asia/Chungking +08:00 CST
Asia/Colombo +05:30 +0530
Asia/Dacca +06:00 +06
Asia/Damascus +03:00 +03
Asia/Dhaka +06:00 +06
Asia/Dili +09:00 +09
Asia/Dubai +04:00 +04
Asia/Dushanbe +05:00 +05
Asia/Famagusta +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Asia/Gaza +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Asia/Harbin +08:00 CST
Asia/Hebron +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh +07:00 +07
Asia/Hong_Kong +08:00 HKT
Asia/Hovd +07:00 +07
Asia/Irkutsk +08:00 +08
Asia/Istanbul +03:00 +03
Asia/Jakarta +07:00 WIB
Asia/Jayapura +09:00 WIT
Asia/Jerusalem +02:00 +03:00 IST IDT
Asia/Kabul +04:30 +0430
Asia/Kamchatka +12:00 +12
Asia/Karachi +05:00 PKT
Asia/Kashgar +06:00 +06
Asia/Kathmandu +05:45 +0545
Asia/Katmandu +05:45 +0545
Asia/Khandyga +09:00 +09
Asia/Kolkata +05:30 IST
Asia/Krasnoyarsk +07:00 +07
Asia/Kuala_Lumpur +08:00 +08
Asia/Kuching +08:00 +08
Asia/Kuwait +03:00 +03
Asia/Macao +08:00 CST
Asia/Macau +08:00 CST
Asia/Magadan +11:00 +11
Asia/Makassar +08:00 WITA
Asia/Manila +08:00 PST
Asia/Muscat +04:00 +04
Asia/Nicosia +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Asia/Novokuznetsk +07:00 +07
Asia/Novosibirsk +07:00 +07
Asia/Omsk +06:00 +06
Asia/Oral +05:00 +05
Asia/Phnom_Penh +07:00 +07
Asia/Pontianak +07:00 WIB
Asia/Pyongyang +09:00 KST
Asia/Qatar +03:00 +03
Asia/Qostanay +06:00 +06
Asia/Qyzylorda +05:00 +05
Asia/Rangoon +06:30 +0630
Asia/Riyadh +03:00 +03
Asia/Saigon +07:00 +07
Asia/Sakhalin +11:00 +11
Asia/Samarkand +05:00 +05
Asia/Seoul +09:00 KST
Asia/Shanghai +08:00 CST
Asia/Singapore +08:00 +08
Asia/Srednekolymsk +11:00 +11
Asia/Taipei +08:00 CST
Asia/Tashkent +05:00 +05
Asia/Tbilisi +04:00 +04
Asia/Tehran +03:30 +0330
Asia/Tel_Aviv +02:00 +03:00 IST IDT
Asia/Thimbu +06:00 +06
Asia/Thimphu +06:00 +06
Asia/Tokyo +09:00 JST
Asia/Tomsk +07:00 +07
Asia/Ujung_Pandang +08:00 WITA
Asia/Ulaanbaatar +08:00 +08
Asia/Ulan_Bator +08:00 +08
Asia/Urumqi +06:00 +06
Asia/Ust-Nera +10:00 +10
Asia/Vientiane +07:00 +07
Asia/Vladivostok +10:00 +10
Asia/Yakutsk +09:00 +09
Asia/Yangon +06:30 +0630
Asia/Yekaterinburg +05:00 +05
Asia/Yerevan +04:00 +04
Atlantic/Azores -01:00 +00:00 -01 +00
Atlantic/Bermuda -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
Atlantic/Canary +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
Atlantic/Cape_Verde -01:00 -01
Atlantic/Faeroe +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
Atlantic/Faroe +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
Atlantic/Jan_Mayen +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Atlantic/Madeira +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
Atlantic/Reykjavik +00:00 GMT
Atlantic/South_Georgia -02:00 -02
Atlantic/St_Helena +00:00 GMT
Atlantic/Stanley -03:00 -03
Australia/ACT +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/Adelaide +09:30 +10:30 ACST ACDT
Australia/Brisbane +10:00 AEST
Australia/Broken_Hill +09:30 +10:30 ACST ACDT
Australia/Canberra +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/Currie +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/Darwin +09:30 ACST
Australia/Eucla +08:45 +0845
Australia/Hobart +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/LHI +10:30 +11:00 +1030 +11
Australia/Lindeman +10:00 AEST
Australia/Lord_Howe +10:30 +11:00 +1030 +11
Australia/Melbourne +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/North +09:30 ACST
Australia/NSW +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/Perth +08:00 AWST
Australia/Queensland +10:00 AEST
Australia/South +09:30 +10:30 ACST ACDT
Australia/Sydney +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/Tasmania +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/Victoria +10:00 +11:00 AEST AEDT
Australia/West +08:00 AWST
Australia/Yancowinna +09:30 +10:30 ACST ACDT
Brazil/Acre -05:00 -05
Brazil/DeNoronha -02:00 -02
Brazil/East -03:00 -03
Brazil/West -04:00 -04
Canada/Atlantic -04:00 -03:00 AST ADT
Canada/Central -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
Canada/Eastern -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
Canada/Mountain -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
Canada/Newfoundland -03:30 -02:30 NST NDT
Canada/Pacific -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
Canada/Saskatchewan -06:00 CST
Canada/Yukon -07:00 MST
CET +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Chile/Continental -04:00 -03:00 -04 -03
Chile/EasterIsland -06:00 -05:00 -06 -05
CST6CDT -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
Cuba -05:00 -04:00 CST CDT
EET +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Egypt +02:00 EET
Eire +01:00 +00:00 IST GMT
EST -05:00 EST
EST5EDT -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
Etc/GMT +00:00 GMT
Etc/GMT-0 +00:00 GMT
Etc/GMT-1 +01:00 +01
Etc/GMT-10 +10:00 +10
Etc/GMT-11 +11:00 +11
Etc/GMT-12 +12:00 +12
Etc/GMT-13 +13:00 +13
Etc/GMT-14 +14:00 +14
Etc/GMT-2 +02:00 +02
Etc/GMT-3 +03:00 +03
Etc/GMT-4 +04:00 +04
Etc/GMT-5 +05:00 +05
Etc/GMT-6 +06:00 +06
Etc/GMT-7 +07:00 +07
Etc/GMT-8 +08:00 +08
Etc/GMT-9 +09:00 +09
Etc/GMT+0 +00:00 GMT
Etc/GMT+1 -01:00 -01
Etc/GMT+10 -10:00 -10
Etc/GMT+11 -11:00 -11
Etc/GMT+12 -12:00 -12
Etc/GMT+2 -02:00 -02
Etc/GMT+3 -03:00 -03
Etc/GMT+4 -04:00 -04
Etc/GMT+5 -05:00 -05
Etc/GMT+6 -06:00 -06
Etc/GMT+7 -07:00 -07
Etc/GMT+8 -08:00 -08
Etc/GMT+9 -09:00 -09
Etc/GMT0 +00:00 GMT
Etc/Greenwich +00:00 GMT
Etc/UCT +00:00 UTC
Etc/Universal +00:00 UTC
Etc/UTC +00:00 UTC
Etc/Zulu +00:00 UTC
Europe/Amsterdam +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Andorra +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Astrakhan +04:00 +04
Europe/Athens +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Belfast +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
Europe/Belgrade +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Berlin +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Bratislava +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Brussels +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Bucharest +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Budapest +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Busingen +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Chisinau +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Copenhagen +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Dublin +01:00 +00:00 IST GMT
Europe/Gibraltar +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Guernsey +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
Europe/Helsinki +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Isle_of_Man +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
Europe/Istanbul +03:00 +03
Europe/Jersey +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
Europe/Kaliningrad +02:00 EET
Europe/Kiev +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Kirov +03:00 +03
Europe/Kyiv +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Lisbon +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
Europe/Ljubljana +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/London +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
Europe/Luxembourg +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Madrid +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Malta +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Mariehamn +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Minsk +03:00 +03
Europe/Monaco +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Moscow +03:00 MSK
Europe/Nicosia +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Oslo +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Paris +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Podgorica +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Prague +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Riga +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Rome +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Samara +04:00 +04
Europe/San_Marino +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Sarajevo +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Saratov +04:00 +04
Europe/Simferopol +03:00 MSK
Europe/Skopje +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Sofia +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Stockholm +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Tallinn +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Tirane +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Tiraspol +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Ulyanovsk +04:00 +04
Europe/Uzhgorod +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Vaduz +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Vatican +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Vienna +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Vilnius +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Volgograd +03:00 +03
Europe/Warsaw +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Zagreb +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Europe/Zaporozhye +02:00 +03:00 EET EEST
Europe/Zurich +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
GB +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
GB-Eire +00:00 +01:00 GMT BST
GMT +00:00 GMT
GMT-0 +00:00 GMT
GMT+0 +00:00 GMT
GMT0 +00:00 GMT
Greenwich +00:00 GMT
Hongkong +08:00 HKT
HST -10:00 HST
Iceland +00:00 GMT
Indian/Antananarivo +03:00 EAT
Indian/Chagos +06:00 +06
Indian/Christmas +07:00 +07
Indian/Cocos +06:30 +0630
Indian/Comoro +03:00 EAT
Indian/Kerguelen +05:00 +05
Indian/Mahe +04:00 +04
Indian/Maldives +05:00 +05
Indian/Mauritius +04:00 +04
Indian/Mayotte +03:00 EAT
Indian/Reunion +04:00 +04
Iran +03:30 +0330
Israel +02:00 +03:00 IST IDT
Jamaica -05:00 EST
Japan +09:00 JST
Kwajalein +12:00 +12
Libya +02:00 EET
MET +01:00 +02:00 MET MEST
Mexico/BajaNorte -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
Mexico/BajaSur -07:00 MST
Mexico/General -06:00 CST
MST -07:00 MST
MST7MDT -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
Navajo -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
NZ +12:00 +13:00 NZST NZDT
NZ-CHAT +12:45 +13:45 +1245 +1345
Pacific/Apia +13:00 +13
Pacific/Auckland +12:00 +13:00 NZST NZDT
Pacific/Bougainville +11:00 +11
Pacific/Chatham +12:45 +13:45 +1245 +1345
Pacific/Chuuk +10:00 +10
Pacific/Easter -06:00 -05:00 -06 -05
Pacific/Efate +11:00 +11
Pacific/Enderbury +13:00 +13
Pacific/Fakaofo +13:00 +13
Pacific/Fiji +12:00 +12
Pacific/Funafuti +12:00 +12
Pacific/Galapagos -06:00 -06
Pacific/Gambier -09:00 -09
Pacific/Guadalcanal +11:00 +11
Pacific/Guam +10:00 ChST
Pacific/Honolulu -10:00 HST
Pacific/Johnston -10:00 HST
Pacific/Kanton +13:00 +13
Pacific/Kiritimati +14:00 +14
Pacific/Kosrae +11:00 +11
Pacific/Kwajalein +12:00 +12
Pacific/Majuro +12:00 +12
Pacific/Marquesas -09:30 -0930
Pacific/Midway -11:00 SST
Pacific/Nauru +12:00 +12
Pacific/Niue -11:00 -11
Pacific/Norfolk +11:00 +12:00 +11 +12
Pacific/Noumea +11:00 +11
Pacific/Pago_Pago -11:00 SST
Pacific/Palau +09:00 +09
Pacific/Pitcairn -08:00 -08
Pacific/Pohnpei +11:00 +11
Pacific/Ponape +11:00 +11
Pacific/Port_Moresby +10:00 +10
Pacific/Rarotonga -10:00 -10
Pacific/Saipan +10:00 ChST
Pacific/Samoa -11:00 SST
Pacific/Tahiti -10:00 -10
Pacific/Tarawa +12:00 +12
Pacific/Tongatapu +13:00 +13
Pacific/Truk +10:00 +10
Pacific/Wake +12:00 +12
Pacific/Wallis +12:00 +12
Pacific/Yap +10:00 +10
Poland +01:00 +02:00 CET CEST
Portugal +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
PRC +08:00 CST
PST8PDT -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
ROC +08:00 CST
ROK +09:00 KST
Singapore +08:00 +08
Turkey +03:00 +03
UCT +00:00 UTC
Universal +00:00 UTC
US/Alaska -09:00 -08:00 AKST AKDT
US/Aleutian -10:00 -09:00 HST HDT
US/Arizona -07:00 MST
US/Central -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
US/East-Indiana -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
US/Eastern -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
US/Hawaii -10:00 HST
US/Indiana-Starke -06:00 -05:00 CST CDT
US/Michigan -05:00 -04:00 EST EDT
US/Mountain -07:00 -06:00 MST MDT
US/Pacific -08:00 -07:00 PST PDT
US/Samoa -11:00 SST
UTC +00:00 UTC
W-SU +03:00 MSK
WET +00:00 +01:00 WET WEST
Zulu +00:00 UTC
==========================================
7 may 2023 11:44 pm est-not-edt : #add# #current-time#
==========================================
8 may 2023 9:35 pm est-not-edt :
#reword# problem : how to find current-time in minimalist-way ? #current-time#
#to# problem : url-internet-browser which show current-time in (simple/minimalist)-non-java-script-format ? #current-time#
==========================================
21 jun 2023 5:57 am est-not-edt :
problem : internet-page to download linux-pdf-book-collection
solution : drive.google.com/file/d/1Eb3FX0Tu3vfqa8FUAKx5y38Y2WwO6Ldk/view?usp=drive_link
that school.zip contain school/linux-how-to which contain these files :
a@1 05:59 AM ~/myfiles/letter/linux-how-to ls
abs-guide.pdf intro-linux.pdf lkmpg.txt.gz
abs-guide.txt.gz intro-linux.txt.gz lpg-0.4.pdf
advanced_c_[EnglishOnlineClub.com].pdf khg.html.tar.gz man-pages-3.55
Bash-Beginners-Guide.pdf lame.pdf man-pages-3.55.tar.gz
Bash-Beginners-Guide.txt.gz lame.txt Mobile-Guide.txt
Bugzilla-Guide.pdf LDP-Author-Guide.txt nag-1.0.ascii.tar.gz
c_programming_language_dennis_ritchie.pdf LFS-BOOK-6.1.1.pdf nag2.pdf
cprogramming_tutorial.pdf LFS-BOOK-6.1.1.txt palmdevqs.pdf
c_reference_libc.pdf Linux-Cheat-Sheet-Sponsored-By-Loggly.pdf Pocket-Linux-Guide.pdf
Custom-Porting-Guide.pdf linux_command_line_for_you_and_me.pdf Pocket-Linux-Guide.txt
Custom-Porting-Guide.txt linuxcommands.pdf sag.pdf
emacs_cheat_sheet.pdf Linux-Dictionary.pdf sag.txt
espk-ug.pdf Linux-Dictionary.txt.gz Securing-Optimizing-Linux-RH-Edition-v1.3.pdf
evmsug.pdf Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.pdf Securing-Optimizing-Linux-The-Ultimate-Solution-v2.0.pdf
EVMSUG.txt Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.txt The One Page Linux Manual.pdf
expert_c_programming.pdf Linux-Media-Guide.pdf tlk.html.tar.gz
gdb.pdf Linux-Media-Guide.txt user-beta-1.pdf.gz
Getting Started with Ubuntu 16.04.pdf linux_network_admin_guide.pdf VideoLAN-Quickstart.txt
GNU-Linux-Tools-Summary.pdf lki.pdf VLC-User-Guide.txt
GNU-Linux-Tools-Summary.txt.gz lkmpg_2_4.pdf VLS-User-Guide.txt
gs.html.tar.gz lkmpg_2_6.pdf Win+OpenSolaris+CentOS-Install.pdf
directory/folder 'school' contain :
a@1 05:23 AM ~/myfiles/letter/pdf/school ls
aircraft-pdf calculator-rule-ice-14-15-v-3.pdf chemistry cpu-manual finance math physics spain-language
astronomy car-service-manual computer-science economy linux-how-to network-engineer source.txt sport
a@1 05:23 AM ~/myfiles/letter/pdf/school
====================================
6 jul 2023 5:21 am est-not-edt :
#reword# https://drive.google.com/file/d/144UYyV2e1tXJFhblrT3M1i-i5esof1bL/view#21_jun_2023_5_57_am_est_not_edt
#to# https://drive.google.com/file/d/15NNPBiaGqwA4fVOkSKNbzI3YeFV-UGjs/view?usp=drive_link
#reword# that linux-how-to.rar contain these files :
#to# that school.tar contain school/linux-how-to which contain these files :
...
...
a@1 05:23 AM ~/myfiles/letter/pdf/school ls
aircraft-pdf calculator-rule-ice-14-15-v-3.pdf chemistry cpu-manual finance math physics spain-language
astronomy car-service-manual computer-science economy linux-how-to network-engineer source.txt sport
a@1 05:23 AM ~/myfiles/letter/pdf/school
====================================
problem : ls sort according to sort-order change-date in descending-order .
command 'mv' renew change-date . command 'mv' will not renew modify-date , 'mv' not renew access-date
solution : ls -ltc
====================================
problem : open emacs in terminal
solution : emacs -nw file-name
[source : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8746227/how-to-open-emacs-inside-bash from google ( start emacs terminal not window ) result 1]
====================================
problem : browse back-ward during 'ls | more'
solution : 'b' [source : man more]
=========================================
20 jul 2023 9:17 pm est-not-edt : end 30 jul 2023 6:5 am est-not-edt
problem : computer which get frequent shut-down-then-turn-on-process vs computer which get eternal-ampere and never shut-down ,
which 1 has easier maintenance-procedure ?
solution :
modern computer get assurance to do 40,000 turn-on-process-repetition , and not break-down .
mother-board-capacitor life-span is 32,000 hour ,
that 'mother-board-capacitor life-span is 32,000 hour' decrease 50 % for every 10 celcius higher temperature ( 10 celcius hotter ) .
10 celcius = 50 fahrenheit . [source 3 : (1)'modern PCs are built to withstand a whopping 40,000 power cycles.' ; (2)'Keeping your computer permanently switched on also reduces its lifespan substantially. And that's down to the weakest link of a typical computer PCB—the ubiquitous capacitor. These critical voltage-regulation and filtering components have a finite lifespan of typically about 32,000 hour for electrolytic variety. This amounts to a little more than 3.5 year.' ; (3)'To make matters worse , usable lifespan of capacitor is halved for every 50°F (10°C) increase in temperature. That's also why gaming laptops, which tend to overheat, die sooner than regular desktop PCs.' in makeuseof.com/is-powering-down-your-pc-wearing-it-down/ from google ( frequent shutdown shorten psu life ) result 1 ]
it is easier to renew ac-to-dc-converter/power-supply/psu , rather-than renewing mother-board-capacitor .
so frequently shut-down then turn-on computer , produce bigger profit smaller deficit .
rather-than never shut-down computer ( computer stay on-with-ampere eternally ) .
usa->bestbuy.com is willing to accept non-functional-psu to be recycled ( maybe bestbuy.com send back non-functional-psu to psu-company-factory ) . [source : bestbuy.com/site/clp/recycling/pcmcat149900050025.c?id=pcmcat149900050025 from google (recycle computer) result 3 or wortel.ucoz.com/trash_recycle_bestbuy.htm ]
actually computer which has cmos-battery installed on mother-board : never fully-shut-down .
computer-with-cmos-battery-installed-on-mother-board during mortem-condition : silently-consume cmos-battery-ampere to keep mother-board-clock up-to-date .
so ideally : remove cmos-battery , then after starting computer : manually set computer-clock with method :
(1) find 'linux : set date, time manually, without internet time server'
(2) find 'linux : set date, time using internet time server because the computer'
but it is not necessary to do that . shut-down computer if not used , is good enough to increase longevity-of
'mother-board-capacitor life-span is 32,000 hour' .
so hard-disk-with-circular-disc , ssd / solid-state-drive / usb-flash-drive , need hard-disk-cooling-fan to keep capacitor-temperature cool
to increase living-age .
hp.com , dell.com sell desktop which does not have hard-disk-cooling-fan .
dell.com->xps-desktop , hp.com->omen.com , falcon-nw.com , dell.com->alienware.com : maybe has hard-disk-cooling-fan
but buying expensive fast-(gpu/graphic-processing-unit)-pci-express-card zotac.com , xfxforce.com , sapphiretech.com , pny.com , etc ,
which contain nvidia.com->geforce-gpu or ati.com->radeon-gpu is mandatory for hp->omen.com , falcon-nw.com , dell.com->alienware.com ;
maybe mandatory for dell.com->xps-desktop .
dell.com-> ( optiplex , inspiron ) , seem does not have hard-disk-cooling-fan .
ssd has power-capacitor which start working during ampere-outage . maybe ssd with broken power-capacitor still work .
[source : 'Power capacitors provide for enough power to complete data-transfer operation from cache to memory in times of power loss.
Have you ever simply shut down your PC only to realise that you never saved your work ?
Power-capacitors limit data loss significantly and are very uncommon at the consumer SSD level with Crucial M500/M550
SATA 3 SSD families being the first to offer this feature standard.
ADATA has just also released their S920 and this SSD is also based on the M550 with power capacitors present.
' in thessdreview.com/ssd-guides/beginners-guide/what-role-do-ssd-components-play-learning-run-flash/
from google-image ( ssd pcb component ) row 1 col 1 ]
ssd contain cpu maybe arm->cortex-r-5 cpu and cpu need cooling-fan , so ssd need cooling-fan just like hard-disk-with-circular-disc .
warning : computer which contain ssd , without ampere ( off ) for more 1 year , will lose file . so computer which contain ssd for storing file
need to be turn-on for maybe some 10 second 1 time per year minimum . [source 8 : (1) phisonblog.com/everything-to-know-about-ssds-and-controllers/ from google ( cpu ssd controller ) result 5 ; (2)'According to JEDEC Solid State Technology Association , SSD should be able to retain the data for 1 year at 30°C after it is powered off . A screenshot from JEDEC SSD Specifications Explained is displayed below.' in minitool.com/partition-disk/what-happens-to-data-on-ssd-when-power-is-lost.html from google ( ssd use power capacitor all the time ) result 8 ; (3)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-R#30-jul-2023-5-15-am-est-not-edt ; (4)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Technology#20_apr_2022_2_50_pm_edt ; (5)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZOTAC#20_mar_2022_11_57_am_edt ; (6)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFX#20_apr_2022_3_17_pm_edt ; (7)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNY_Technologies#20_apr_2022_3_17_pm_edt ; (8)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVGA_Corporation#20_apr_2022_3_20_pm_edt ; (9)from video-card-brand-name-list in newegg.com ]
========================
26 aug 2023 8:40 pm est-not-edt : #add# [addition 26 aug 2023 8:41 pm est-not-edt]
========================
14 oct 2023 5:5 pm est-not-edt : #add# [addition 14 oct 2023 5:2 pm est-not-edt]
========================
18 oct 2023 12:10 am est-not-edt : #add# [addition 17 oct 2023 10:39 pm est-not-edt]
========================
19 oct 2023 4:52 pm est-not-edt :
(1)#add# [addition 19 oct 2023 4:51 pm est-not-edt]
(2)#reword# on their computer : wortel.ucoz.com/'set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh .
#to# on their computer : wortel.ucoz.com/set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh .
(3)#add# , 'time_zone'
=======================
19 oct 2023 5:14 pm est-not-edt :
(1)#reword# wortel.ucoz.com/time_update_manual.sh #to# wortel.ucoz.com/time-update-manual.sh
(2)#reword# bash>time_update_manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm edt
#to# (1)bash>chmod u+x time-update-manual.sh
(2)bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm edt
(3)#add#
example how to use set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh :
(1)modify variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' , 'time_zone' inside set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
(2)bash>chmod u+x set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
(3)bash>./set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
=======================
20 oct 2023 4:31 am est-not-edt : #add# [addition 20 oct 2023 4:25 am est-not-edt] end 20 oct 2023 4:31 am est-not-edt
=======================
20 oct 2023 4:52 am est-not-edt :
#reword# (2)bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm edt
#to# (2)bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm
(3)check date , time , time-zone :
bash>sudo timedatectl
(4)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
==============================
20 oct 2023 5:39 am est-not-edt : #add# [addition 20 oct 2023 5:32 am est-not-edt]
==============================
20 oct 2023 2:28 pm est-not-edt :
(1)#reword# if using linux-command 'date' to set wrong-combination-of--time--and--time-zone
then linux-command 'date' will quietly-set wrong-time without producing error-msg .
#to#
if using linux-command 'date' to set time-stamp with wrong time-zone
then linux-command 'date' will quietly-set wrong-time-stamp without producing error-msg .
wrong time-zone has meaning : 3-alphabet-time-zone-value which is different from 3-alphabet-'time zone'-value
inside output-of-linux-command 'timedatectl' .
lacking time-zone like this is good enough : 'bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm' .
but 'bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 mar 2023 4:58 pm wib' where 'wib' = 3-alphabet-'time zone'-value inside
inside output-of-linux-command 'timedatectl' :
a@1 04:02 AM ~ timedatectl
Local time: Thu 2023-10-26 04:02:09 WIB
Universal time: Wed 2023-10-25 21:02:09 UTC
RTC time: Wed 2023-10-25 21:02:09
Time zone: Asia/Jakarta (WIB, +0700)
Network time on: no
NTP synchronized: no
TC in local TZ: no
a@1 04:02 AM ~ timedatectl
=======================================
28 oct 2023 5:42 pm est-not-edt : end 28 oct 2023 11:48 pm est-not-edt
#reword#
example how to use set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh :
(1)modify variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' , 'time_zone' inside set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
(2)bash>chmod u+x set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
(3)bash>./set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
(4)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
#to#
example how to use set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh , set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh ( faster because-of using unix-time-in-second-since-1-jan-1970 ,
so there is smaller-amount-of text-parsing-job ) :
(1)modify variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' inside bash-script-file : set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh , set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh
(2)bash>chmod u+x set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
bash>chmod u+x set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh
need to do that 1-time .
(3)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
if 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-computer is different-from 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-timeapi.io-or-worldtimeapi.org
then somehow sometime date-time is-being-set-incorrectly like 1-hour-exessively-forward or 1-hour-excessively-backward .
(4)bash>./set-time-with-timeapi-io.sh
or
bash>./set-time-with-worldtimeapi-org.sh
=======================================================
28 oct 2023 5:49 pm est-not-edt : #add# [addition 28 oct 2023 5:47 pm est-not-edt]
=======================================================
28 oct 2023 5:50 pm est-not-edt :
#reword# 'new code for updating time' : wortel.ucoz.com/time-update-manual.sh
example how to use time_update_manual.sh :
#to# 'new code for updating time'-manually with looking at clock nearby : wortel.ucoz.com/time-update-manual.sh
example how to use time-update-manual.sh :
=======================================================
28 oct 2023 11:37 pm est-not-edt :
#reword# code which need to be modified : variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' , 'time_zone' .
timeapi.io has list-of-url-address-value-choice for variable 'url' depending-on location .
that bash-script can be heavily-modified to parse-and-extract-date-value-from worldtimeapi.org , not timeapi.io .
so both worldtimeapi.org , timeapi.io provide current-time-internet-page but using different-internet-data-journey
[source : find 'worldtimeapi.org' , 'timeapi.io' in wortel.ucoz.com/traceroute.htm ] .
#to# code which need to be modified : variable 'url' , 'hour_modification' , 'minute_modification' .
timeapi.io , worldtimeapi.org : has list-of-url-address-value-choice for variable 'url' depending-on location .
different-possibly-inter-island-internet-data-journey from usa->virginia-state->springfield-city to : timeapi.io , worldtimeapi.org :
find 'worldtimeapi.org' , 'timeapi.io' in wortel.ucoz.com/traceroute.htm .
=======================================================
28 oct 2023 11:56 pm est-not-edt :
#reword#
(1)bash>chmod u+x time-update-manual.sh
(2)bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm
(3)check date , time , time-zone :
bash>sudo timedatectl
(4)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
#to#
(1)bash>chmod u+x time-update-manual.sh
need to do that 1-time .
(2)to change time-zone : find 'how to change time-zone ?'
if 3-alphabet-
time-zone-on-computer is different-from 3-alphabet-time-zone-on-timeapi.io-or-worldtimeapi.org
then somehow sometime date-time is-being-set-incorrectly like 1-hour-exessively-forward or 1-hour-excessively-backward .
(3)bash>./time-update-manual.sh 19 oct 2023 4:58 pm
(4)check date , time , time-zone :
bash>timedatectl
=================================================
30 nov 2023 4:12 am est :
#add# tar -xvjf archive.tar.bz2 -C directory-name # extract file and put those file to directory-name
=================================================
2 dec 2023 4:18 am est : end 5:17 am est
---problem :
(1)in firefox-setting : automatic-update-ability already been set to 'off/mortem' ( check for update but let you choose to install them ) ,
but after refusing to do firefox-update with method : clicking 'dismiss' and not clicking 'update' many-time every-time firefox start
: to pop-up-window-containing-question like 'firefox-new-version is available now update yes ?' ,
firefox still coerce-doing self-automatic-update .
(2)url-location for downloading previous firefox-version is what ?
(3)bash>older-firefox-version/firefox -P myprofile
produce error-message 'using older version of firefox can corrupt bookmarks and browsing history'
then that older-firefox-version refuse to start .
---solution :
(1)add this line to file '/etc/hosts' :
127.0.0.1 aus5.mozilla.org
(2)example : archive.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/101.0.1/ [source : readme.txt on firefox-source-code-root-directory ]
[source :
(1)'aus5.mozilla.org' in support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1224757 from google ( firefox update server url ) result 1
(2)'You can set the update URLs to an empty string if you really do not want to update kb.mozillazine.org/about:config' in support.mozilla.org/bm/questions/984720#2-dec-2023-4-22-am-est from google ( automatic update disabled but firefox could not update automatically . download new version , you won't lose saved information or customisation )
]
(3)bash>older-firefox-version/firefox --allow-downgrade -P myprofile [source : support.mozilla.org/ms/questions/1319261 from google ( force bypass using older version of firefox can corrupt bookmarks and browsing history ) ]
then next-time can do
bash>older-firefox-version/firefox -P myprofile
to start firefox and that error-message will not show-up : 'using older version of firefox can corrupt bookmarks and browsing history' .
========================================
9 dec 2023 3:38 am est : end 4:41 am est
problem : accidentally-press-button which make firefox-url-address is doing align-to-right-side , how to undo that ?
solution : must have been accidentally-pressing-and-holding-button shift , while pressing ctrl + x .
so to undo : repeat doing that pressing-and-holding-button shift , while pressing ctrl + x . [source : support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1229895 from google ( make firefox url address align left ) result 1 ]
===================================
16 dec 2023 4:44 am est :
#reword# https://drive.google.com/file/d/15NNPBiaGqwA4fVOkSKNbzI3YeFV-UGjs/view?usp=drive_link
#to# drive.google.com/file/d/15NNPBiaGqwA4fVOkSKNbzI3YeFV-UGjs/view?usp=drive_link
====================================
21 dec 2023 4:30 am est : end 6:13 am est
problem : how to remove firefox-url-address-bar which automatically-use whatever being typed for search-keyword and send that search-keyword to
default-internet-search-page ?
solution :
(1)in firefox-url-address-bar , type : about:config
(2)in about:config -> 'search preference name' input-text , type : keyword
to show about:config-variable 'keyword.enabled'
(3)on right-side-adjacent-to 'keyword.enabled' : click button 'toggle' to make 'keyword.enabled'-variable has 'false'-value . [source : superuser.com/questions/1238890/firefox-55-how-to-remove-every-single-search-engine from google ( firefox default search engine none ) result 10 ]
====================================
21 dec 2023 5:40 am est : end 22 dec 2023 5:8 am est
problem : turn-off/shut-down internet-connection
solution :
(1)find internet-connection has what name ? avoid internet-connection-name for 'loopback'
a@1 05:41 AM ~ ifconfig -a
enp4s0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 54:04:a6:22:a7:44
inet addr:192.168.1.157 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::fc2a:882:78b4:8169/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:56531 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:30924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:51507145 (51.5 MB) TX bytes:5461332 (5.4 MB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:6731 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:6731 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:682863 (682.8 KB) TX bytes:682863 (682.8 KB)
(2)turn-off/shut-down internet-connection
a@1 05:41 AM ~ sudo ifconfig enp4s0 down
[sudo] password for a:
(3)turn-on internet-connection
a@1 05:42 AM ~ sudo ifconfig enp4s0 up
[sudo] password for a:
a@1 05:42 AM ~
=================================
23 dec 2023 3:54 am est :
#reword#
(1)about:preferences -> search -> search-short-cut -> uncheck that blue-check-box for all internet-search-page
(2)about:config -> keyword.enabled = false
[source : superuser.com/questions/1238890/firefox-55-how-to-remove-every-single-search-engine from google ( firefox default search engine none ) result 10 ]
#to#
(1)in firefox-url-address-bar , type : about:config
(2)in about:config -> 'search preference name' input-text , type : keyword
to show about:config-variable 'keyword.enabled'
(3)on right-side-adjacent-to 'keyword.enabled' : click button 'toggle' to make 'keyword.enabled'-variable has 'false'-value . [source : superuser.com/questions/1238890/firefox-55-how-to-remove-every-single-search-engine from google ( firefox default search engine none ) result 10 ]
========================================
23 dec 2023 11:42 pm est : ending 24 dec 2023 12:8 am est
problem : how to make intel.com-(pentium-m-model/core-model)-cpu-frequency always same cpu-frequency ?
never automatically-increase cpu-frequency during making program do task for long-time-duration .
solution for mother-board asus.com->e-6476-p-8-h-61-mle-series :
(1)boot/start-up computer , during boot-process press 'del' to enter bios or press whatever-keyboard-button-being-shown-by-monitor-screen-boot-message
to enter 'bios' .
(2)in bios->advanced-config->cpu : set cpu-ratio : 16 with method pressing '+' or '-' ( if wanting 1.6 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
25 ( if wanting 2.5 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
intel.com-(pentium-m-model/core-model)-cpu-lowest-cpu-frequency is 1.6 ghz .
(3)in bios->advanced-config->cpu : turn-off 'turbo'-mode but there is no 'turbo'-mode
so do nothing and exit bios to reboot
if trying to start linux then coerce reboot with method press-and-hold 'ctrl' while pressing 'alt' and 'del' .
during this reboot-process press 'del' again to re-enter 'bios' , this time bios->advanced-config->cpu show 'turbo'-mode , turn-off that 'turbo'-mode .
then turn-off bios->advanced-config->cpu->enhanced-speed-step-ability .
then to set bios->advanced-config->ai-tweaker-menu->igpu-maximum-frequency to minimum-number ( so become non-fluctuating ) :
press '+' or '-' to make some-minimum-number show-up .
[2 source : (1)'turbo' in forums.tomshardware.com/threads/asus-p8h61-m-le-csm-r2-0-1866mhz-ram-configuration-bios-settings.2245401/ from google ( asus cpu ratio not limiting cpu frequency p8h61m ) page 2 number 5
(2)dlcdnets.asus.com/pub/ASUS/mb/LGA1155/P8H61-M_LE/E6476_P8H61-M_LE_series.zip?model=P8H61-M%20LE from asus.com/supportonly/p8h61-m%20le/helpdesk_manual/
]
(4)check cpu-frequency ( can do this linux-command during linux-operating-system still doing program-task for long-time-duration ) :
a@1 11:42 PM ~ cpufreq-info
cpufrequtils 008: cpufreq-info (C) Dominik Brodowski 2004-2009
Report errors and bugs to cpufreq@vger.kernel.org, please.
analyzing CPU 0:
driver: intel_pstate
CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
maximum transition latency: 0.97 ms.
hardware limits: 1.60 GHz - 1.60 GHz
available cpufreq governors: performance, powersave
current policy: frequency should be within 1.60 GHz and 1.60 GHz.
The governor "powersave" may decide which speed to use
within this range.
current CPU frequency is 1.60 GHz.
a@1 11:42 PM ~
why set cpu-frequency to low-cpu-frequency ?
(excuse-1)to decrease cpu-temperature .
during making program do task for long-time and making cpu-stress 100 % for long-time-duration :
a@1 02:34 AM ~ sensors
coretemp-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
Physical id 0: +38.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
Core 0: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
asus-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
cpu_fan: 0 RPM
during doing nothing and making cpu-stress fluctuate around 4 -> 18 % ( eternally-press right-side-arrow-keyboard-button ):
a@1 11:56 PM ~ sensors
coretemp-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
Physical id 0: +34.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
Core 0: +33.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
asus-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
cpu_fan: 0 RPM
a@1 12:10 AM ~
[addition 29 dec 2023 2:40 am est] end 6:14 am est
room-temperature ( using sharpclocks.com->spc-307->with-lidl.com-in-house-brand-aerocell-battery->digital-termometer ) : 23 celcius , 73 fahrenheit
more detail about task being done in statement 'during making program do task for long-time and making cpu-stress 100 % for long-time-duration :' :
on linuxmint.com->version->18.2->cinnamon-gui-desktop-manager->gnome-terminal->nano-editor.org : i do find-word 'wiki/Nissan_Maxima' on
1-large-text-file-containing-many-copy-pasted-wikipedia-and-internet-article-from-google-search
which has total-file-size 178 mega-byte .
[/addition 29 dec 2023 2:40 am est]
[addition 5 jan 2024 5:40 am est] end 8 jan 2024 6:25 am est
(excuse-2)i have superstitious-feeling which say simple-item create simple-life . that fluctuating cpu-frequency-ability is complicated , maybe create
difficult life-destiny .
so example :
(1)having solid-color-background-desktop-wallpaper create simple-life-destiny ,
having fancy-photo for desktop-wallpaper-background create complicated-life-destiny .
(2)car which has (double-wishbone/multi-link)-suspension is complicated , example : honda.com->accord . struts-suspension is simpler .
solid-axel ( jeep.com->wrangler , magna.com-daimler-mercedes-benz->g-class ) , is simplest but their weight is heavy-weight .
car-with-struts-suspension usually still light-weight ( toyotausa.com->camry , honda.ca->civic ) ,
so maybe struts-suspension create simplest life-destiny .
(3)maybe if car-designer-cpu , civil-engineer-cpu , comic-book-designer-cpu , music-creator-cpu , movie-(visual-effect/fx)-designer-cpu ,
story-writer-designer-cpu , is simple-design , and still ampere-efficient , then work-result become better .
[/addition 5 jan 2024 5:40 am est]
=========================================
24 dec 2023 5:45 am est :
(1)#reword# solution :
#to# solution for mother-board asus.com->e-6476-p-8-h-61-mle-series :
(2)#reword#
(1)boot/start-up computer , during booting press 'del' to enter bios or press whatever-keyboard-button-being-shown-by-monitor-screen-boot-message .
(2)in bios : turn-off 'turbo'-mode
(3)in bios : set cpu-ratio : 16 ( if wanting 1.6 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
25 ( if wanting 2.5 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
intel-cpu-lowest-cpu-frequency is 1.6 ghz .
#to#
(1)boot/start-up computer , during boot-process press 'del' to enter bios or press whatever-keyboard-button-being-shown-by-monitor-screen-boot-message
to enter 'bios' .
(2)in bios->advanced-config->cpu : set cpu-ratio : 16 ( if wanting 1.6 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
25 ( if wanting 2.5 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
intel.com-(pentium-m-model/core-model)-cpu-lowest-cpu-frequency is 1.6 ghz .
(3)in bios->advanced-config->cpu : turn-off 'turbo'-mode but there is no 'turbo'-mode
so do nothing and exit bios to reboot
if trying to start linux then coerce reboot with method press-and-hold 'ctrl' while pressing 'alt' and 'del' .
during this reboot-process press 'del' again to re-enter 'bios' , this time bios->advanced-config->cpu show 'turbo'-mode , turn-off that 'turbo'-mode .
[source : 'turbo' in forums.tomshardware.com/threads/asus-p8h61-m-le-csm-r2-0-1866mhz-ram-configuration-bios-settings.2245401/ from google ( asus cpu ratio not limiting cpu frequency p8h61m ) page 2 number 5 ]
=================
24 dec 2023 5:55 am est : ending 6:5 am est
#reword# problem : how to make cpu-frequency always same cpu-frequency ? never increase cpu-frequency during making program do task for long-time-duration .
#to# problem : how to make intel.com-(pentium-m-model/core-model)-cpu-frequency always same cpu-frequency ?
never automatically-increase cpu-frequency during making program do task for long-time-duration .
=============================
29 dec 2023 2:34 am est :
#reword#
a@1 11:56 PM ~ sensors
coretemp-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
Physical id 0: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
Core 0: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
#to#
a@1 02:34 AM ~ sensors
coretemp-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
Physical id 0: +38.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
Core 0: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +102.0°C)
asus-isa-0000
Adapter: ISA adapter
cpu_fan: 0 RPM
===================
29 dec 2023 2:40 am est : #add# [addition 29 dec 2023 2:40 am est]
======================
5 jan 2024 5:44 am est : #add# [addition 5 jan 2024 5:40 am est]
==========================
8 jan 2024 6:26 am est : #add# then turn-off bios->advanced-config->cpu->enhanced-speed-step-ability .
=============================
8 jan 2024 6:41 am est :
#add#
then to set bios->advanced-config->ai-tweaker-menu->igpu-maximum-frequency to minimum-number ( so become non-fluctuating ) :
press '+' or '-' to make some-minimum-number show-up .
================================
8 jan 2024 6:42 am est :
#reword#
in bios->advanced-config->cpu : set cpu-ratio : 16 ( if wanting 1.6 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
#to#
in bios->advanced-config->cpu : set cpu-ratio : 16 with method pressing '+' or '-' ( if wanting 1.6 ghz to become maximum cpu-frequency )
==============================
8 jan 2024 6:52 am est :
#add#
dlcdnets.asus.com/pub/ASUS/mb/LGA1155/P8H61-M_LE/E6476_P8H61-M_LE_series.zip?model=P8H61-M%20LE from asus.com/supportonly/p8h61-m%20le/helpdesk_manual/
==============================
20 mar 2024 11:25 am est :
(1)problem : why need correct time-zone ?
solution : mail.yahoo.com want combination of correct time and time-zone to login .
(2)#add# [addition 20 mar 2024 11:27 am est]
================================
2 apr 2024 9:18 am est :
problem : show all directory/folder , do not show file , in current directory
solution : ls -d */
problem : show all directory/folder , do not show file , in some directory 'somedir'
solution : ls -d /path/to/somedir/*/
[source : cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-list-just-directories-or-directory-names/ from google ( linux ls show directory list ) -> result 2 ->
ppl also ask -> how do i list directories in ls ? ]
==========================================
18 apr 2024 2:54 pm est : #add# [addition 18 apr 2024 2:51 pm est]
==========================================
8 may 2024 7:52 am est :
(1/2)#reword#
problem : internet-page to download linux-pdf-book-collection
solution : drive.google.com/file/d/15NNPBiaGqwA4fVOkSKNbzI3YeFV-UGjs/view?usp=drive_link
that school.tar contain school/linux-how-to which contain these files :
#to#
problem : internet-page to download linux-pdf-book-collection
solution : drive.google.com/file/d/1Eb3FX0Tu3vfqa8FUAKx5y38Y2WwO6Ldk/view?usp=drive_link
that school.zip contain school/linux-how-to which contain these files :
(2/2)#reword#
my linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format :
drive.google.com/file/d/144UYyV2e1tXJFhblrT3M1i-i5esof1bL/view?usp=share_link
has tar-file containing linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format .
#to#
my linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format :
drive.google.com/file/d/1Eb3FX0Tu3vfqa8FUAKx5y38Y2WwO6Ldk/view?usp=drive_link
has zip-file containing linux-book-collection-in-pdf-format .
===========================================================================
18 may 2024 5:27 pm est :
problem : how to change color in nano ( nano-editor.org ) ?
solution :
if nano is opening .java file then
edit '/usr/share/nano/java.nanorc'
[source : 'You can make system-wide config changes by editing the file /etc/nanorc' in https://www.linux.org/threads/how-to-change-the-colors-of-nano.40658/ from google ( nano change color theme ) result 1 ]
problem : how to change color in output of ls ?
solution : askubuntu.com/questions/466198/how-do-i-change-the-color-for-directories-with-ls-in-the-console from google ( change ls output color ) result 1
============================================================================
19 may 2024 12:15 pm est :
problem : how to install mysql ?
solution :
(step-1)apt-get install mysql-server
(step-2)sudo mysql_secure_installation [source : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-install-mysql-on-linux/ from google ( linux mint install mysql ) result 7 ]
============================================================================
19 may 2024 2:37 pm est :
problem : stop mysql-server's auto-start during boot
solution : sudo systemctl disable mysql [2 source : (1)https://askubuntu.com/questions/57381/how-to-stop-mysql-from-running-at-boot-time (2)https://askubuntu.com/questions/833094/how-can-i-disable-autostart-of-mysql-server from google ( mysql auto start off ) ]
============================================================================
28 may 2024 5:57 pm est :
problem : how to extract .jar file
solution : jar xf file.jar [source : https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/deployment/jar/unpack.html from google ( jar extract file ) ]
============================================================================
20 jun 2024 1:24 pm est :
problem : only allowing certain ip to access ssh
solution :
(1)/etc/hosts.deny should contain :
sshd : ALL
(2)/etc/hosts.allow should contain something like :
sshd: 172.168.0.21, 10.83.33.77, 10.63.152.9, 10.12.100.11, 10.82.192.28
They also accept partial IP addresses as subnets, so you can allow the entire 172.168.0.0/24 as:
sshd: 172.168.0.
Or as shown in the following example:
sshd : localhost
sshd : 192.168.0.
sshd : 99.151.250.7
(3)configuration take effect immediately , restarting ssh-daemon/sshd is not needed
[source : (1)https://docs.rackspace.com/docs/restrict-ssh-login-to-a-specific-ip-or-host from google ( ssh only allow certain ip addresses ) result 1
(2)https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/406245/limit-ssh-access-to-specific-clients-by-ip-address from google ( ssh only allow certain ip addresses ) result 2
]
problem : 1 ip-address for many web-site-address like home-page-1.com , home-page-2.com , home-page-3.com , etc
solution : (1) with apache : virtual-host httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/vhosts/examples.html
(2) with tomcat : virtual-host https://www.codejava.net/servers/tomcat/how-to-use-virtual-hosts-in-tomcat from google ( apache tomcat virtual host ) result 2
[addition 21 jun 2024 9:13 am est]
example : find 'www.rieter.com' , 'www.suessen.com' in 'traceroute' in wortel.ucoz.com/index.htm
or in drive.google.com/file/d/1P4pR_rJrbqXaaJEeYmQ9dXEjZC6FsNTp/view?usp=drive_link
[/addition 21 jun 2024 9:13 am est]
[addition 21 jun 2024 2:34 pm est]
why unite many web-site-address inside 1 ip-address ?
because
find '[24-sep-2015] ip-address-version-4 (ipv4) in arin.net is depleted , customer who want ipv4 from arin.net need to join waiting-list'
in 'history-time-line' in wortel.ucoz.com/index.htm
[/addition 21 jun 2024 2:34 pm est]
[source : httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/vhosts/examples.html from serverfault.com/questions/106882/how-do-you-have-one-ip-address-and-many-websites from google ( multiple website address 1 ip address ) result 1 ]
============================================================================
21 jun 2024 9:13 am est : #add# addition 21 jun 2024 9:13 am est
============================================================================
21 jun 2024 2:36 pm est : #add# addition 21 jun 2024 2:34 pm est
=================================================
1 jul 2024 8:44 am est :
problem and solution :
a@1 08:36 AM ~ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for a:
Get:1 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease [1,825 B]
Ign:2 http://packages.linuxmint.com sonya InRelease
Hit:3 http://packages.linuxmint.com sonya Release
Hit:4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
Hit:5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Ign:1 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease
Hit:6 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Hit:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
Hit:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
Fetched 1,825 B in 0s (2,380 B/s)
Reading package lists... Done
W: GPG error: http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified
because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY E88979FB9B30ACF2
W: The repository 'http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease' is not signed.
N: Data from such a repository can't be authenticated and is therefore potentially dangerous to use.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
solution : [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/1484177/the-following-signatures-couldnt-be-verified-because-the-public-key-is-not-avai from google ( The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: ) result 1 ]
a@1 08:40 AM ~ gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E88979FB9B30ACF2
gpg: requesting key 9B30ACF2 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: key D38B4796: public key "Google Inc. (Linux Packages Signing Authority) " imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
a@1 08:42 AM ~ gpg --export --armor E88979FB9B30ACF2 | sudo apt-key add -
[sudo] password for a:
OK
a@1 08:42 AM ~ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for a:
Ign:1 http://packages.linuxmint.com sonya InRelease
Hit:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
Get:3 http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb stable InRelease [1,825 B]
Hit:4 http://packages.linuxmint.com sonya Release
Hit:5 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Hit:6 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Hit:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
Hit:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
Fetched 1,825 B in 0s (3,071 B/s)
Reading package lists... Done
a@1 08:42 AM ~
=====================================================================
12 jul 2024 11:55 am est : #add# [addition 12 jul 2024 11:53 am est]
(1)#reword# bash>sudo -u postgres psql bbb < myfiles/backup-usb/backup/bbb2_22_december_2014.tar
#to# bash>sudo -u postgres psql bbb < myfiles/backup-usb/backup/bbb2_22_december_2014.sql
(2)#reword# transfer data from dump_file to database 'bbb' :
#to# transfer data from dump_file to database 'bbb' ( restore ) :
(3)#reword# problem:install postgresql, restore backup-data
#to# problem : install postgresql , backup database , restore database
=====================================================================
12 jul 2024 12:34 pm est : #add# [addition 12 jul 2024 12:41 pm est]
=====================================================================
13 aug 2024 2:54 pm est :
problem : how to concatenante multiple file in linux , unix ?
solution : to concatenate a.txt , b.txt , c.txt , to new file-name d.txt :
cat a.txt b.txt c.txt > d.txt [source : www.baeldung.com/linux/concatenate-files from google ( linux concat text file ) result 1 ]
=====================================================================
25 aug 2024 11:30 am est :
problem : how to make firefox not showing image/photo
solution : visit url about:config then variable-name permissions.default.image need to have value 2 (not showing image/photo) .
initially permissions.default.image has value 1 (show image/photo) . [source : support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1226175 from google ( firefox block images ) result 1 ]
=====================================================================
3 sep 2024 3:31 pm est :
problem : how to make reminder/alarm-clock in unix/linuxmint.com , without speaker , show pop-up window to give reminder about doing something ,
to remind user about doing something
solution : run/send-to-kernel-message-queue this linux-command :
(1)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at now + 2 minute
(2)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 4:00 pm
(3)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 04:00 pm
(4)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 1 pm tomorrow
(5)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 1:35 pm sep 4
[addition 3 sep 2024 4:31 pm est]
'at' is software , to install 'at' , run this linux-command : apt-get install at
[/addition 3 sep 2024 4:31 pm est]
[addition 4 sep 2024 1:52 pm est]
if that unix/linuxmint.com-computer is being reboot then : that notify-send will be forgotten , notify-send will not show pop-up-window .
[/addition 4 sep 2024 1:52 pm est]
[source : (1)https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-desktop-74/using-notify-send-with-multiple-lines-in-body-793399/ from google ( notify send new line ) result 1
(2)https://superuser.com/questions/38654/pop-up-notification-when-time-reaches-400pm#3-sep-2024-3-29-pm-est from google ( linux alarm console )
(3)https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reminder from wiktionary.org->search-auto-complete ( remind )
]
[addition 29 sep 2024 2:52 pm est]
bash-script reminder.sh which give reminder-pop-up-window after some minute or hour :
a@1 02:18 PM ~/data-data ./reminder.sh 1 minute
echo "notify-send -u critical reminder 'turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove'" | at now + 1 minute
warning: commands will be executed using /bin/sh
job 33 at Sun Sep 29 14:55:00 2024
a@1 02:54 PM ~/data-data ./reminder.sh 11 minute
echo "notify-send -u critical reminder 'turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove'" | at now + 11 minute
warning: commands will be executed using /bin/sh
job 34 at Sun Sep 29 15:05:00 2024
a@1 02:54 PM ~/data-data ./reminder.sh 1 hour
echo "notify-send -u critical reminder 'turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove'" | at now + 1 hour
warning: commands will be executed using /bin/sh
job 35 at Sun Sep 29 15:54:00 2024
a@1 02:54 PM ~/data-data
bash-script reminder.sh file-content :
#!/bin/bash
if [ "$1" = "" ]
then
echo 'argument not available, exiting'
exit 0
fi
str=""
for arg
do
str=$( echo $str $arg )
done
cmd="echo \"notify-send -u critical reminder 'turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove'\" | at now + "$str
echo "$cmd"
msg=`eval $cmd`
#echo "msg=$msg"
[/addition 29 sep 2024 2:52 pm est]
======================================================================
3 sep 2024 4:31 pm est : #add# [addition 3 sep 2024 4:31 pm est]
======================================================================
4 sep 2024 1:26 pm est :
#reword# echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at now + 2 minute
#to# (1)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at now + 2 minute
(2)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 4:00 pm
(3)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 04:00 pm
(4)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 1 pm tomorrow
(5)echo 'notify-send -u critical reminder "turn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove\nturn-off stove"' | at 1:35 pm sep 4
======================================================================
4 sep 2024 1:53 pm est : #add# [addition 4 sep 2024 1:52 pm est]
======================================================================
9 sep 2024 3:11 pm est :
problem : black pixel consume same ampere like white pixel ?
solution : lcd : same ampere , oled-and-crt : black pixel use less ampere than white pixel . [2 source : (1)www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/17vrzo/does_a_computer_display_use_more_energy/ from google ( black pixel white pixel more ampere reddit ) result 2 (2)www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/24xfy2/does_it_take_more_energy_to_light_up_a_white/ from google ( black pixel white pixel more ampere ) result 1 ]
======================================================================
13 sep 2024 8:54 pm est :
problem : what is difference between Modify and Change in stat output
[addition 13 sep 2024 9 pm est]
a@1 08:59 PM ~ stat test.txt
File : 'test.txt'
Size : 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
Device : 805h/2053d Inode: 20940045 Links: 1
Access : (0664/-rw-rw-r--) Uid: ( 1000/ a) Gid: ( 1000/ a)
Access : 2023-07-30 00:04:36.431858544 -0400
Modify : 2017-07-17 17:00:52.913230231 -0400
Change : 2017-07-17 17:00:55.093229849 -0400
Birth: -
a@1 09:00 PM ~
[/addition 13 sep 2024 9 pm est]
solution :
'Modify' is timestamp of last time file's content was modified , this is often called "mtime" .
'Change' is timestamp of last time file's inode was changed , like by changing permission , ownership , file-name , number of hard links .
It's often called "ctime" . [source : bing-90.livejournal.com/26873.html? from google ( unix stat change vs modify date ) result 1 ]
=======================================================================
13 sep 2024 9 pm est :#add# [addition 13 sep 2024 9 pm est]
=======================================================================
19 sep 2024 5:49 pm est(gmt-5) :
problem : 'diff' output is confusing , what is best option for 'diff' to make output less confusing ?
solution : option '-w' make output less confusing , so : 'diff -w file-1.txt file-2.txt' [source : unix.stackexchange.com/questions/25199/how-can-i-get-the-most-bang-for-my-buck-with-the-diff-command from google ( best diff option ) result 1 ]
=======================================================================
23 sep 2024 5:29 pm est(gmt-5) : #add# [source : unix.stackexchange.com/questions/25199/how-can-i-get-the-most-bang-for-my-buck-with-the-diff-command from google ( best diff option ) result 1 ]
=======================================================================
29 sep 2024 2:55 pm est(gmt-5) : #add# [addition 29 sep 2024 2:52 pm est]
=======================================================================
1 oct 2024 4:7 pm est(gmt-5) :
problem : set real name in hexchat.github.io
solution : /set irc_real_name some-real-name [source : 'irc_real_name' in hexchat.readthedocs.io/en/latest/settings.html#set-command from hexchat.github.io->help->contents ]
=======================================================================
1 oct 2024 8:37 pm est(gmt-5) :
problem : how to convert pdf to jpg , convert pdf to jpeg ?
solution :
(1)sudo apt-get install imagemagick
(2)a@1 08:31 PM ~/data-data/surat/kartu-ijo convert -density 300 -quality 100 paspor-arnon.pdf paspor-arnon.jpg
**** Warning: File has an invalid xref entry: 2. Rebuilding xref table.
**** Warning: stream operator isn't terminated by valid EOL.
**** Warning: stream operator isn't terminated by valid EOL.
**** This file had errors that were repaired or ignored.
**** The file was produced by:
**** >>>> <<<<
**** Please notify the author of the software that produced this
**** file that it does not conform to Adobe's published PDF
**** specification.
(3)a@1 08:31 PM ~/data-data/surat/kartu-ijo xviewer paspor-arnon.jpg
[source : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43085889/how-to-convert-a-pdf-into-jpg-with-command-line-in-linux from google ( linux pdf to jpg ) result 1 ]
=======================================================================
3 oct 2024 7:11 pm est :
problem : geany.com-help-file-location
solution : /usr/share/doc/geany/html/index.html
problem : geany.com is not highlighting keyword in .htm file
solution :
(1)make or be located at beginning-of-file-content .
(2)re-open that .htm file .
========================================================================
6 oct 2024 8:59 pm est :
problem :
a@1 09:01 PM ~/data-data du -hs
du: cannot access './.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/2217291869yCt7-%iCt7-%r6e0s8p6o.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access './.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/2232182701SeesravbiacteaWDosrgk.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access './.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/3662685288LCo7g%sCD7a%t6a0b8a6s.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access './.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/broadcast-listeners.json.corrupt': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access './.mozilla/firefox/mwad0hks.default/sessionstore-backups/recovery.jsonlz4': Structure needs cleaning
solution :
(1)cat /etc/fstab to get device-location for /home
(2)use live-usb to boot some linux-distro ( linuxmint.com , debian.org , etc ) then e2fsck that-device-location
[source : https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/17757/how-can-i-fsck-a-partition-when-the-device-reads-as-busy-but-has-been-confirmed from google ( umount target is busy fsck ) ]
[addition 7 oct 2024 3:21 pm est]
do not e2fsck mounted drive , even-though read-only mounted drive because that may cause kernel-panic . [source : https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-server-73/any-way-to-calculate-a-time-estimate-for-a-fsck-4175495747/ from google ( fsck time benchmark ) result 4 ]
e2fsck estimated time-duration : 1 giga-byte per minute . so if there is 200 giga-byte then e2fsck need 200 minute ( 3 hour 20 minute ) , to complete .
[/addition 7 oct 2024 3:21 pm est]
[addition 10 nov 2024 11:12 pm est]
problem : after starting linuxmint.com , partition '/' is read-only , can not modify file underneath directory '/' ,
need to use live-usb to e2fsck . then that happen again .
solution : do linux-command 'journalctl' to see system-d-log / system-d-journal
record red-color-message which is related to file-system-error , to search culprit .
'unc' in 'journalctl'-output , has meaning uncorrectable-error , need to renew harddisk . [source : ... from google ( ... ) ]
[/addition 10 nov 2024 11:12 pm est]
[addition 5 nov 2024 5:38 pm est]
problem : my strategy in installing linux , which minimise e2fsck time for firefox which some-time crash because of unexpected excessive memory-consumption .
solution :
/dev/sda1 : / : 20 giga-byte
/dev/sda2 : /swap : 1 giga-byte
/dev/sda3 : /home : 20 giga-byte ( this has meaning i give firefox can have 20 giga-byte history-file )
/dev/sda4 : /depot : 459 giga-byte or remainder-hard-disk-size
user-name : a
root create /depot/depot-a
root set /depot/depot-a , to have owner user-name a : sudo chown a /depot/depot-a
user-name 'a' create symbolic-link /home/depot-a which connect/link to /depot/depot-a : ln -s /depot/depot-a depot-a
so there will be /home/a/.mozilla and that is 20 giga-byte to be e2fsck which need 20 minute time-duration .
example damaged firefox-file which need e2fsck , if i do not e2fsck then i can not delete damaged file :
a@1 06:11 PM ~ du -sh .mozilla/
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/8cn7gal8.useragent=arnon-firefox-67/prefs.js': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/serviceworker-1.txt': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/69': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/219/{4f6f43b1-d546-4cc5-a68f-e579a12be5db}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/4/{7c9fce8b-eee4-4f65-854e-25ed6a699004}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/218': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/213/{5a71b060-abd1-47a1-aa40-c5e3d8947fd5}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/150/{55320a8a-6dde-4f2a-9bb2-0d4938974496}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/150/{064d1c86-96ab-43aa-b5b6-5498ee186696}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/232/{55c18550-e269-4cc8-b9ea-bb61152e01e8}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/197/{7a8b6c70-8916-4953-8ff2-767e0dbab9c5}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/91/{1ba92149-dd07-498b-b3d8-4acd185b165b}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/50/{a1d63b7b-f1f7-4932-8ed4-6a172c7f8032}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/24': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/63/{b421fcc5-404b-43b9-9273-774dac9b0b3f}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/63/{48e847fe-85ae-4885-b1f0-8d73e2f2433f}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/1': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/85/{221364c2-3bae-4bb3-b028-91dbe9a28755}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/19/{051327b3-ac61-4e87-a613-f6ca385f4513}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/102/{02a4dc2f-8b66-4b94-b824-7b6d9d546f66}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/30/{ec269d58-4d77-468c-88ef-794e5989761e}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/cache/morgue/30/{b2778f2a-17a3-4dce-ba2a-c0c8942ffc1e}.tmp': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/2171031483YattIedMb.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/2217291869yCt7-%iCt7-%r6e0s8p6o.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/2232182701SeesravbiacteaWDosrgk.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/ocf0zul9.firefox-101-0-1-2/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/idb/3662685288LCo7g%sCD7a%t6a0b8a6s.sqlite-wal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/mwad0hks.default/sessionstore-backups/recovery.jsonlz4': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/9f8v7wjr.firefox-101-0-1/blocklist.xml': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/9f8v7wjr.firefox-101-0-1/broadcast-listeners.json-1.corrupt': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/9f8v7wjr.firefox-101-0-1/datareporting/archived/2022-07/1658131186474.0e1461d8-64b2-443c-b8a3-5aa1dd9e0a3c.main.jsonlz4': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/engmvw9x.firefox-101-0-1-3/shield-preference-experiments.json': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/engmvw9x.firefox-101-0-1-3/pkcs11.txt': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/engmvw9x.firefox-101-0-1-3/AlternateServices.txt': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/engmvw9x.firefox-101-0-1-3/cert9.db': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/engmvw9x.firefox-101-0-1-3/prefs-1.js': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/zdkuwgkq.default-release/storage/default/https+++www.youtube.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal': Structure needs cleaning
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/zdkuwgkq.default-release/datareporting/archived/2022-01/1641285581099.96b43091-cb30-434c-84e8-eaac4f7245ba.main.jsonlz4': Structure needs cleaning
2.2G .mozilla/
a@1 06:12 PM ~
[/addition 5 nov 2024 5:38 pm est]
[addition 12 nov 2024 11:19 pm est]
problem : how to convert ext-2 to ext-3 ? for /dev/sda5 [addition 13 nov 2024 8:24 pm est] [source : https://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/ext2toext3.htm from google ( convert ext2 to ext3 ) result 1 from 'Another significant advantage is that Ext3 allows you to in-place upgrade from Ext2 without having to back up and restore data' in https://www.partitionwizard.com/partitionmanager/ext2-vs-ext3-vs-ext4.html from google ( ext3 vs ext4 ) result 4 ] [/addition 13 nov 2024 8:24 pm est]
solution : (1)use some live-usb to boot , so in my case /dev/sda1 ( / ) , and /dev/sda5 ( /home ) , is not being mounted .
(2)sudo tune2fs -j /dev/sda5
(3)sudo mount /dev/sda1 slash
(4)sudo nano slash/etc/fstab
(5)change 'ext2' which is located in same line like /home , to 'ext3'
why change ext-2 to ext-3 ?
(1)'main advantage of ext3 over its predecessor, ext2, is journaling, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an improper, a.k.a. unclean, shutdown.' in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3
(2)because doing e2fsck to ext-3 maybe is faster than doing e2fsck to ext-2 . [source : forgotten web-page say fsck ext-3 is just replaying journal ]
why only change /dev/sda5 from ext-2 to ext-3 ? because i only edit / modify file in /home .
ext-3 is file-system-with-journal , ext-2 is file-system-without-journal , ext-2 is faster and less journal / less disk-writing has meaning more durable hard-disk .
[/addition 12 nov 2024 11:19 pm est]
[addition 14 nov 2024 6:29 pm est]
problem : how to convert ext-3 to ext-2 ? for /dev/sda5
solution : (1)use some live-usb to boot , so in my case /dev/sda1 ( / ) , and /dev/sda5 ( /home ) , is not being mounted .
(2)sudo tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda5 [source : https://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/ext2toext3.htm from google ( convert ext2 to ext3 ) result 1 from 'Another significant advantage is that Ext3 allows you to in-place upgrade from Ext2 without having to back up and restore data' in https://www.partitionwizard.com/partitionmanager/ext2-vs-ext3-vs-ext4.html from google ( ext3 vs ext4 ) result 4 ]
(3)sudo e2fsck -Cy /dev/sda5
(3)sudo mount /dev/sda1 slash
(4)sudo nano slash/etc/fstab
(5)change 'ext3' which is located in same line like /home , to 'ext2'
[/addition 14 nov 2024 6:29 pm est]
[addition 14 nov 2024 6:35 pm est]
problem : how to know partition file-system for /dev/sda5 , is ext-2 or ext-3 or ... ?
solution : (1)lsblk -f (2)sudo file -sL /dev/sda5 (3)e2fsck -N /dev/sda5 (4)df -Th [source : https://www.tutorialspoint.com/how-to-determine-the-file-system-type-in-linux-ext2-ext3-or-ext4 from google ( get linux partition type ext2 or ext3 ) result 1 ]
[/addition 14 nov 2024 6:35 pm est]
=========================================================================
6 oct 2024 9:8 pm est : #add# [addition 6 oct 2024 9:6 pm est]
=========================================================================
6 oct 2024 11:10 pm est :
problem : find total size of multiple directory/folder
solution : (1)du -sh --total dir-1 dir-2
(2)du -csh dir-1 dir-2
[source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/465414/get-total-diskspace-usign-du-for-multiple-directories from google ( linux get multiple directory total size ) result 1 ]
=========================================================================
7 oct 2024 3:22 pm est : #add# [addition 7 oct 2024 3:21 pm est]
=========================================================================
7 oct 2024 6:18 pm est :
problem : usb-drive-icon which contain live-usb-linux-distro-installation , show-up on desktop-back-ground but computer can not
use that usb-drive to reboot .
solution : bios->advanced->usb-configuration->legacy-usb-support must be 'enabled' , not 'disabled'
=========================================================================
8 oct 2024 7:53 pm est :
problem : allstate.com say login fail even-though username and password is correct .
solution : choose login-with-email-address , avoid login-with-username .
=========================================================================
24 oct 2024 9 pm est :
problem : how to open filename - using nano ?
solution :
a@1 08:58 PM ~ nano -langs.txt
Type 'nano -h' for a list of available options.
a@1 08:58 PM ~ nano '-langs.txt'
Type 'nano -h' for a list of available options.
a@1 08:58 PM ~ nano \-langs.txt
Type 'nano -h' for a list of available options.
a@1 08:59 PM ~ mv -i ./-langs.txt langs-.txt
'./-langs.txt' -> 'langs-.txt'
a@1 09:01 PM ~ nano langs-.txt
a@1 09:01 PM ~ rm langs-.txt
a@1 09:01 PM ~
[source : https://community.lambdatest.com/t/how-to-open-a-dashed-filename-using-terminal/30671 from google ( nano open file name start with dash ) result 1 ]
==================================================================================================================================================
26 oct 2024 7:9 pm est :
problem : how to turn-off screen-saver-with-auto-lock
solution : linuxmint.com->cinnamon-desktop-manager->menu->system-settings->screen-saver->setting->( turn-off : lock computer when put to sleep , lock computer after screen-saver start )
[source : https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=285932 from google ( turn off automatic screen lock linuxmint ) result 1 ]
==================================================================================================================================================
26 oct 2024 7:29 pm est :
problem : rename file containing colon
solution :
a@1 07:27 PM ~/data-data mv -i C\:\\nppdf32Log\\debuglog.txt debuglog.txt
'C:\nppdf32Log\debuglog.txt' -> 'debuglog.txt'
[source : https://superuser.com/questions/1477559/i-have-a-linux-file-with-a-colon-in-the-filename-that-i-cannot-open-rename-or
from google ( linux delete file name colon ) result 1 ]
============================================================================================================================================================
26 oct 2024 7:51 pm est :
#reword# solution : to concatenate a.txt , b.txt , c.txt , to d.txt :
#to# solution : to concatenate a.txt , b.txt , c.txt , to new file-name d.txt :
============================================================================================================================================================
26 oct 2024 8:22 pm est :
problem : change user-home-directory
solution : usermod -d /path/to/dir username [source : https://my.esecuredata.com/index.php?/knowledgebase/article/13/change-default-directory-for-user from google ( linux change user directory location ) result 1 ]
============================================================================================================================================================
26 oct 2024 8:41 pm est :
problem : show all directory with their size , except hidden directory / directory-name which start-with dot
solution : a@1 08:35 PM ~/data-data du -shc */
[source : https://serverfault.com/questions/453313/get-size-of-all-folders-in-directory from google ( show size of all directories except hidden directory ) result 1 ]
==============================================================
26 oct 2024 9:50 pm est :
#reword# show directories with their size in ascending sort order
#to# show all directory with their size in ascending sort order
==============================================================
26 oct 2024 10:2 pm est :
problem : show all file sorted according to file-size
solution : ls -lhSl | more
==============================================================
5 nov 2024 5:3 pm est :
problem : how to know partition-size , disk-space-consumption , disk-space-usage
solution :
a@1 04:09 PM / df -Th /
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext2 19G 8.0G 9.4G 47% /
a@1 04:09 PM / df -Th /home/
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5 ext2 441G 237G 182G 57% /home
a@1 04:10 PM / df -Th /swap
df: /swap: No such file or directory
a@1 04:10 PM / df -Th /dev/sda6
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
a@1 04:11 PM / df -Th /dev/sda1
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext2 19G 8.0G 9.4G 47% /
a@1 04:11 PM / df -Th /dev/sda5
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5 ext2 441G 237G 182G 57% /home
problem : knowing owner of file or directory/folder
solution :
a@1 04:02 PM /var ls -ld storage/storage-a
drwxr-xr-x 2 a root 4096 Nov 5 15:46 storage/storage-a
d = directory
rwx = user-permission is can-read-can-write-can-execute
r-x = group-permission is can-read-can-execute
r-x = world/everyone-permission is can-read-can-execute
a = user-name
root = user-group
[addition 5 nov 2024 9:29 pm est]
4096 has meaning 4096 byte .
a@1 09:28 PM ~ ls -lhd data-data/storage-a
lrwxrwxrwx 1 a a 23 Nov 5 15:42 data-data/storage-a -> /var/storage/storage-a/
a@1 09:29 PM ~ ls -lhd /var/storage/storage-a/
drwxr-xr-x 2 a root 4.0K Nov 5 16:04 /var/storage/storage-a/
[/addition 5 nov 2024 9:29 pm est]
==============================================================
5 nov 2024 6:25 pm est : #add# addition 5 nov 2024 5:38 pm est
==============================================================
5 nov 2024 9:30 pm est : #add# addition 5 nov 2024 9:29 pm est
==============================================================
6 nov 2024 2:16 pm est :
problem : how to know which partition-device provide space for which directory/folder
solution : see file /etc/fstab : cat /etc/fstab
==============================================================
10 nov 2024 3:41 pm est :
problem : debian-live-usb after idle for some minute , screen-saver show-up . to remove screen-saver , need to type #username# and #password# .
solution : username : user
password : live [source : google ( debian live usb username password ) ]
==============================================================
10 nov 2024 4:10 pm est :
problem : what is 'id' in 'sudo fdisk -l' output
solution :
'id' in 'sudo fdisk -l' output :
a@1 04:03 PM ~ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for a:
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x2405ea3f
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 38866943 38864896 18.5G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 38868990 976771071 937902082 447.2G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39065600 976771071 937705472 447.1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 38868992 39065599 196608 96M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.5 GiB, 8017412096 bytes, 15659008 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x06e73d9d
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 0 5373951 5373952 2.6G 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 1636 11709 10074 4.9M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
ID Name
00 Empty
To be precise: this is not used to designate unused area on the disk, but marks an unused partition table entry. (All other fields should be zero as well.) Unused area is not designated. Plan9 assumes that it can use everything not claimed for other systems in the partition table.
01 DOS 12-bit FAT
DOS is a family of single-user operating systems for PCs. 86-DOS (`QDOS' - Quick and Dirty OS) was a CP/M-like operating system written by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (1979). Microsoft bought it, renamed it to MS-DOS 1.0 and sold it to IBM (1980) to be delivered together with the first IBM PCs (1981). MS-DOS 2.0 (1983) was rather different, and designed to be somewhat Unix-like. It supported a hard disk (up to 16MB; up to 32MB for version 2.1). Version 3.3+ added the concept of partitions, where each partition is at most 32MB. (Compaq DOS 3.31 relaxed this restriction.) Since version 4.0 partitions can be 512 MB. Version 5.0 supports partitions up to 2 GB. Several clones exist: DR-DOS (from Digital Research, later part of Novell and called NovellDOS or NDOS, then owned by Caldera and called OpenDOS, then by its subsidiary Lineo who named it back to DR-DOS. See http://www.drdos.com/), PC-DOS (from IBM), FreeDOS, ... See Types of DOS. See comp.os.msdos.* and MSDOS partitioning summary. The type 01 is for partitions smaller than 16 MB.
02 XENIX root
03 XENIX /usr
Xenix is an old port of Unix V7. Microsoft Xenix OS was announced August 1980, a portable and commercial version of the Unix operating system for the Intel 8086, Zilog Z8000, Motorola M68000 and Digital Equipment PDP-11. Microsoft introduces XENIX 3.0 in April 1983. ( Timeline of Microcomputers) SCO delivered its first Xenix for 8088/8086 in 1983. See comp.unix.xenix.sco.
04 DOS 3.0+ 16-bit FAT (up to 32M)
Matthias Paul writes: Some old DOS versions have had a bug which requires this partition to be located in the 1st physical 32 MB of the hard disk, hence for compatibility with these old issues, partitions located elsewhere should better be assigned the ID FAT16B (06h).
05 DOS 3.3+ Extended Partition
Supports at most 8.4 GB disks: with type 05 DOS/Windows will not use the extended BIOS call, even if it is available. See type 0f below. Using type 05 for extended partitions beyond 8 GB may lead to data corruption with MSDOS.
An extended partition is a box containing a linked list of logical partitions. This chain (linked list) can have arbitrary length, but some FDISK versions refuse to make more logical partitions than there are drive letters available (e.g. MS-DOS LASTDRIVE=26 is good for at most 24 disk partitions; Novell DOS 7+ allows LASTDRIVE=32).
06 DOS 3.31+ 16-bit FAT (over 32M)
Partitions, or at least the FAT16 filesystems created on them, are at most 2 GB for DOS and Windows 95/98 (at most 65536 clusters, each at most 32 KB). Windows NT can create up to 4 GB FAT16 filesystems (using 64 KB clusters), but these cause problems for DOS and Windows 95/98. Note that VFAT is 16-bit FAT with long filenames; FAT32 is a different filesystem.
07 OS/2 IFS (e.g., HPFS)
IFS = Installable File System. The best known example is HPFS. OS/2 will only look at partitions with ID 7 for any installed IFS (that's why the EXT2.IFS packet includes a special "Linux partition filter" device driver to fool OS/2 into thinking Linux partitions have ID 07). (Kai Henningsen (kai@khms.westfalen.de))
07 Windows NT NTFS
Filesystem introduced in Windows NT 3.1. It is rumoured that the Windows NT boot partition must be primary, and within the first 2 GB of the disk.
07 exFAT
Extended FAT, a.k.a. FAT64. Available in Microsoft Windows since CE 6.0 and Vista SP1. Allows 32 MB clusters and very large disks and files.
07 Advanced Unix
07 QNX2.x pre-1988 (see below under IDs 4d-4f)
08 OS/2 (v1.0-1.3 only)
08 AIX boot partition
08 SplitDrive
08 Commodore DOS
Matthias Paul writes: "This indicates a Commodore MS-DOS 3.x logically sectored FAT partition."
08 DELL partition spanning multiple drives
08 QNX 1.x and 2.x ("qny")
(according to QNX Partitions)
09 AIX data partition
Some reports interchange AIX boot & data. AIX is IBM's version of Unix. See comp.unix.aix.
09 Coherent filesystem
Coherent was a UNIX-type OS for the 286-386-486, marketed by Mark Williams Company led by Bob Swartz, renowned for its good documentation. It was introduced in 1980 and died 1 Feb 1995. The last versions are V3.2 for 286-386-486 and V4.0 (May 1992, using protected mode) for 386-486 only. It sold for $99 a copy, and the FAQ says that 40000 copies have been sold. See comp.os.coherent and this page. A Coherent partition has to be primary.
09 QNX 1.x and 2.x ("qnz")
(according to QNX Partitions)
0a OS/2 Boot Manager
OS/2 is the operating system designed by Microsoft and IBM to be the successor of MS-DOS. Dropped by Microsoft. See comp.os.os2. Windows 2000 actively tries to destroy OS/2 Boot Manager. See below.
0a Coherent swap partition
0a OPUS
Open Parallel Unisys Server. See Unisys.
0b WIN95 OSR2 FAT32
Partitions up to 2047GB. See Partition Types
0c WIN95 OSR2 FAT32, LBA-mapped
Extended-INT13 equivalent of 0b.
0d SILICON SAFE
Planned by siliconsafe.
0e WIN95: DOS 16-bit FAT, LBA-mapped
0f WIN95: Extended partition, LBA-mapped
Windows 95 uses 0e and 0f as the extended-INT13 equivalents of 06 and 05. For the problems this causes, see Possible data loss with LBA and INT13 extensions. (Especially when going back and forth between MSDOS and Windows 95, strange things may happen with a type 0e or 0f partition.) Windows NT does not recognize the four W95 types 0b, 0c, 0e, 0f ( Win95 Partition Types Not Recognized by Windows NT). DRDOS 7.03 does not support this type (but DRDOS 7.04 does).
10 OPUS (?)
Maybe decimal, for type 0a.
11 Hidden DOS 12-bit FAT
When it boots a DOS partition, OS/2 Boot Manager will hide all primary DOS partitions except the one that is booted, by changing its ID: 01, 04, 06 becomes 11, 14, 16. Also 07 becomes 17.
11 Leading Edge DOS 3.x logically sectored FAT
(According to Matthias Paul.)
12 Configuration/diagnostics partition
ID 12 (decimal 18) is used by Compaq for their configuration utility partition. It is a FAT-compatible partition (about 6 MB) that boots into their utilities, and can be added to a LILO menu as if it were MS-DOS. (David C. Niemi) Stephen Collins reports a 12 MB partition with ID 12 on a Compaq 7330T. Tigran A. Aivazian reports a 40 MB partition with ID 12 on a 64 MB Compaq Proliant 1600. ID 12 is used by the Compaq Contura to denote its hibernation partition. (dan@fch.wimsey.bc.ca)
NCR has used ID 0x12 MS-DOS partitions for diagnostics and firmware support on their WorldMark systems since the mid-90s. DataLight's ROM-DOS has replaced MS-DOS on more recent systems. Partition sizes were once 72M (MS-DOS) but are now 40M (ROM-DOS).
Intel has begun offering ROM-DOS based "Service Partition" support on many OEM systems. This support initially used ID 0x98 but has recently changed to ID 0x12. Intel provides their own support for this partition in the form of a System Resource CD. Partition size has remained constant at 40M. See e.g. sds2.pdf. (Chuck Rouillard)
IBM also uses 0x12 for its Rescue and Recovery partition on Thinkpad laptops. See also thinkwiki.org.
14 Hidden DOS 16-bit FAT <32M
(Ralf Brown's interrupt list adds: `ID 14 resulted from using Novell DOS 7.0 FDISK to delete Linux Native partition')
14 AST DOS with logically sectored FAT
AST MS-DOS 3.x was an OEM version supporting 8 instead of the usual 4 partition entries in the MBR. These special MBRs can be detected by another signature in the MBR stored in front of the partition table.
16 Hidden DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M
17 Hidden IFS (e.g., HPFS)
18 AST SmartSleep Partition
Ascentia laptops have a `Zero Volt Suspend Partition' or `SmartSleep Partition' of size 2MB+memory size. See AST. Ralf Brown calls this the "AST Windows swapfile".
19 Unused
Claimed for Willowtech Photon coS (completely optimized system) by Willow Schlanger willow@dezine.net. See dejanews.
1b Hidden WIN95 OSR2 FAT32
1c Hidden WIN95 OSR2 FAT32, LBA-mapped
Sometimes a hidden IBM rescue partition.
1e Hidden WIN95 16-bit FAT, LBA-mapped
20 Unused
Rumoured to be used by Willowsoft Overture File System (OFS1), if there is such a thing.
21 Reserved
(according to delorie). And Powerquest writes `Officially listed as reserved (HP Volume Expansion, SpeedStor variant)'. See also ID a1.)
21 Unused
Claimed for FSo2 (Oxygen File System) by Dave Poirier (ekstazya@sprint.ca). See dejanews.
22 Unused
Claimed for Oxygen Extended Partition Table by ekstazya@sprint.ca. See dejanews.
23 Reserved
24 NEC DOS 3.x
This is NEC MS-DOS 3.30 logically sectored FAT. Similar to type 14 above, the MBR could have up to 8 partition entries.
26 Reserved
27 PQservice
Acer laptop hidden rescue partition. Can be FAT32 or NTFS. Press Alt-F10 during boot to start this. Also other manufacturers use this type for their rescue partition.
27 Windows RE hidden partition
On MBR disks, type 0x27. On GPT disks, GUID: DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC. A hidden version of a Windows RE type 0x7 partition with NTFS. When this is installed, reboot and press F8 in order to boot into this Recovery Environment.
27 MirOS partition
MirOS BSD is a BSD variant.
27 RouterBOOT kernel partition
See RB500_Linux_SDK. RouterBOOT loads the contents of first partition with type 39 (0x27). If there is no such partition, it displays the message "CF BOOT FAILURE: kernel partition missing!". There is no filesystem on this partition, it contains a raw ELF Linux kernel image.
2a AtheOS File System (AFS)
AtheOS is an open source operating system written by Kurt Skauen. It is dead now - for a single page, see www.atheos.cx or sourceforge. For the history, see wikipedia. When progress seemed to stop, the project forked and the Syllable OS was started by Kristian van der Vliet (2002). See also wikipedia. It uses the same filesystem, AthFS or AFS, an extension of BeFS, the filesystem of BeOS. There is an attempt at a Linux driver at sourceforge.
2b SyllableSecure (SylStor)
A variation on AthFS is Sylstor, with added security.
31 Reserved
32 NOS
Simon Butcher (simonb@alien.net.au) writes: This type is being used by an operating system being developed by Alien Internet Services in Melbourne Australia called NOS. The id '32' was chosen not only because it's one of the few that are left available, but 32k is the size of the EEPROM the OS was originally targetted for.
33 Reserved
34 Reserved
35 JFS on OS/2 or eCS
David van Enckevort (david@mensys.nl) writes: Type 0x35 is used by OS/2 Warp Server for e-Business, OS/2 Convenience Pack (aka version 4.5) and eComStation (eCS, an OEM version of OS/2 Convenience Pack) for the OS/2 implementation of JFS (IBM AIX Journaling Filesystem). Since JFS is a non-bootable file system, you cannot install eCS to a JFS partition.
36 Reserved
38 THEOS ver 3.2 2gb partition
39 Plan 9 partition
Plan 9 is an operating system developed at Bell Labs for many architectures. Source is available. See comp.os.plan9. Originally Plan 9 used an unallocated portion at the end of the disk. Plan 9 3rd edition uses partitions of type 0x39, subdivided into subpartitions described in the Plan 9 partition table in the second sector of the partition.
39 THEOS ver 4 spanned partition
3a THEOS ver 4 4gb partition
3b THEOS ver 4 extended partition
THEOS is a multiuser multitasking OS for PCs founded by Timothy Williams in 1983. Current release 4.0, previous release 3.2. They say about themselves: `THEOS with over 150,000 customers and over 1,000,000 users around the world brings a mainframe look and feel to computers without the complexity and high maintenance costs. Hundreds of applications exist with networking and Windows integration.' See the Theos home page
3c PartitionMagic recovery partition
Cody Batt (codyb@powerquest.com) writes: When a PowerQuest product like PartitionMagic or Drive Image makes changes to the disk, it first changes the type flag to 0x3C so that the OS won't try to modify it etc. At the end of the process, it gets changed back to what it was at first. So, the only time you should see a 0x3C type flag is if the process was interrupted somehow (power outage, user reboot etc). If you change it back manually with a partition table editor or something then most of the time everything is okay.
3d Hidden NetWare
According to Powerquest.
40 Venix 80286
A very old Unix-like operating system for PCs.
40 PICK
Ross Stell writes: The PICK multi-user operating system, developed in 1965 by Don Nelson and Dick Pick to run on an IBM 360 mainframe and implemented during the 1970s by many licensee companies on their minicomputers, was ported in 1983 by PICK Systems (http://www.marcomguy.com/pdf/CORP.PDF) to operate on the IBM PC-XT and later the AT and compatible PCs. This release is known as R83. Later (1989), PICK Systems produced Advanced PICK (AP) which operates within a Windows environment, thus obviating the need for a dedicated hard disk partition. See also Wikipedia.
41 Linux/MINIX (sharing disk with DRDOS)
Very old FAQs recommended to use 41 etc instead of 81 etc on a disk shared with DRDOS because DRDOS allegedly disregards the high order bit of the partition type. (Or, rather, uses the high order bit to indicate that the partition is secured.) These types are not used anymore today. Roger Wolff (R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl) confirms: I remember installing DRDOS, and getting a few extra drive letters that I didn't expect. Turns out those are my Minix partitions. It is looking at them as a FAT filesystem. Looks like a big mess. After finding no other possibility than to just "not touch those drive letters" I continue with the install. After a few minutes DRDOS automatically decides to write a copy of the FAT into a file on one of my MINIX partitions. Bye bye Minix partition.
41 Personal RISC Boot
41 PPC PReP (Power PC Reference Platform) Boot
42 Linux swap (sharing disk with DRDOS)
42 SFS (Secure Filesystem)
SFS is an encrypted filesystem driver for DOS on 386+ PCs, written by Peter Gutmann.
42 Windows 2000 dynamic extended partition marker
If a partition table entry of type 0x42 is present in the legacy partition table, then W2K ignores the legacy partition table and uses a proprietary partition table and a proprietary partitioning scheme (LDM or DDM). As the Microsoft KnowledgeBase writes: Pure dynamic disks (those not containing any hard-linked partitions) have only a single partition table entry (type 42) to define the entire disk. Dynamic disks store their volume configuration in a database located in a 1-MB private region at the end of each dynamic disk.
43 Linux native (sharing disk with DRDOS)
44 GoBack partition
GoBack is a utility that records changes made to the disk, allowing you to view or go back to some earlier state. It takes over disk I/O like a Disk Manager would, and stores its logs in its own partition.
45 Boot-US boot manager
Ulrich Straub (ustraub@boot-us.de) writes: The boot manager can be installed to MBR, a separate primary partition or diskette. When installed to a primary partition this partition gets the ID 45h. This partition does not contain a file system, it contains only the boot manager and occupies a single cylinder (below 8 GB). See www.boot-us.com.
45 Priam
According to Powerquest. See also ID 5c.
45 EUMEL/Elan
46 EUMEL/Elan
47 EUMEL/Elan
48 EUMEL/Elan
Eumel, and later Ergos L3, are multiuser multitasking systems developed by Jochen Liedtke at GMD. It was used at German schools for the computer science education. ( Elan was the programming language used.)
4a Mark Aitchison's ALFS/THIN lightweight filesystem for DOS
According to Powerquest.
4a AdaOS Aquila (Withdrawn)
Nick Roberts at some point in time announced that he would use 4a for Aquila, but now plans to use the AODPS 7f.
4c Oberon partition
See http://www-old.oberon.ethz.ch/betadocu.html and http://www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch/wiki/Documentation/Front. This partition type (decimal 76) is used for the Aos (now A2) filesystem. Type 4f is used for the Nat filesystem. One may have several partitions of this type.
4d QNX4.x
4e QNX4.x 2nd part
4f QNX4.x 3rd part
QNX is a POSIX-certified, microkernel, distributed, fault-tolerant OS for the 386 and up, including support for the 386EX in embedded applications. For info see http://www.qnx.com/ or ftp.qnx.com. See also comp.os.qnx. ID 7 is outdated - QNX2 used 07, QNX4.x uses decimal 77, and optionally 78 and 79 for additional QNX partitions on a single drive. See also b1-b3 (decimal 177-179). See QNX Partitions and Neutrino filesystems.
4f Oberon partition
See http://www-old.oberon.ethz.ch/native/. (The partition ID is given in this posting in comp.lang.oberon. The install instructions say that at most one partition can have this type (decimal 79), and that one needs a different type, like 50 (decimal 80) for a second Oberon system. Moreover, that users of System Commander must avoid types containing the 0x10 bit.) See also type 4c (decimal 76) above.
50 OnTrack Disk Manager (older versions) RO
Disk Manager is a program of OnTrack, to enable people to use IDE disks that are larger than 504MB under DOS. For info see http://www.ontrack.com. Linux kernel versions older than 1.3.14 do not coexist with DM.
50 Lynx RTOS
"Beginning with version 3.0, LynxOS gives users the ability to place up to 14 partitions of 2 GB each on both SCSI and IDE drives, for a total of up to 28 GB of file system space." See www.lynuxworks.com.
50 Native Oberon (alt)
51 OnTrack Disk Manager RW (DM6 Aux1)
51 Novell
52 CP/M
52 Microport SysV/AT
53 Disk Manager 6.0 Aux3
54 Disk Manager 6.0 Dynamic Drive Overlay (DDO)
55 EZ-Drive
EZ-Drive is another disk manager (by MicroHouse, 1992). Linux kernel versions older than 1.3.29 do not coexist with EZD. (On 990323 MicroHouse International was acquired by EarthWeb; MicroHouse Solutions split off and changed its name into StorageSoft. MicroHouse Development split off and changed its name into ImageCast. It is StorageSoft that now markets EZDrive and DrivePro.)
56 Golden Bow VFeature Partitioned Volume.
This is a Non-Standard DOS Volume. (Disk Manager type utility software)
56 DM converted to EZ-BIOS
56 AT&T MS-DOS 3.x logically sectored FAT.
57 DrivePro
Doug Anderson (DougA@ImageCast.com), with his brother Steve cofounder of MicroHouse (1989), writes: We actually use three different partition types: $55: `StorageSoft EZ-BIOS' - EZ-Drive, Maxtor, MaxBlast, and DriveGuide install this type if the drive needs to be handled by our INT13 redirector. $56: `StorageSoft EZ-BIOS DM Conversion' - Same as $55 but used when a DiskManager "skewed" partition has been converted to EZ-BIOS. $57: `StorageSoft DrivePro' - Used by our DrivePro product.
57 VNDI Partition
(According to disk.c in the Netware source. Not in actual use.)
5c Priam EDisk
Priam EDisk Partitioned Volume. This is a Non-Standard DOS Volume. (Disk Manager type utility software)
61 SpeedStor
Storage Dimensions SpeedStor Volume. This is a Non-Standard DOS Volume. (Disk Manager type utility software)
63 Unix System V (SCO, ISC Unix, UnixWare, ...), Mach, GNU Hurd
A Unixware 7.1 partition must start below the 4GB limit. (If the /stand/stage3.blm is located past this limit, booting will fail with "FATAL BOOT ERROR: Can't load stage3".)
64 PC-ARMOUR protected partition
Used by PC-ARMOUR, a disk protection by Dr. A.Solomon, intended to keep the disk inaccessible until the right password was given (and then an int13 hook was loaded above top-of-memory that showed c/h/s 0/0/2, with a copy of the real partition table, when 0/0/1 was requested). (loekw@worldonline.nl)
64 Novell Netware 286, 2.xx
65 Novell Netware 386, 3.xx or 4.xx
(Novell Netware used to be the main Network Operating System available. Netware 68 or S-Net (1983) was for a Motorola 68000, Netware 86 for an Intel 8086 or 8088. Netware 286 was for an Intel 80286 and existed in various versions that were later merged to Netware 2.2. Netware 386 was a rewrite in C for the Intel 386, later renamed 3.x - it existed at least in versions 3.0, 3.1, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12. Its successor Netware 4.xx had versions 4.00, 4.01, 4.02, 4.10, 4.11. Then came Intranetware.) Netware >= 3.0 uses one partition per drive. It allocates logical Volumes inside these partitions. The volumes can be split over several drives. The filesystem used is called "Turbo FAT"; it only very vaguely resembles the DOS FAT file system. (Kai Henningsen (kai@khms.westfalen.de))
66 Novell Netware SMS Partition
According to disk.c in the Netware source. SMS: Storage Management Services. No longer used.
67 Novell
Roman Gruber reports: this code has frozen my version of norton disk-editor (so I think it has to be something special). Jeff Merkey says: 67 is for Wolf Mountain.
68 Novell
69 Novell Netware 5+, Novell Netware NSS Partition
According to disk.c in the Netware source. NSS = Novell Storage Services.
6e ??
Reported once.
70 DiskSecure Multi-Boot
71 Reserved
72 V7/x86
Robert Nordier writes: V7/x86, a port of UNIX Version 7 to the PC, is available at www.nordier.com/v7x86.
73 Reserved
74 Reserved
74 Scramdisk partition
Scramdisk is freeware and shareware disk encryption software. It supports container files, dedicated partitions (type 0x74) and disks hidden in WAV audio files. (Shaun Hollingworth (moatlane@btconnect.com))
75 IBM PC/IX
76 Reserved
77 M2FS/M2CS partition
Jeff Merkey writes: 77 is one we are using internally for M2FS/M2CS partitions.
77 VNDI Partition
(According to disk.c in the Netware source. Not in actual use.)
78 XOSL FS
XOSL Bootloader filesystem, see xosl2.com.
7e Unused
Claimed for F.I.X. by gruberr@kapsch.net. See dejanews.
7f Unused
Proposed for the Alt-OS-Development Partition Standard.
80 MINIX until 1.4a
81 MINIX since 1.4b, early Linux
Minix is a Unix-like operating system written by Andy Tanenbaum and students at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, around 1989-1991. It runs on PCs (8086 and up), MacIntosh, Atari, Amiga, Sparc. Ref: Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-637406-9 Since 950601 Minix is freely available - site: ftp.cs.vu.nl. See also comp.os.minix.
81 Mitac disk manager
82 Prime
82 Solaris x86
Solaris creates a single partition with id 0x82, then uses Sun disk labels within the partition to split it further. (Brandon S. Allbery (allbery@kf8nh.apk.net)) Starting from 2005, newly installed systems will use 0xbf.
82 Linux swap
83 Linux native partition
Linux is a Unix-like operating system written by Linus Torvalds and many others on the internet since Fall 1991. It runs on PCs (386 and up) and a variety of other hardware. It is distributed under GPL. Software can be found numerous places, like ftp.funet.fi, metalab.unc.edu and tsx-11.mit.edu. See also comp.os.linux.* and http://www.linux.org/. Various filesystem types like xiafs, ext2, ext3, reiserfs, etc. all use ID 83. Some systems mistakenly assume that 83 must mean ext2.
84 OS/2 hidden C: drive
OS/2-renumbered type 04 partition.
84 Hibernation partition
(following Appendix E of the Microsoft APM 1.1f specification). Reported for various laptop models. E.g., used on Dell Latitudes (with Dell BIOS) that use the MKS2D utility. APM 1.2 hibernation partitions can be used by Windows 98 or higher.
85 Linux extended partition
86 Old Linux RAID partition superblock
See fd.
86 FAT16 volume set
Legacy Fault Tolerant FAT16 volume. Windows NT 4.0 or earlier will add 0x80 to the partition type for partitions that are part of a Fault Tolerant set (mirrored or in a RAID-5 volume). Thus, one gets types 86, 87, 8b, 8c. See also Windows NT Boot Process and Hard Disk Constraints.
87 NTFS volume set
Legacy Fault Tolerant NTFS volume. HPFS Fault-Tolerant mirrored partition.
88 Linux plaintext partition table
8a Linux Kernel Partition (used by AiR-BOOT)
Martin Kiewitz (KiWi@vision.fido.de) writes: I'm currently writing a pretty nice boot-loader. For this I'm using Linux Boot Loader ID A0h, and partitition type 8Ah for the partition holding the kernel image.
8b Legacy Fault Tolerant FAT32 volume
8c Legacy Fault Tolerant FAT32 volume using BIOS extd INT 13h
8d Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden Primary DOS FAT12 partitition
Free FDISK is the FDISK used by FreeDOS. It hides types 01, 04, 05, 06, 0b, 0c, 0e, 0f by adding decimal 140 (0x8c).
8e Linux Logical Volume Manager partition
See pvcreate(8) as found under http://linux.msede.com/lvm. (For a while this was 0xfe.)
90 Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden Primary DOS FAT16 partitition
91 Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden DOS extended partitition
92 Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden Primary DOS large FAT16 partitition
93 Hidden Linux native partition
93 Amoeba
94 Amoeba bad block table
Amoeba is a distributed operating system written by Andy Tanenbaum, together with Frans Kaashoek, Sape Mullender, Robert van Renesse and others since 1981. It runs on PCs (386 and up), Sun3, Sparc, 68030. It is free for universities for research/teaching purposes. For information, see ftp.cs.vu.nl.
95 MIT EXOPC native partitions
http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/exo/ (Andrew Purtell, Andrew_Purtell@NAI.com)
96 CHRP ISO-9660 filesystem
97 Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden Primary DOS FAT32 partitition
98 Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden Primary DOS FAT32 partitition (LBA)
98 Datalight ROM-DOS Super-Boot Partition
See www.datalight.com, and type 12 above.
99 DCE376 logical drive
No, it's not a hibernation partition; it's closest to a DOS extended partition. It's used by the Mylex DCE376 EISA SCSI adaptor for partitions which are beyond the 1024th cylinder of a drive. I've only seen references to type 99 with the DCE376. (Christian Carey, ccarey@CapAccess.ORG)
9a Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden Primary DOS FAT16 partitition (LBA)
9b Free FDISK 0.96+ hidden DOS extended partitition (LBA)
9e ForthOS partition
ForthOS is the name Andy Valencia uses for his Forth operating system, a port of eForth. Also the older VSTA by the same author uses partition type 0x9e (158).
9f BSD/OS
Current sysid for BSDI. The types b7 and b8 given below are for an older version of the filesystem used in pre-v3.0 versions of the OS. These days the system is v4.1 BSD/OS. BSDI reports 2.1 million installed servers and 12 million licenses sold. See http://www.bsdi.com/.
a0 Laptop hibernation partition
Reported for various laptops like IBM Thinkpad, Phoenix NoteBIOS, Toshiba under names like zero-volt suspend partition, suspend-to-disk partition, save-to-disk partition, power-management partition, hibernation partition. Usually at the start or end of the disk area. (This is also the number used by Sony on the VAIO. Recent VAIOs can also hibernate to a file in the filesystem, the choice being made from the BIOS setup screen.)
a1 Laptop hibernation partition
Reportedly used as "Save-to-Disk" partition on a NEC 6000H notebook. Types a0 and a1 are used on systems with Phoenix BIOS; the Phoenix PHDISK utility is used with these.
a1 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
IDs 21, a1, a3, a4, a6, b1, b3, b4, b6 are for HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant).
a3 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
a4 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
a5 BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD
386BSD is a Unix-like operating system, a port of 4.3BSD Net/2 to the PC done by Bill Jolitz around 1991. When Jolitz seemed to stop development, an updated version was called FreeBSD (1992). The outcome of a Novell vs. UCB law suit was that Net/2 contained AT&T code, and hence was not free, but that 4.4BSD-Lite was free. After that, FreeBSD and NetBSD were restructured, and FreeBSD 2.0 and NetBSD 1.0 are based on 4.4BSD-Lite. FreeBSD runs on PCs. See http://www.freebsd.org/FreeBSD.html. For NetBSD, see below - it changed partition type to a9. 386BSD seems to be dead now. The kernel source is being published - see Operating System Source Code Secrets by Bill and Lynne Jolitz. See comp.os.386bsd.*. See http://www.paranoia.com/~vax/boot.html for NetBSD boot and partitioning info.
a6 OpenBSD
OpenBSD, led by Theo de Raadt, split off from NetBSD. It tries to emphasize on security. See http://www.openbsd.org/.
a6 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
a7 NeXTStep
Based on Mach 2.6 and features of Mach 3.0, is a true object-oriented operating system and user environment. See http://www.next.com/.
a8 Mac OS-X
Apple's OS-X ( Darwin Intel) uses this type for its filesystem partition (a UFS file system, in NeXT flavour, only differing from the *BSD formats in the first 8 KB). See also type ab.
a9 NetBSD
NetBSD is one of the children of *BSD (see above). It runs on PCs and a variety of other hardware. Since 19-Feb-98 NetBSD uses a9 instead of a5. See http://www.netbsd.org/. It is freely obtainable - see http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html.
aa Olivetti Fat 12 1.44MB Service Partition
Contains a bare DOS 6.22 and a utility to exchange types 06 and aa in the partition table. (loekw@worldonline.nl)
ab Mac OS-X Boot partition
Apple's OS-X (Darwin Intel) uses this type for its boot partition. The image (/usr/standalone/i386/boot) starts at sector 1. See also type a8.
ab GO! partition
Unused. Claimed by Stanislav Karchebny for his GO! OS.
ad RISC OS ADFS
Unused. Claimed by Ben Avison for RISC OS, originally from Acorn. The filesystem is in the FileCore format.
ae ShagOS filesystem
af ShagOS swap partition
Unused. Claimed by Frank Barrus for his ShagOS.
af MacOS X HFS
Used by Apple for the MacOS X filesystem HFS or HFS+ on Intel.
b0 BootStar Dummy
The boot manager BootStar manages its own partition table, with up to 15 primary partitions. It fills unused entries in the MBR with BootStar Dummy values. See www.star-tools.com. If you use this, don't use a disk manager, do not put LILO in the MBR and do not use fdisk.
b1 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
b1 QNX Neutrino Power-Safe filesystem
b2 QNX Neutrino Power-Safe filesystem
b3 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
b3 QNX Neutrino Power-Safe filesystem
Steve Reid (stever@qnx.com) writes: We've recently added a new Power-Safe filesystem to the QNX Neutrino RTOS, and it uses decimal 177, 178, and 179 (B1, B2, and B3) for its identifier. See QNX6 fs. Default is 179.
b4 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
b6 HP Volume Expansion (SpeedStor variant)
b6 Corrupted Windows NT mirror set (master), FAT16 file system
b7 Corrupted Windows NT mirror set (master), NTFS file system
b7 BSDI BSD/386 filesystem
b8 BSDI BSD/386 swap partition
BSDI (Berkeley Software Design, Inc.) was founded by former CSRG (UCB Computer Systems Research Group) members. Their operating system, based on Net/2, was called BSD/386. After the USL (Unix System Laboratories, Inc./Novell Corp.) vs. BSDI lawsuit, new releases were based on BSD4.4-Lite. Now they are announcing BSD/OS V2.0.1. This is an operating for PCs (386 and up), boasting 3000 customers. (That was long ago. The current partition id is 9f, see above.)
bb Boot Wizard hidden
(PTS) BootWizard 4.0 and its new version Acronis OS Selector 5.0 use this id (i) when hiding partitions with types other than 01, 04, 06, 07, 0b, 0c, 0e, and (ii) when creating a partition without file system. See www.PhysTechSoft.com. The boot software was purchased on 2001-01-05 by SWsoft. See www.acronis.com.
bc Acronis backup partition
Recognized as Acronis Secure Zone, when labelled "ACRONIS SZ". A primary partition, formatted with FAT32, LBA mapped.
bd BonnyDOS/286
See lulu423gina.lu.funpic.de.
be Solaris 8 boot partition
bf New Solaris x86 partition
The old 0x82 id conflicted with Linux swap. New Solaris installations will use the id 0xbf. (Larry Lee )
c0 CTOS
c0 REAL/32 secure small partition
See d0 below.
c0 NTFT Partition
According to disk.c in the Netware source.
c0 DR-DOS/Novell DOS secured partition
DR-DOS 7.02+ / OpenDOS 7.01 / Novell DOS 7 secured partition.
c1 DRDOS/secured (FAT-12)
c2 Unused
According to Powerquest IDs c2, c3, c8, c9, ca, cd are reserved for DR-DOS 7+. According to Matthias Paul c2, c3, cd are no longer reserved for DR-DOS.
c2 Hidden Linux
c3 Hidden Linux swap
Benedict Chong (bchong@blueskyinnovations.com) writes: BlueSky Innovations LLC does a boot manager product called Power Boot and we use, in addition, 0C2h and 0C3h for hidden Linux partitions (swap and ext2fs). See also ID c2.
c4 DRDOS/secured (FAT-16, < 32M)
c5 DRDOS/secured (extended)
This ID may also be used in obscure trickery: on a shared MS-DOS / DR-DOS machine with DR-DOS 6.0-7.03 (so that the DR_DOS does not understand type 0f and the MS-DOS does not understand type c5) one may have two extended partitions, where each operating system sees only one.
c6 DRDOS/secured (FAT-16, >= 32M)
DR-DOS 6.0 and higher (NetWare PalmDOS 1.0, Novell DOS 7, OpenDOS 7.01, DR-DOS 7.02+) will add 0xc0 to the partition type for a LOGIN.EXE-secured partition (so that people cannot avoid the password check by booting from an MS-DOS floppy). Otherwise it seems that the types c1, c4, c5, c6 and d1, d4, d5, d6 are used precisely like 01, 04, 05, 06 (but are accepted only when booting from disk).
c6 Windows NT corrupted FAT16 volume/stripe set
NTFS will add 0xc0 to the partition type for disabled parts of a Fault Tolerant set. Thus, one gets types c6, c7. See also Windows NT Boot Process and Hard Disk Constraints and Switching from DR-DOS 6.0 to MS-DOS 5.0.
c7 Windows NT corrupted NTFS volume/stripe set
c7 Syrinx boot
Primary partition only.
c8 Reserved for DR-DOS 8.0+
c9 Reserved for DR-DOS 8.0+
ca Reserved for DR-DOS 8.0+
cb DR-DOS 7.04+ secured FAT32 (CHS)/
cc DR-DOS 7.04+ secured FAT32 (LBA)/
cd CTOS Memdump?
ce DR-DOS 7.04+ FAT16X (LBA)/
cf DR-DOS 7.04+ secured EXT DOS (LBA)/
d0 REAL/32 secure big partition
REAL/32 is a continuation of DR Multiuser DOS. It supports FAT12, FAT16 and REAL/32 7.90 also supports FAT32. Andrew Freeman (afreeman@imsltd.com) writes: For partitions which have been marked as secure we use 0xC0 and 0xD0 as partition markers (C0 < 32mb, D0 >= 32mb). REAL/32 is an advanced 32-bit multitasking & multi-user MS-DOS & Windows compatible operating system. Home page is www.imsltd.com.
d0 Multiuser DOS secured partition
This applies to the whole MDOS family range, Digital Research DR Multiuser DOS and Novell DR Multiuser DOS, as well as to Concurrent Controls Multiuser DOS, Datapaq Australasia System Manager 7, and IMS Multiuser DOS.
d1 Old Multiuser DOS secured FAT12
d4 Old Multiuser DOS secured FAT16 <32M
d5 Old Multiuser DOS secured extended partition
d6 Old Multiuser DOS secured FAT16 >=32M
d8 CP/M-86
da Non-FS Data
Added on request of John Hardin (johnh@aproposretail.com).
da Powercopy Backup
Powercopy Backup (shielded disk), used by www.datapower.de.
db Digital Research CP/M, Concurrent CP/M, Concurrent DOS
db CTOS (Convergent Technologies OS -Unisys)
db KDG Telemetry SCPU boot
Mark Morgan Lloyd (markMLl.in@telemetry.co.uk) writes: KDG Telemetry uses type 0xdb to store a protected-mode binary image of the code to be run on a 'x86-based SCPU (Supervisory CPU) module from the DT800 range.
dd Hidden CTOS Memdump?
de Dell PowerEdge Server utilities (FAT fs)
df DG/UX virtual disk manager partition
Glenn Steen (glenn.steen@ap1.se) writes: When I made an old Aviion 2000 triple-boot (DOS, DG/UX and Linux) I saw that Linux fdisk reported the DG/UX virtual disk manager partition as type 0xdf.
df BootIt EMBRM
The boot manager BootIt manages its own partition table, with up to 255 primary partitions. See www.terabyteunlimited.com. If you use this, don't use a disk manager, do not put LILO in the MBR and do not use fdisk. Reference for the ID: BOOTIT.TXT.
e0 Reserved by STMicroelectronics for a filesystem called ST AVFS.
e1 DOS access or SpeedStor 12-bit FAT extended partition
Kevin Cummings reports in alt.os.linux: it's a SSTOR partition on cylinders > 1023.
e3 DOS R/O or SpeedStor
e4 SpeedStor 16-bit FAT extended partition < 1024 cyl.
e5 Tandy MSDOS with logically sectored FAT
e6 Storage Dimensions SpeedStor
e8 LUKS
LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) partition.
ea Rufus extra partition
The Rufus partitioning software uses a private partition type to cover unaligned unallocated space (Jörg Jenderek).
ea Freedesktop boot
There is a freedesktop proposal to use type ea as boot partition.
eb BeOS BFS
BeOS is an operating system that runs on Power PCs and on Intel PCs. Version 5 (the last version) is distributed freely to individuals. The system was sold to Palm and is not developed any more. OpenBeOS tries to create an open source version.
ec SkyOS SkyFS
SkyOS is an operating system written by Robert Szeleney. Its filesystem SkyFS is based on OpenBeFS.
ed Unused
Matthias Paul plans to use this for an OS called Sprytix.
ee Indication that this legacy MBR is followed by an EFI header
ef Partition that contains an EFI file system
Bob Griswold (rogris@Exchange.Microsoft.com) writes: MS plans on using EE and EF in the future for support of non-legacy BIOS booting. Mark Doran (mark.doran@intel.com) adds: these types are used to support the Extensible Firmware Interface specification (EFI); go to developer.intel.com and search for EFI. (For the types ee and ef, see Tables 16-6 and 16-7 of the EFI specification, EFISpec_091.pdf.)
f0 Linux/PA-RISC boot loader
Paul Bame (bame@debian.org) writes: the F0 partition will be located in the first 2GB of a drive and used to store the Linux/PA-RISC boot loader and boot command line, optionally including a kernel and ramdisk.
f1 Storage Dimensions SpeedStor
f2 DOS 3.3+ secondary partition
Matthias Paul writes: "This ID was originally used by Sperry IT MS-DOS 3.xx for a logically sectored variant of FAT. When Sperry IT became part of Unisys, the operating system was called Unisys MS-DOS 3.3. Digital Research's DOS Plus 2.1 (for OEM machines such as the Amstrad/Schneider PC1512, the T.R.A.N. Jasmin Turbo (Speed 8M), or the Acorn BBC Master 512 also supports this ID and logs it in, as if this would be either a type 01h FAT12 or a type 04h FAT16 partition."
f3 Reserved
Powerquest writes: Storage Dimensions SpeedStor.
f4 SpeedStor large partition
f4 Prologue single-volume partition
f5 Prologue multi-volume partition
The type F4 partition contains one volume, and is not used anymore. The type F5 partition contains 1 to 10 volumes (called MD0 to MD9). It supports one or more systems (Prologue 3, 4, 5, Twin Server). Each volume can have as file system the NGF file system or TwinFS file system. NGF (old): volume size at most 512 MB, at most 895 files per directory, at most 256 directories per volume. TwinFS (new): volume size up to 4 GB. No limit in number of files and directories. See Prologue.
f6 Storage Dimensions SpeedStor
f7 DDRdrive Solid State File System
Christopher George writes: "0xF7 is the partition ID for an internally developed Solid State File System (SSFS) created to maximize IOPS performance by utilizing unique capabilities of solid state storage, e.g. the DDRdrive X1." See www.ddrdrive.com.
Maybe Natalia Portillo plans to use this for O.S.G. EFAT ("Enhanced File Allocation Techniques").
f9 pCache
Ed Sawicki writes: "We propose using the F9 partition type as a pCache partition, which is our name for an "ext2/ext3 persistent cache partition". See www.alcpress.com.
fa Bochs
Rob Judd writes: MandrakeSoft's Bochs x86 emulator (similar to VMWare) uses fa as a partition identifier.
fb VMware File System partition
fc VMware Swap partition
Also used as VMkernel dump partition. (Cf. vmwareguide.)
VMware offers virtual machines in which one can run Linux, Windows, FreeBSD.
fd Linux raid partition with autodetect using persistent superblock
See the HOWTO and the kernel patches. Earlier, 86 was used instead of fd.
Powerquest writes: Reserved for FreeDOS ( www.freedos.org), but it seems FreeDOS never used this ID.
fe SpeedStor > 1024 cyl.
fe LANstep
fe IBM PS/2 IML (Initial Microcode Load) partition, located at the end of the disk.
fe Windows NT Disk Administrator hidden partition
Mark Morgan Lloyd (markMLl.in@telemetry.co.uk) writes: Windows NT Disk Administrator marks hidden partitions (i.e. present but not to be accessed) as type 0xfe. A primary partition of this type is also used by IBM to hold an image of the "Reference Diskettes" on many of their machines, particularly newer PS/2 systems (at a rough guess, anything built after about 1994). This clash can cause major confusion and grief if running NT on IBM kit. When this Reference Partition is activated, it changes its type into 1 (FAT12) and hides all other partitions by adding 0x10 to the type.
fe Linux Logical Volume Manager partition (old)
This has been in use since the early LVM days back in 1997, and has now (Sept. 1999) been renamed 0x8e.
[source : (1)https://aeb.win.tue.nl/partitions/partition_types-1.html from google ( file-system id 83 ) result 6 ]
================================================================================
10 nov 2024 4:32 pm est :
problem : i select ext-2 during linuxmint.com->18.2 installation then in end-of-installation i get ext-4 .
solution : linuxmint.com->18.2 use ext-4 to mount ext-2 file-system :
execute linux-command 'journalctl' :
....
Nov 10 15:40:26 1 kernel: EXT4-fs (sda1): mounting ext2 file system using the ext4 subsystem
...
================================================================================
10 nov 2024 9:59 pm est :
problem : how to reset router verizon.com-fios-router->model-g-3100
solution :
(1)press reset button for minimum 10 second to reset to initial-factory-setting/factory-default-setting which make configuration written on
label-sticker , will be in-effect/valid . [source : pdf-page 11 , 26 in https://www.verizon.com/content/dam/verizon/support/consumer/documents/internet/fios-router-user-guide.pdf from google ( fios router g3100 user guide pdf ) result 1 ]
(2)press reset button for minimum 3 second to reboot
=================================================================================
10 nov 2024 10:25 pm est : #add# [addition 10 nov 2024 10:24 pm est]
=================================================================================
10 nov 2024 11:20 pm est : #add# [addition 10 nov 2024 11:12 pm est]
=================================================================================
12 nov 2024 12:14 am est :
problem : for linuxmint.com->18.2 : how to boot to console , boot to gui
solution : boot to console :
(1)sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target [addition 13 nov 2024 9:18 pm est] [source : https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/switch-boot-target-to-text-gui-in-systemd-linux/ from google ( boot console systemctl multi-user.target ) result 1 ] [/addition 13 nov 2024 9:18 pm est]
(2)reboot
boot to gui :
(1)sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target
(2)reboot
(3)if login-screen block login-attempt then : press-and-hold together : ctrl , alt , while pressing : f-1 to go to console .
in console : (1)login
(2)rm .Xauthority ( delete .Xauthority because .Xauthority maybe become corrupted ) [source : (1)'xauthority' in https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/1cvhjvr/stuck_in_login_loop_in_linux_mint/?rdt=64059 from google ( linuxmint stuck login screen ) result 2 (2)https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LightDM#Infinite_login_loop from 'LightDM#Infinite_login_loop' in https://forum.manjaro.org/t/error-lightdm-infinite-login-loop/91294 from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 (3)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/223501/ubuntu-gets-stuck-in-a-login-loop from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 1 (4)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/411638/cant-login-in-from-lightdm from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 ]
======================================================================
12 nov 2024 4:33 pm est :
problem : how many available disk-space currently ? what is current available-disk-space ? current available-disk-space is how much ?
solution : 'df -T' , 'df -Ti' [source : https://opensource.com/article/18/7/how-check-free-disk-space-linux from google ( linux find available disk space ) result 1 ]
===================================================================================================================================================
12 nov 2024 5:2 pm est :
problem : check is certain package / software is already being installed , or not-yet being installed ?
solution : not-yet installed :
a@a:~$ dpkg -s rsync | grep Status
Status: deinstall ok config-files
already installed :
a@a:~$ dpkg -s rsync | grep Status
Status: install ok installed
===================================================================================================================================================
12 nov 2024 5:29 pm est : #add right-side-adjacent of 'rsync'# --progress
===================================================================================================================================================
12 nov 2024 6:4 pm est : #reword# ls -hSl | more #to# ls -lhSl | more
===================================================================================================================================================
12 nov 2024 9:23 pm est : #add# [addition 12 nov 2024 9:20 pm est]
===================================================================================================================================================
12 nov 2024 11:24 pm est : #add# [addition 12 nov 2024 11:19 pm est]
===================================================================================================================================================
13 nov 2024 4:26 pm est :
problem : how to know other computer-ip-address which connect to same router like my computer ?
solution : do linux-command : ip neighbor [source : linux-command-line-for-you-and-me-0.1-24-may-2022 author : kushal-das from ... from google ( ... ) ]
===================================================================================================================================================
13 nov 2024 5:21 pm est :
why i do not recommend xfce.org-desktop-manager ?
in xfce.org-terminal : using nano-editor.org to edit file : find 'copy a highlighted block to clipboard : alt-a alt-^ '
can not be done because alt-a is xfce.org-terminal-short-cut-keyboard which will make xfce.org-terminal show pop-up-menu .
in xfce.org-terminal with nano-editor.org : need to press esc-a to high-light text like alt-a [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/109293/editing-with-nano-alt-is-caught-by-the-window-menus-how-can-i-fix-that from google ( xfce terminal nano alt a highlight ) result 1 ] .
so xfce.org-desktop-manager is not compatible with nano-editor.org .
linuxmint.com->cinnamon-desktop-manager is compatible with nano-editor.org , cinnamon-desktop-manager is descendant-of-gnome so gnome maybe
also compatible with nano-editor.org .
===================================================================================================================================================
13 nov 2024 8:9 pm est :
#reword# [source : (1)'xauthority' in https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/1cvhjvr/stuck_in_login_loop_in_linux_mint/?rdt=64059 from google ( linuxmint stuck login screen ) result 2 (2) .... from google ( ... ) ]
#to# [source : (1)'xauthority' in https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/1cvhjvr/stuck_in_login_loop_in_linux_mint/?rdt=64059 from google ( linuxmint stuck login screen ) result 2 (2)https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LightDM#Infinite_login_loop from 'LightDM#Infinite_login_loop' in https://forum.manjaro.org/t/error-lightdm-infinite-login-loop/91294 from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 (3)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/223501/ubuntu-gets-stuck-in-a-login-loop from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 1 (4)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/411638/cant-login-in-from-lightdm from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 ]
#reword# need to press esc-a to do alt-a
#to# in xfce.org-terminal with nano-editor.org : need to press esc-a to high-light text like alt-a [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/109293/editing-with-nano-alt-is-caught-by-the-window-menus-how-can-i-fix-that from google ( xfce terminal nano alt a highlight ) result 1 ]
===================================================================================================================================================
13 nov 2024 8:23 pm est : #add# [addition 13 nov 2024 8:24 pm est]
===================================================================================================================================================
13 nov 2024 8:44 pm est : end 9:1 pm est
#reword# 3. restore, mirror lots of files from remote computer to local computer,
with resume ability
#to# 3) copy directory/folder from remove-computer to local-computer , with resume ability
#reword# 3. move lots of files to remote computer,
with resume ability
#to# 4) copy directory/folder to remote-computer then delete that file in local-computer , with resume ability ,
warning : folder/directory in local-computer will not be deleted , only file in local-computer will be deleted
#reword# 2. backup, mirror lots of files to remote computer,
with resume ability
#to# 2) backup , mirror many file to remote-computer , with resume ability
#reword# will copy source folder to dest folder.
#to# will copy source directory/folder to dest directory/folder /
will copy source-directory/source-folder to inside dest-directory/dest-folder
, so dest-directory/dest-folder will contain source-directory/source-folder .
#reword# will copy files inside source folder to dest folder.
#to# will copy files inside source-directory/source-folder to dest-directory/dest-folder /
will copy file inside source-directory/source-folder to inside dest-directory/dest-folder
, so dest-directory/dest-folder will contain file-inside-source-directory/file-inside-source-folder .
=====================================
13 nov 2024 9:12 pm est :
#reword# problem : boot to console , boot to gui
#to# problem : for linuxmint.com->18.2->cinnamon : how to boot to console , boot to gui
#add# [addition 13 nov 2024 9:18 pm est]
#reword# in console : (1)rm .Xauthority ( delete .Xauthority because .Xauthority maybe become corrupted ) [source : (1)'xauthority' in https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/1cvhjvr/stuck_in_login_loop_in_linux_mint/?rdt=64059 from google ( linuxmint stuck login screen ) result 2 (2)https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LightDM#Infinite_login_loop from 'LightDM#Infinite_login_loop' in https://forum.manjaro.org/t/error-lightdm-infinite-login-loop/91294 from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 (3)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/223501/ubuntu-gets-stuck-in-a-login-loop from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 1 (4)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/411638/cant-login-in-from-lightdm from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 ]
#to# in console : (1)login
(2)rm .Xauthority ( delete .Xauthority because .Xauthority maybe become corrupted ) [source : (1)'xauthority' in https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/1cvhjvr/stuck_in_login_loop_in_linux_mint/?rdt=64059 from google ( linuxmint stuck login screen ) result 2 (2)https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/LightDM#Infinite_login_loop from 'LightDM#Infinite_login_loop' in https://forum.manjaro.org/t/error-lightdm-infinite-login-loop/91294 from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 (3)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/223501/ubuntu-gets-stuck-in-a-login-loop from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 1 (4)'xauthority' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/411638/cant-login-in-from-lightdm from google ( can not login lightdm stuck ) result 2 ]
================================================
14 nov 2024 6:30 pm est : #add# [addition 14 nov 2024 6:29 pm est]
================================================
14 nov 2024 6:40 pm est : #add# [addition 14 nov 2024 6:35 pm est]
=================================================
16 nov 2024 7:8 pm est : #add# for /dev/sda5
=================================================
19 nov 2024 11:13 pm est :
linux-folder-name/linux-directory-name/linux-disk-organisation/filesystem hierarchy standard/fhs [source : pdf-page 478 in https://debian-handbook.info/download/buster/debian-handbook.pdf from google ( debian book pdf ) result 1 ]
/bin/ : basic programs;
/boot/ : Linux-kernel-image-file and other files required for its early boot process;
/dev/ : device files;
/etc/ : configuration files;
/home/ : user's personal files;
/lib/ : basic libraries;
/media/* : mount points for removable devices (CD-ROM, USB keys and so on);
/mnt/ : temporary mount point;
/opt/ : extra applications provided by third parties;
/root/ : administrator’s (root’s) personal files;
/run/ : volatile runtime data that does not persist across reboots;
/sbin/ : system programs;
/srv/ : data used by servers hosted on this system;
/tmp/ : temporary files; this directory is often emptied at boot;
/usr/ : applications; this directory is further subdivided into bin , sbin , lib (according to same logic as in root directory).
/usr/share/ : contain architecture-independent data.
/usr/local/ : meant to be used by administrator for installing applications manually without overwriting files handled by package-manager ( dpkg ).
/var/ : variable data handled by daemons. This includes log-file , queue , spool , cache and so on.
/proc/ and /sys/ are specific to Linux-kernel (and not part of FHS). They are used by kernel for exporting data
to user space (see section B.3.4, “The User Space” page 482 and section B.5, “The User Space” page 485
for explanations about this concept).
---https://repo.zenk-security.com/Linux%20et%20systemes%20d.exploitations/Debian%20GNU%20Linux%20Bible.pdf from google ( debian book pdf ) result 8
The Linux filesystem
Path Description
/ This is the beginning of the filesystem. It is known as root. The root of the filesystem is the starting point for the rest of the parts.
If the filesystem were a tree, this would be the trunk from which all the branches (directories) attached.
/etc Any system-wide configuration files are stored here. This includes configuration files for all the daemons such as Sendmail, Apache, and a host
of others.
/usr This is the source directory for all the user-accessible programs, program source code, and documents.
/bin This is an application branch for commonly used system-wide programs (such as mkdir, cp, rm, and more applications I haven’t talked about yet).
Bin can be thought of as a short description of binaries, which would be the programs themselves.
/sbin This area contains server/administration programs like kernel and hardware-related programs, shutdown, reboot, and many more.
You can also think of sbin as holding system binaries.
/home Anyone who has an account on this machine has a directory in /home.
/tmp This branch stores files that need to be created as temporary files. This area should get purged from time to time and does
when the system is restarted. You should not keep files here that you need to save.
/var All the systems applications that log history, access, and errors record that information here.
This is the system’s storehouse of process information.
/root The home directory for the root account. This is rarely used, except by the system administrator.
/boot This area contains the boot critical information, such as kernel-image and kernel-module-information.
/dev This is the location of the devices that the system uses. When you mount a device, for instance, it is located in this directory.
/mnt Location for additional devices to be mounted (as subdirectories of /mnt)
/cdrom Debian predetermines the mount point for the CD-ROM device.
/floppy Debian predetermines the mount point for the floppy device.
---https://download.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/handbook_en.pdf from https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ from freebsd.org->documentation->handbook
Directory Description
/ Root directory of the file system.
/bin/ User utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments.
/boot/ Programs and configuration files used during operating system boot-strap.
/boot/defaults/ Default boot configuration files. Refer to loader.conf(5) for details.
/dev/ Device special files managed by devfs(5)
/etc/ System configuration files and scripts.
/etc/defaults/ Default system configuration files. Refer to rc(8) for details.
/etc/periodic/ Scripts that run daily, weekly, and monthly, via cron(8). Refer to periodic(8) for details.
/lib/ Critical system libraries needed for binaries in /bin and /sbin
/libexec/ Critical system files
/media/ Contains subdirectories to be used as mount points for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and floppy disks
/mnt/ Empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount point.
/net/ Automounted NFS shares; see auto_master(5)
/proc/ Process file system. Refer to procfs(5), mount_procfs(8) for details.
/rescue/ Statically linked programs for emergency recovery as described in rescue(8).
/root/ Home directory for the root account.
/sbin/ System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments.
/tmp/ Temporary files which are usually not preserved across a system reboot. A memory-based file system is often mounted at /tmp.
This can be automated using the tmpmfs-related variables of rc.conf(5) or with an entry in /etc/fstab; refer to mdmfs(8) for details.
/usr/ The majority of user utilities and applications.
/usr/bin/ Common utilities, programming tools, and applications.
/usr/include/ Standard C include files.
/usr/lib/ Archive libraries.
/usr/libdata/ Miscellaneous utility data files.
/usr/libexec/ System daemons and system utilities executed by other programs.
/usr/local/ Local executables and libraries. Also used as the default destination for FreeBSD ports framework. Within /usr/local, the general layout
sketched out by hier(7) for /usr should be used. Exceptions are the man directory, which is directly under /usr/local rather than under
/usr/local/share, and the ports documentation is in share/doc/port.
/usr/ports/ The FreeBSD Ports Collection (optional).
/usr/sbin/ System daemons and system utilities executed by users.
/usr/share/ Architecture-independent files.
/usr/src/ BSD and/or local source files.
/var/ Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files.
/var/log/ Miscellaneous system log files.
/var/tmp/ Temporary files which are usually preserved across a system reboot.
============================================================================
19 nov 2024 11:42 pm est :
problem : desktop-manager is not responsive , firefox is not responsive , because memory-depletion happen
solution : do repeatedly : press-and-hold ctrl and alt , while pressing f-1 , to try exiting desktop-manager and go to console .
if doing that repeatedly does not make console show-up then press reset-button .
[addition 21 nov 2024 12:20 am est]
problem : firefox is not responsive so i press reset-button to reboot linuxmint.com , is there any firefox-profile-file-corruption ?
solution :
if this kind of output show-up then everything is fine :
a@1 10:09 PM ~/.mozilla/firefox du -sh qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent\=arnon-1605642215177/
327M qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent=arnon-1605642215177/
if this kind of output show-up then there is corruption and need live-usb to boot and do e2fsck :
a@1 10:09 PM ~/.mozilla/firefox du -sh qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent\=arnon-1605642215177/
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent\=arnon-1605642215177/prefs.js': Structure needs cleaning
327M qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent=arnon-1605642215177/
[/addition 21 nov 2024 12:20 am est]
================================================================================
20 nov 2024 9:19 pm est :
#reword# linux-disk-organisation/filesystem hierarchy standard/fhs [source : pdf-page 478 in https://debian-handbook.info/download/buster/debian-handbook.pdf from google ( debian book pdf ) result 1 ]
#to# linux-folder-name/linux-directory-name/linux-disk-organisation/filesystem hierarchy standard/fhs [source : pdf-page 478 in https://debian-handbook.info/download/buster/debian-handbook.pdf from google ( debian book pdf ) result 1 ]
================================================================================
20 nov 2024 9:53 pm est : #add# [addition 20 nov 2024 9:34 pm est]
=================================================================================
20 nov 2024 10:39 pm est : #add# www.cyberciti.biz/faq/installing-adding-bash-auto-completion-debian-linux/ from google ( debian bash completion vs linuxmint bash completion ) result 5
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20 nov 2024 12:19 am est :
#reword# firefox is not responsive because memory-depletion happen , is there any firefox-profile-file-corruption ?
#to# firefox is not responsive because memory-depletion happen , i press reset-button to reboot linuxmint.com ,
is there any firefox-profile-file-corruption ?
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21 nov 2024 12:21 am est : #add# [addition 21 nov 2024 12:20 am est]
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21 nov 2024 12:22 am est :
#delete#
20 nov 2024 10:13 pm est :
problem : firefox is not responsive because memory-depletion happen , i press reset-button to reboot linuxmint.com ,
is there any firefox-profile-file-corruption ?
solution :
if this kind of output show-up then everything is fine .
a@1 10:09 PM ~/.mozilla/firefox du -sh qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent\=arnon-1605642215177/
327M qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent=arnon-1605642215177/
if this kind of output show-up then there is corruption and need live-usb to boot and do e2fsck .
a@1 10:09 PM ~/.mozilla/firefox du -sh qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent\=arnon-1605642215177/
du: cannot access '.mozilla/firefox/qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent\=arnon-1605642215177/prefs.js': Structure needs cleaning
327M qujcjttj.firefox-44-user-agent=arnon-1605642215177/
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23 nov 2024 7:58 pm est : end 8:15 pm est
problem : linuxmint.com-18-2 suddenly become non-responsive while showing cinnamon desktop-manager after turning-off geany.org-editor
so i reboot then i see file '/var/log/syslog' last line , show :
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_vss.device: Job sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_vss.device/start timed out.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: Timed out waiting for device sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_vss.device.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_vss.device: Job sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_vss.device/start failed
with result 'timeout'.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_kvp.device: Job sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_kvp.device/start timed out.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: Timed out waiting for device sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_kvp.device.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: Dependency failed for Hyper-V KVP Protocol Daemon.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: hv-kvp-daemon.service: Job hv-kvp-daemon.service/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_kvp.device: Job sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_kvp.device/start failed
with result 'timeout'.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_fcopy.device: Job sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_fcopy.device/start timed out.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: Timed out waiting for device sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_fcopy.device.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_fcopy.device: Job sys-devices-virtual-misc-vmbus\x21hv_fcopy.device/start failed
with result 'timeout'.
Nov 22 20:47:09 1 systemd[1]: Startup finished in 6.856s (kernel) + 1min 32.793s (userspace) = 1min 39.650s.
solution : turn-off hv-kvp-daemon :
(1)sudo systemctl disable hv-kvp-daemon [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/1204192/boot-stalls-due-to-dependency-failed-for-hyper-v-kvp-protokol-daemon from google ( Job hv-kvp-daemon.service/start failed ) result 1 ]
(2)sudo systemctl disable hv-vss-daemon
(3)sudo systemctl disable hv-fcopy-daemon
what is hv-kvp-daemon / Hyper-V KVP Protocol Daemon : virtual-machine / vm [source : (1)https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/oracle-linux/6/relnotes6.9/section_dzn_tz_kp.html from google ( hv-kvp-daemon ) (2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-V from google ( hv-kvp-daemon ) ]
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24 nov 2024 10:14 pm est :
problem : how to put link to wikitionary.org in wikipedia-code
solution : [[wiktionary:Sehen|''sehen'']] [source : click 'edit' in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Spade_New_York&oldid=1147775485 ]
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25 nov 2024 1:39 am est :
problem : is it possible to turn-off mintsystem.service in linuxmint.com->18.2 ?
solution : yes , run linux-command 'sudo systemctl disable mintsystem.service' . [source : https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/112366/what-is-the-mintsystem-service-setting-and-when-would-i-want-to-activate-it from google ( mintsystem.service ) ]
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25 nov 2024 2:47 am est : #add# [addition 25 nov 2024 2:42 am est]
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27 nov 2024 11:27 pm est : #add# [addition 27 nov 2024 11:24 pm est]
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28 nov 2024 2:58 am est : end 4:31 am est
problem : how to add date and time to output of linux-command 'history' ( showing linux-command-list being run in past-time )
solution :
(1)edit /etc/bash.bashrc : nano /etc/bash.bashrc
(2)add code like this ( note : i scribe my time-zone 'est(gmt-5)' which is maybe need to be modified ) :
HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d %b %Y %I:%M:%S %p est(gmt-5) : " # '1 jan 2000 1:1:1 am est(gmt-5)'
(3)reboot
what is that %d , %b , %Y , %I , %M , %S , %p ? explanation is in output of linux-command 'man strftime' .
linux-command start to show-up in output of 'history' after reboot .
[source : (1)www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-bash-history-display-date-time/ from google ( date time bash history ) result 2 (2)askubuntu.com/questions/391082/how-to-see-time-stamps-in-bash-history from google ( date time bash history ) result 1 ]
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28 nov 2024 6:8 pm est :
#reword# 3) copy directory/folder from remove-computer to local-computer , with resume ability
#to# 3) copy directory/folder from remote-computer to local-computer , with resume ability
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28 nov 2024 6:14 pm est : #add# [addition 28 nov 2024 6:13 pm est]
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28 nov 2024 10:48 pm est : #add# [addition 28 nov 2024 10:42 pm est]
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29 nov 2024 8:45 pm est : end 10:39 pm est
problem : in linuxmint.com->18.2 , how to install ftp-server ?
solution : use pure-ftpd . [source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_FTP_server_software_packages from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsftpd from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-setup-and-configure-an-ftp-server-in-linux-2/ from google ( linux start ftpd ) result 2 and from https://superuser.com/questions/41438/enabling-ftp-on-ubuntu from google ( linux install inetutils-ftpd ) result 3 ]
(1)sudo apt-get install pure-ftpd
(2)sudo /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd start
problem : turn-on linux then mouse-cursor is not-responsive , but unplug-and-replug mouse make that mouse-cursor responsive ,
linux-command 'dmesg | grep usb' show this output :
[ 8.623758] usb usb5-port2: attempt power cycle
[ 11.223806] usb usb5-port2: unable to enumerate USB device
and output like 'usb5-port-2 can not enable , maybe usb port is bad'
solution : try plug usb-mouse-cable to different usb-port . [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/55820/on-startup-usb-mouse-needs-re-plugging from google ( linux unplug replug mouse to make work ) result 1 ]
[addition 2 dec 2024 3:9 am est]
try different mouse
[/addition 2 dec 2024 3:9 am est]
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29 nov 2024 10:19 pm est : end 10:39 pm est
problem : in linuxmint.com->Lmde-6 , how to install telnet-server ?
solution :
(1)if '/etc/inetd.conf' exist then maybe telnet is already installed then :
run linux-command 'update-inetd --enable telnet'
(2)sudo systemctl restart inetutils-inetd.service
if '/etc/inetd.conf' do not exist then install telnet-server : sudo apt-get install inetutils-telnetd
problem : in linuxmint.com->18.2 , how to install telnet-server ?
solution : (1)sudo apt-get install telnetd
(2)sudo /etc/init.d/openbsd-inetd start
[source : www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-turn-on-telnet-service-on-for-a-linuxfreebsd-system/ from google ( linux start telnet server ) result 1 ]
problem : how to synchronise 2 directory in 2 computer without ssh ?
solution : use linux-command 'Lftp' [source : https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/lftp-mirror-example/ from google ( lftp mirror command ) result 1 from 'lftp' in https://stackoverflow.com/questions/693265/how-to-synchronise-ftp-directory-from-command-line from google ( ftp synchronize command ) result 1 ]
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30 nov 2024 12:28 am est :
problem : why ubuntu-24-4-installation-iso-file-size is very big 5.8 giga-byte ?
solution : ubuntu-24-4-installation-iso-file include software which can be installed . [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/134946/installing-packages-from-an-iso-file from google ( ubuntu apt install software from iso file ) result 1 ]
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30 nov 2024 10:35 pm est :
#under# [addition 14 nov 2024 6:29 pm est] #reword# e2fsck #to# e2fsck -Cy
#under# 14 jun 2019 3:42 pm edt
#reword# fsck /dev/mapper/mint--vg-root -y #to# fsck -Cy /dev/mapper/mint--vg-root
#reword# fsck -y /dev/sda1 #to# fsck -Cy /dev/sda1
#reword# fsck.ext4 -Fy /dev/sda1 #to# fsck.ext4 -Cy /dev/sda1
#under# 19 december 2017 10:21 pm est, 6 january 2018 6:58 pm est
#reword# fsck -y /dev/sda1 #to# fsck -Cy /dev/sda1
========================================================
1 dec 2024 5:8 am est :
problem : copy file which match regular-expression-pattern
solution : cp -i test* some-dir [source : (1)https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29017929/copy-a-file-with-a-name-that-follows-a-pattern (2)https://superuser.com/questions/312348/copy-all-files-matching-pattern-from-dir-and-subdirs-into-a-single-dir from google ( linux copy file match pattern ) result 1 , 2 ]
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2 dec 2024 3:9 am est : #add# [addition 2 dec 2024 3:9 am est]
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2 dec 2024 3:10 am est :
(1)#reword# fsck #to# e2fsck
(2)#reword# fsck.ext4 -Cy /dev/sda1 #to# e2fsck -Cy /dev/sda1
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5 dec 2024 1:15 am est : #add# [addition 5 dec 2024 1:11 am est]
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9 dec 2024 2:29 am est :
problem : how firefox open htm-file/html-file without file-browser ?
solution : (option-1)press-and-hold alt while press f . [source : https://www.reddit.com/r/firefox/comments/nq9ygo/ff89_what_happened_to_open_file/?rdt=34336 from google ( firefox open file without browser ) ]
(option-2)right-click on gray-area above url-address-text-box , left-click menu-bar , menu 'file' is suppose to show-up , click 'file'
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9 dec 2024 3:40 am est :
problem : how to install xmms ( mp3-player ) ?
solution : sudo apt-get install promoe [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/219665/how-to-install-and-run-xmms from google ( linuxmint install xmms ) result 2 ]
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10 dec 2024 6:52 am est :
problem : other mp3-player which appear like winamp , beside promoe because promoe can not exit nicely , need to be process-killed via simple-cpu-monitor->system-monitor
solution : sudo apt-get install qmmp [source : http://qmmp.ylsoftware.com/ from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmmp from https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/u7t2t9/any_linux_media_player_similar_to_the_old_winamp/ from google ( linux mp3 player like winamp ) result 1 ]
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12 dec 2024 1:23 am est : #add# [addition 12 dec 2024 1:22 am est]
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12 dec 2024 6:36 pm est :
problem : 'cp' produce error-message 'cp: omitting directory ....'
solution : to copy directory/folder : 'cp -R' [source : https://askubuntu.com/questions/35779/what-does-cp-omitting-directory-mean from google ( cp omitting directory ) result 1 ]
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12 dec 2024 9:26 pm est : end 9:54 pm est
problem : show software-repository list ( list of server which provide software to linux-command 'sudo apt-get install ...' )
solution : inxi -r [source : https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=274130 from google ( linuxmint multiverse repository ) result 1 ]
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12 dec 2024 9:32 pm est :
problem : how to unrar rar-file/winrar-file/rarlab.com-file ?
solution : (1)make sure linux-command 'inxi -r' produce output which show word 'multiverse' .
(2)sudo apt-get install unace unrar zip unzip p7zip-full p7zip-rar sharutils rar uudeview mpack arj cabextract file-roller [source : 'multiverse' , 'unace' in https://askubuntu.com/questions/592945/failing-to-unrar-files from google ( linux unrar failed ) result 1 ]
(3)unrar x some-file.rar
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